Abstract
This paper defines community-based policing and further shows how these programs can be implemented. A brief description of the traditional model of a law enforcement organization is presented. The author argues that this model has failed and cites research to support his argument. Community-based policing is suggested as a workable and positive alternative. The paper describes the specific training needed to implement community-based policing programs.

From the Paper
"Law enforcement agencies have by tradition been structured as top-down, para-military organizations. Employees, sworn and civilian have been given limited autonomy and authority in these traditionally structured organizations. Although the conventional police organization structures allowed for greater control and accountability for employees, many politician and police leaders are incapable of responding to the new and changing demands that society make on law enforcement agencies see this organizational structure. In an effort to reduce crime and the fear of crime in their communities, many law enforcement agencies have embraced the philosophy of Community Based Policing. This policing philosophy emphasis the need for employees to use problem solving and the utilization of community resources to resolve community identified problems, reduce crime and the fear of crime."

Tags:police, crime, law, enforcement, community, based, policing

Abstract
This paper examines different types of geriatric care in Australia, especially in light of the demographic transition as the baby boom generation ages along with increased longevity and declining fertility rates. This transition is still in its early stages and is about to become much more serious. In particular, the population of Australia is rapidly aging so that impending challenges will be the development of policies that provide adequate care and services to the elderly in a cost-effective manner. The choice for care of the elderly is between institutionally based care and community based care.

From the Paper
"All industrialized nations are presently experiencing a demographic transition as the baby boom generation ages along with increased longevity and declining fertility rates (Anderson & Hussey, 2000). This transition is still in its early stages and is about to become much more serious. As in all countries around the globe, the population of Australia is rapidly aging so that impending challenges will be the development of policies that provide adequate care and services to the elderly in a cost-effective manner. The choice for care of the elderly is between institutionally..."

Tags:community, institutional, care

Abstract
This paper reviews a number of issues pertaining to criminal justice. Firstly, the paper look at the role of the media in criminal justice issues. It then discusses whether or not the criminal justice system can legitimately be called a "system" or whether another description is apt. The paper also examines community-based alternatives to incarceration and, lastly, examines how restorative and community-based approaches to punishment are preferable to punishment-based approaches.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Criminal Justice: Specific Issues
Issue One: The Role of the Media
Issue Two: Major Components of the Criminal Justice System
Issue Three: Community-based Alternatives to Prison
Issue Four: Community/Restorative Justice Models and their Difference from Punitive Models of Justice

From the Paper
"Going further, the simple reality is that one study after another seems to illustrate the fact that punitive criminal justice (incarceration, long sentences, the de-emphasis of diversionary programs by justices when passing sentence) does nothing to reduce crime on its own (Wilson et al, 2002). Ostensibly, all human beings are blessed with a certain measure of capital - intellectual and emotional capital being the most important - and maximizing this human capital by teaching individuals how to serve others, how to behave responsibly and how to curb darker impulses is the best way by which a society can reduce the likelihood that it will become over-run by crime. It may also be added that the essential reason why community-based and restorative justice models are gaining such favor (they have been, albeit to varying degrees, in favor among academics since at least the 1970s) is because the failings of punishment-based justice - the over-crowding of American prisons, high recidivism rates, the growing cost of keeping people behind bars - have become manifest in the eyes of many close observers and new, more innovative approaches are desperately needed."

Tags:punishment, prison, intervention, offender

Abstract
The paper discusses a study that examined the possibility of incorporating community-based programs in New Jersey. The paper looks at its results that indicated that modest increases in educational spending can be offset by the significant savings from reduced recidivism. The paper concludes that it appears that New Jersey is slowly moving in the direction of adding additional community-based programs in order to curb crime and recidivism.

Outline:
Introduction
Overview of Community Based Programs in New Jersey
Analysis
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In the past few decades crime has become a significant issue in the United States, as the New Jersey public has been overwhelmed with graphic stories from the media. In prior years, political leaders have responded with calls for harsher treatment of criminal offenders as an end to revolving door justice by processing these offenders through the criminal justice system. The DEA describes New Jersey as a gateway state, with major interstate highways, roadways, international airports/seaports, and other infrastructures capable of accommodating voluminous amounts of passenger and cargo traffic, making it an ideal strategic corridor for transportation of drug contraband and illicit currency (DEA, 2008)."

Tags:crime, recidivism, rehabilitation

Abstract
Two sets of authors present divergent views on issues related to the management and protection of biodiverse regions. While the topic question is framed in an either/or fashion about National Parks or community based conservation, the authors really do not present a clear either/or answer. Instead they seem to be advising for a more in-depth look at many factors for selecting both locations and methods of preservation.

From the Paper
National Parks vs. Community Based Conservation These two articles present varied approaches for preserving natural diversity, conservation and land use in the developing world. They do not, however, present opposing approaches nor do they present "national parks" vs. "community based conservation" as the central conflict facing conservationists in their efforts to protect the World's remaining biodiversity. Instead, the authors of both articles recognize that the current methods for conserving the world's shrinking biodiversity are not working. Both articles, however, present optimistic alternatives that suggest that it may be possible to make progress in this endeavor.

Tags:biodiversity, conservation, ecology

Abstract
This paper addresses issues in community-based corrections, particularly intermediate sanctions. The paper further examines what they are designed to do for both offenders and the criminal justice system. The risk of probationer classification is also discussed.

From the Paper
"The intermediate sanctions that experts refer to are programs that provide a more restrictive means of handling youthful offenders that continue to offend following immediate interventions or who have committed more serious felony offenses yet without putting them in secure care. Intermediate Sanctions: This approach is useful for offenders who need more restrictive or intensive interventions or who are violent offenders and need supervision structure and monitoring but who are not yet candidates for institutionalization. Intermediate Sanctions: They are referred to as intermediate because they are the..."

Tags:correctional, criminal, offender, youthful, intermediate sanctions, risk, probationer classification

Abstract
This paper discusses how comunity based nursing address the fear facture. The author pays particular attention to the lower poorer class and individuals with case studies.

From the Paper
"Since the 1940s the United States federal government has functioned as a primary force in the housing field. Recognizing the rights and needs of Americans to have adequate housing which was either not being met by the private sector or was beyond the financial means of a certain part of the citizenry, the federal government in the last 40 years has set up a wide variety of housing programs, spanning the range from FHA-insured mortgage loans to Model Cities projects. Recent developments in Washington, however, seem to prophesy an end to this: "The federal government appears to be attempting to abandon its . . . role of providing various types of assistance for those whom the ... "

Abstract
The paper speaks about a community-based strategy, that allows police to trust citizens and citizens to trust, in contrast to traditional authoritarian modes of policing. The paper explores several models of community-based policing in the world, with a focus on Jamaica.

From the Paper
"In recent times, community-based policing, especially in the Western World, particularly in the United States and the UK, has been the preferred way of crime fighting. It has been accepted, however, that because of the differences in cultures, politics and economic infrastructure of societies, there may be some problems in introducing some of these measures that are designed to be more "people-oriented". Nevertheless, while resources may be one problem along with political and economic differences, there is also that problem of social acceptance of measures to be imported into a culture where the citizenry are wary of the intentions of the police force, as in Jamaica."

Tags:Constabulary, Force, Crime, Management, Unit, authoritarian, Anglophone

Abstract
How should we as a society respond to criminal activity and wrongdoing? If a crime is committed, what should happen to the offender? Though this debate is old in nature, these questions have become increasingly important to Americans in recent times, especially following the tragic events of September 11, 2001. This paper examines methodologies for measuring the effectiveness of a variety of community-based corrections, including probation, parole and other intermediate sanctions.

From the Paper
"This philosophy strives to strengthen the community by focusing on the strong points of the offender and victim through shaming, mediation, and face-to-face meetings. The idea of restorative justice is to have the offender "repair" the damage he has done by participating in community service, providing restitution, attending victim impact panels, or other educational programs. Restorative justice began in response to property crimes when it was determined that most victims preferred to be compensated for their losses rather than see their offender incarcerated. Since then, it has grown into a widely used concept that encompasses many crimes and offenses. Therefore, community-based corrections are vital to the success of restorative justice and play a large role in guiding the process."

Tags:halfway, house, restorative, imprisonment