Abstract This paper defines community-based policing and further shows how these programs can be implemented. A brief description of the traditional model of a law enforcement organization is presented. The author argues that this model has failed and cites research to support his argument. Community-based policing is suggested as a workable and positive alternative. The paper describes the specific training needed to implement community-based policing programs.
From the Paper "Law enforcement agencies have by tradition been structured as top-down, para-military organizations. Employees, sworn and civilian have been given limited autonomy and authority in these traditionally structured organizations. Although the conventional police organization structures allowed for greater control and accountability for employees, many politician and police leaders are incapable of responding to the new and changing demands that society make on law enforcement agencies see this organizational structure. In an effort to reduce crime and the fear of crime in their communities, many law enforcement agencies have embraced the philosophy of Community Based Policing. This policing philosophy emphasis the need for employees to use problem solving and the utilization of community resources to resolve community identified problems, reduce crime and the fear of crime."
Abstract This paper reviews a number of issues pertaining to criminal justice. Firstly, the paper look at the role of the media in criminal justice issues. It then discusses whether or not the criminal justice system can legitimately be called a "system" or whether another description is apt. The paper also examines community-based alternatives to incarceration and, lastly, examines how restorative and community-based approaches to punishment are preferable to punishment-based approaches.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Criminal Justice: Specific Issues
Issue One: The Role of the Media
Issue Two: Major Components of the Criminal Justice System
Issue Three: Community-based Alternatives to Prison
Issue Four: Community/Restorative Justice Models and their Difference from Punitive Models of Justice
From the Paper "Going further, the simple reality is that one study after another seems to illustrate the fact that punitive criminal justice (incarceration, long sentences, the de-emphasis of diversionary programs by justices when passing sentence) does nothing to reduce crime on its own (Wilson et al, 2002). Ostensibly, all human beings are blessed with a certain measure of capital - intellectual and emotional capital being the most important - and maximizing this human capital by teaching individuals how to serve others, how to behave responsibly and how to curb darker impulses is the best way by which a society can reduce the likelihood that it will become over-run by crime. It may also be added that the essential reason why community-based and restorative justice models are gaining such favor (they have been, albeit to varying degrees, in favor among academics since at least the 1970s) is because the failings of punishment-based justice - the over-crowding of American prisons, high recidivism rates, the growing cost of keeping people behind bars - have become manifest in the eyes of many close observers and new, more innovative approaches are desperately needed."
Abstract The paper discusses a study that examined the possibility of incorporating community-based programs in New Jersey. The paper looks at its results that indicated that modest increases in educational spending can be offset by the significant savings from reduced recidivism. The paper concludes that it appears that New Jersey is slowly moving in the direction of adding additional community-based programs in order to curb crime and recidivism.
Outline:
Introduction
Overview of CommunityBased Programs in New Jersey
Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper "In the past few decades crime has become a significant issue in the United States, as the New Jersey public has been overwhelmed with graphic stories from the media. In prior years, political leaders have responded with calls for harsher treatment of criminal offenders as an end to revolving door justice by processing these offenders through the criminal justice system. The DEA describes New Jersey as a gateway state, with major interstate highways, roadways, international airports/seaports, and other infrastructures capable of accommodating voluminous amounts of passenger and cargo traffic, making it an ideal strategic corridor for transportation of drug contraband and illicit currency (DEA, 2008)."
Abstract This paper evaluates the concept of community policing in light of new outlooks on crime and law enforcement. The paper introduces the role of police in society and considers the debate centering on whether the police should be mainly responsible for only the effects and results of crime or if they should be more involved with the underlying and root causes of crime. Both views are analyzed in detail. The author concludes that research attests to the fact that community-orientated policing is particularly suitable and appropriate to the contemporary climate and to modern transnational crime.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Methodology
Discussion
Case Studies
Conclusion
Appendix
Figure 1. difference between traditional and communitybased policing
Figure 2. North Carolina FY 2003 Awards to North Carolina
Questionnaire
Questions Directed at the General Public
Questions Directed at the Police
From the Paper "Therefore, in conventional terms, the responsibly of the police is to maintain law and order and to protect the innocent against the criminal elements. However, the nature of modern society and the complexity of many forms of criminal behavior have created debate, and changes, with regard to the extent and range of modern policing responsibility. This debate centers on new views of policing responsibility and can be summarized by the following question. Should the police be mainly responsible for only the effects and results of crime or should police be more involved with the underlying and root causes of crime? "
Abstract This paper discusses relational communicationbased on the client's relationship with his girlfriend. It suggests that communication between people in a committed relationship appears to be based on the kind of attraction formed between them when they first meet, particularly when the initial attraction is of a sexual nature. However, if using the helical model of relational communication, it is possible that relationships continue to expand and evolve, rather than stagnate as suggested by a circular model of the communication process.
From the Paper "The concept behind verbal communication is a simple one. In order to communicate you need a minimum of two people: one to speak and one to hear what is being spoken. In truth, the act of communicating is far more involved than that. Not only does the speaker need to clearly express his or her ideas, but the person who hears the words also needs to listen to them and process what is being said. Communication between people in a committed relationship can be even more difficult than between others. Such communication, interpersonal communication, can be very different from communication between people who do not share intimacy. At times, those people who share intimate relationships may appear to fail to develop a relationship based on other factors."
Abstract This paper discusses how comunity based nursing address the fear facture. The author pays particular attention to the lower poorer class and individuals with case studies.
Abstract How should we as a society respond to criminal activity and wrongdoing? If a crime is committed, what should happen to the offender? Though this debate is old in nature, these questions have become increasingly important to Americans in recent times, especially following the tragic events of September 11, 2001. This paper examines methodologies for measuring the effectiveness of a variety of community-based corrections, including probation, parole and other intermediate sanctions.
From the Paper "This philosophy strives to strengthen the community by focusing on the strong points of the offender and victim through shaming, mediation, and face-to-face meetings. The idea of restorative justice is to have the offender "repair" the damage he has done by participating in community service, providing restitution, attending victim impact panels, or other educational programs. Restorative justice began in response to property crimes when it was determined that most victims preferred to be compensated for their losses rather than see their offender incarcerated. Since then, it has grown into a widely used concept that encompasses many crimes and offenses. Therefore, community-based corrections are vital to the success of restorative justice and play a large role in guiding the process."
Abstract This paper talks about how the role of corrections has changed since the 1960?s. The focus is mainly on community-based corrections.
From the Paper " The poverty programs of the 1960's which failed to win the war on poverty but made strong impressions on the Nation, are of particular importance for corrections. The ideology underlying those programs suggested that persons of minority origin and low socio-economic status systematically are denied access to higher status in American society. They are persistently over represented among those who experience mental and physical illness, educational failure, unemployment, and crime and delinquency. Programs that attacked such systematic exclusion from higher status used varied techniques. emphasis on cultural awareness attempted to promote dignity and pride among minority groups, inserted minority history into America's records, and resulted in new group cohesion, political clout, and often militant reactions with newly discovered strength."
This paper studies how forms of communication have changed due to technological development, concentrating on messaging via cell phones and the Internet.
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses that while technology mediated modes of communication have existed for generations, innovations in terms of the introduction of digital wireless technologies over the past ten to fifteen years have radically transformed how people communicate. The essay explores this phenomenon with reference to such technologies as digital cell phone text messaging, computer-based instant messaging, and Internet relay chat. With reference to scholarly work on the subject, the paper is argues how the de-centring of face-to-face communication has impacted language structure in compelling users of these technologies to innovate a range of distinct communication forms.
Outline:
Introduction
Digital Communications Technology
The Impact of Digital Wireless Communication Upon Language
Conclusion
From the Paper "This technology impacts language in a number of respects. For example, one of the most popular aspects of technology mediated modes of communication is their textual element. While cell phones are, of course, an oral communication medium, one of their most popular added functions lies with text messaging and remote e-mail access. It is difficult to say precisely why text messaging is so popular given that this technology allows the use of oral communication. It may be argued that this is due to the popularity of Instant Messaging through computers, with texting being a logical remote extension of the same practice."
Abstract This paper discusses Community Oriented Policing (COP), a program based on the view that emphasis should be placed on prevention of crime through a program placing the police and the community in closer contact and making them partners in achieving a reduction in crime. It explains that the approach has gone by several different names but is based largely on a proactive view of the role of the police and on making the police more a part of the community and less a last refuge for victims after a crime has been committed.
From the Paper "Community Oriented Policing (COP) is a developing paradigm for law enforcement that places an emphasis on prevention of crime through a program placing the police and the community in closer contact and making them partners in achieving a reduction in crime. The approach has gone by several different names but is based largely on a proactive view of the role of the police and on making the police more a part of the community and less a last refuge for victims after a crime has been committed. This approach started as Community-Based Policing (which did not lend itself to the sort of descriptive acronym that COP does). Kenney and McNamara (1999) state, "Community-oriented policing . . . emphasizes improved police-community relations in hopes that that will assist in solving many problems in particular neighborhoods" (p. viii). The idea of community-oriented policing has been applied in different ways in ..."
Abstract This paper discusses an empirical economic impact model based on market research at the community and municipality level. The writer discusses the belief that communities and municipalities require effective economic impact models in order to adequately build and estimate budgets as well as to plan for future development needs. The writer proposes a communitybased cooperative action program that emphasizes a three component economic analysis model.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Impact Model Applicability
Economic Impact Analysis
Economic Impact Component
Community Impact Component
Fiscal Impact Component
Three Phase Process
Conclusion
From the Paper "The contemporary economic climate ensures that communities require ready and immediate access to information that allows them to respond more effectively to economic volatility. Community leaders as well as citizens within the community constantly are required to make decisions that impact various aspects of the community, such as business growth, dimensions of traditional industry activities, land use issues, and a host of other common community concerns (Gibbs 18). The growing observation is that all these issues and more also impact the overall economic indicators within communities as well which consist of employment/unemployment concerns, income issues such as poverty or affordable housing, or the demand for expanded public services. In researching these issues it becomes vital to identify the particular issue or problem which allows both the researcher and the community leader the ability to better address such issues specifically (Green, et al 6). Thus, developing effective economic models relies on cooperation between both researcher and, in effect, the researched."
Abstract The paper speaks about a community-based strategy, that alows police to trust citizens and citizens to trust, in contrast to traditonal authoritarian modes of policing. The paper explores several models of community-based policing in the world, with a focus on Jamaica.
From the Paper "In recent times, community-based policing, especially in the Western World, particularly in the United States and the UK, has been the preferred way of crime fighting. It has been accepted, however, that because of the differences in cultures, politics and economic infrastructure of societies, there may be some problems in introducing some of these measures that are designed to be more "people-oriented". Nevertheless, while resources may be one problem along with political and economic differences, there is also that problem of social acceptance of measures to be imported into a culture where the citizenry are wary of the intentions of the police force, as in Jamaica."
Tags: Constabulary, Force, Crime, Management, Unit, authoritarian, Anglophone
Abstract This paper looks at how to reduce juvenile crime through community-based involvement strategies. The paper begins by discussing the first stage of prevention and the need for after-school programs uniquely tailored to the demographic needs of the community. The paper then explains the second stage of reducing recidivism through family involvement and therapy-based programs and the third stage of treating juveniles already incarcerated. The paper emphasizes that the system must treat offenders as individuals and provide incentives for youths to choose a path other than the easy, short-term rewards of a life of crime.
Outline:
Step 1: Prevention
Step 2: Reducing Recidivism
Step 3: Treatment for Juveniles Already in 'the System'
From the Paper "As with so many things in life, when it comes to preventing juvenile crime, an 'ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.' In other words, the ideal method of containing juvenile crime is to make a life of crime less attractive to potential young offenders. This is important not simply to reduce rates of criminality amongst the most vulnerable population of our society, but also to reduce crime later on, as youthful criminals are likely to become more hardened, career criminals after they age out of the juvenile justice system. Most chronic juvenile offenders are under the age of 15 when they commit their first offense (Sprague 2003:5)."
Abstract The paper evaluates strategies within the correctional system and their effectiveness in influencing offender behaviors. The paper presents research on substance abuse, educational programs, community-based and faith-based programs and programs geared to successfully acclimating offenders to a world outside of prison. The paper also explains the research's implications for policy and practice.
Outline:
Abstract
Problem
Purpose
Goal and Objective
Relevant Literature
Research and Design Methods
Implications for Policy and Practice
Dissemination Strategy
From the Paper "Drug abuse does not end after an offender is released from prison and is under community supervision. To the contrary, drug-using felons constitute a majority of offenders committing crimes while under community supervision. "Evidence has been consistent in demonstrating that successful substance abuse treatment not only reduces alcohol and other drug use, but also reduces criminal activity" (Wilkinson). Therefore, treatment that targets eliminating substance abuse is a valuable tool for reducing criminal activity and other social problems associated with substance abuse."
Abstract The following paper examines the current problematic situation in Faith Community Hospital, where the overall problem is that the level of patient care is at risk, however the symptom lies deeper. Firstly, the writer introduces the variety of problems that have been recognized. The paper then provides several solutions, explaining their reasoning and how they will solve the problem. Finally it concludes by showing how solving these base problems ultimately leads to better patient care.
From the Paper As the CEO tells Chris, ;we;ve got some interesting interpretations of the mission statement being made, in all of our stakeholder groups.The main problem is that the mission statement is not clear enough, it can be interpreted in various ways. It is also relevant that the mission statement goes out to all types of stakeholders, who each have different needs. Interpretation from these different groups means that the hospital is viewed in many different ways, with the hospital itself having no clear mission and certainly all the parties involved with the hospital not having the same expectations.The values of the hospital are also open to interpretation. The faith of the hospital attracts those that support the faith.
