Abstract
This paper explains that Lavina and Schultz in "Core Concepts in Cultural Anthropology" see political anthropology as the study of power, political ideology, political economy, political organization, social stratification, social control and law, status and role and much later ideas of nationalism and hegemony. The author points out that, in 'economic anthropology', all societies are reported to show a form of material life that can be explained in terms of production, exchange or related material culture, which dictates the types of laws and political practices in that society. The paper states that the study of emergencies, crises or wars tells a good deal about matters of nationalism, hegemony and leadership as reactions of weakness to situations that are unpredictable, such as the strong instinct for 'communitas' that was seen when the United States experienced 9/11.

From the Paper
"Some anthropologists like to study how societies cope with unnatural situations or crises. For instance, if a society has known famine and starvation, or is in a climate that means food can be grown or found only for part of the year, there will be effort to save food for hard times. If the food supply is year-round and easily found, there will be less of this planning ahead. What is very valuable will be guarded by law that can mean tradable goods of high value or perhaps special religious items that no ordinary person is to touch."

Tags:emergencies, control, survival, communitas, marxist

Abstract
The paper discusses community as Victor Turner defined it, specifically, the dynamics of communitas that result from shared environments and events. The paper includes some descriptive material and warns against attempting to define or describe a community by its appearances.

From the Paper
"Geography has deviated from what Geography is more often assumed to entail in its attention to cultural and social realities that pertain to special or situational matters, to different degrees. In addressing what a community might mean, most English-speaking inadvertedly refer to the Latin communitas that shapes the etymology of the word now in use. However, in exploring a Toronto neighbourhood of mixed working and middle-class composition, its Canadian Italian concentration of before replaced by East and South Asian Canadians and various persons from the..."

Tags:turner, communitas, hum geog

Abstract
This paper is composed of a series of individual readings on various issues in the travel industry, most of which are preceded by an abstract or outline. The paper discusses topics that include the economic and cultural impact, communitas among tourists, cultural preservation and commondiation and similar issues.

From the Paper
"Dragon tourism is a local form of "ecotourism" at Komodo National Park in Indonesia, home to the endangered Komodo "Dragon" the largest lizard in the world. (Walpole and Goodwin, 2000, pp. 560-561) Ecotourism tries to protect the local environment by making that environment the basis of small-scale tourism and the local economy. The question is do the locals benefit from ecotourism? (Walpole and Goodwin, 2000, p. 567) One reason they do not is "leakage" where locals, lacking the necessary skills or capitol, lose potential income to outsiders - often from urban or "core" areas. (Walpole and Goodwin, 2000, p. 570-571)"

Tags:disintermediation, tourism, travel