Abstract
This paper contends that the Chinese communists in 1927 did not directly cause their own defeat, but it occurred by a number of reasons such as poor organisation and a lack of mass support among the industrial workers of China's cities. The paper also argues that the main reason why the Chinese communists were defeated was that the policy which was devised by Stalin's leadership and the Comintern was inappropriate for China and her society at the time.

From the Paper
"Since the inception of the united front policy in July 1925, the policy was heavily skewed towards to Kuomintang and its predominant role in the Chinese struggle for independence against imperialism and the feudal warlords of the North. Consequently, the Communists were subordinate to the Kuomintang from the outset, and although, as the movement grew, Comintern funds for the Chinese Communists increased substantially, one must note that these funds were small "compared with the Soviet aid for weapons and other programs given to the Nationalists" . The Kuomintang were supplied with weapons and aid, which then increased following the success of the Northern Expedition, and only ceased when it looked as if Chiang Kai-shek would not stop his march on Shanghai in February of 1927. "

Tags:Chiang, Kai-shek, Kuomintang, stalin

Abstract
This paper begins by looking at how the French Communist Party enjoyed such great power and influence in the years following World War II. It then examines why this strength has waned in the past 50 years including the constitutional changes of 1958, the failure of the Communist-Socialist alliance, the decreasing relevance of Communist policies, the increase in working class affluence and the fall of Communist regimes elsewhere.

From the Paper
"The PCF enjoyed its greatest levels of popularity between 1946-1958. During this time, the Communists were helped greatly by a number of features of French politics and society. For instance, French democracy was far from solid following the revival of numerous undemocratic ideas during the Vichy regime, and indeed, Communism was not perceived as quite so radical a Left Wing force immediately following the Second World War. Therefore, it was possible for the PCF to destabilize the fragile, unstable coalition governments that existed until 1958. In addition, a Left Wing split existed in France at this time, which ensured that the Communists had no significant Left Wing opposition to contend with, and similarly, the PCF's foreign policies tended to be very similar to those of the powerful Gaullist Party of the 1950s and 60s, which would again allow them to appear less radical a party."

Tags:pcf, socialism, gaullists, left, wing

Abstract
The paper offers some background to the Salem witch-hunts and Senator Joseph McCarthy's hunt for communists and then explains how Arthur Miller saw a parallel between what was happening to American society in his time and what happened in Salem many years earlier. The paper focuses on the damage McCarthy's hunt inflicted on the Hollywood film industry that encouraged Miller to leave Hollywood and write "The Crucible". The paper opines that what is most striking about these two instances is that this type of atrocity can and will happen again in the United States if we allow it.

From the Paper
"In 1953, Arthur Miller's play, "The Crucible," opened at the Martin Beck Theatre in New York City. The play was a fictionalized portrayal of the Salem witch-hunts in Massachusetts in 1692. Although an obscure set of events in seventeenth century Puritan American may have seemed like an odd choice of subject matter for a Broadway play, the themes that Miller was dealing with were clear. He was clearly likening the events of the Salem witch-hunts to the events of his own day; that being the crusade against communist sympathizers conducted by Senator Joseph McCarthy and the House Un-American Activities Committee. As it turned out, this was an apt comparison. Both incidents were representative of dark periods in the history of the United States."

Tags:witchcraft, McCarthy, Hollywood, communism

Abstract
This paper examines how the analysis of the social foundations of political support is of interest not only to democratic politicians but also to revolutionary leaders. It looks at how although movements such as Mao Tse tung's Chinese Communist Party cannot be considered democratic in the western sense, the Chinese Communists at least prior to 1949 depended upon mobilizing a mass base of support among the population for the movement's continuing survival.

From the Paper
"The analysis of the social foundations of political support is of interest not only to democratic politicians but also to revolutionary leaders. Although movements such as Mao Tse-tung's Chinese Communist Party cannot be considered democratic in the western sense, the Chinese Communists - at least prior to 1949 - depended upon mobilizing a mass base of support among the population for the movement's continuing survival. "

Tags:china, mao, communist

Abstract
The paper relates that Marx and Engels wrote the Communist Manifesto, published in 1848, for the Communist League. The paper explains that it was a document that concisely explained the development of capitalist society and the source of the social and economic inequalities in the early capitalistic society. The paper describes how the roots and the future of this inequality is clearly described in the first part of the Manifesto "Bourgeois and Proletarians": the bourgeois obtained political power after the 18th century revolutions and now holds the means of production and to whom the proletarians are forced to sell their labour-power. However, the paper points out that the idea of social inequality is much older than the Manifesto and originates even with Aristotle (Andreski, 1975).

From the Paper
"Marx and Engels wrote the Communist Manifesto, published in 1848, for the Communist League. It was a document that concisely explained the development of capitalist society and the source of the social and economic inequalities in the early capitalistic society. The roots and the future of this inequality is clearly described in the first part of the Manifesto "Bourgeois and Proletarians": the bourgeois obtained political power after the 18th century revolutions and now holds the means of production and to whom the proletarians are forced to sell their labour-power. However, the idea of social inequality is much older than..."

Tags:communist manifesto, marx & engels, theory

Abstract
The paper explains that Marx, Engel, and the communist party that they represented believed that society had evolved to a point in which people were no longer valued for their skills, but rather by how much income they could generate for their employers. The paper discusses how because of the changes that were occurring in and to society, in which workers were now being banded together in urban centers, Marx and his peers believed that a proletariat revolution was not only possible, but probable. The paper shows how the "Communist Manifesto" laid the groundwork for this and other movements, which would eventually be grouped under the heading of Marxism.

From the Paper
"Karl Marx was, perhaps, one of the most meticulous thinkers of his day. During the time that Marx lived, the middle class was just coming into existence. In addition, the poor were being forced out of positions that had previously allowed them to eke out an independent living, frequently by the development of machinery and factories that produced larger quantities of goods in less time than the individuals ever could. Marx envisioned a future in which workers rebelled against what he saw as exploitation by the employers who provided these factory jobs, as well as other members of the upper classes who he felt lived off the efforts of..."

Tags:marx, communist, manifesto

Abstract
This paper offers a summary and analysis of the 1848 Communist Manifesto written by Marx and Engels. It discusses issues of class structure and the proletariat revolution. It also mentions the formation of the Communist League.

From the Paper
"In the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development in Europe (OECD) detailed the growing gap between the incomes of the rich and poor in OECD member states. In particular the study concluded that the poorest percent of the population in the countries examined received only two percent of the national income while the richest percent of the population received ..."

Tags:communist manifesto, karl marx, friedrich engels

Abstract
This paper discusses the state and practice of ancient Chinese religious traditions in Communist China. The paper describes the discouragement of religion by the Chinese Communist Party and outlines the six ancient religions of China.

From the Paper
"The Chinese Communist Party, China's ruling party, long discouraged the practice of religion. Communism is an atheist form of government to begin with, but the Chinese Communist Party also regarded religion as a dangerous alternative credo to communism, a view that failed to deter Chinese citizens from practicing their religious beliefs even at great personal risk. Even though the Cultural Revolution that occurred saw massive religious persecution and the destruction of thousands of temples and churches..."

Tags:Communist China, communism, religions, Daoism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Islam, Judaism, Christianity

Abstract
This paper examines how, given the central role played by the Communist Party in the history of China in the 20th century, the analysis by the Communist leadership of the social foundations for the party s political support would clearly be of great interest to scholars and students of Chinese society and culture during this period. From this perspective this paper attempts a comparative analysis of two documents written by Mao Tse tung while still a young revolutionary in the 1920s.

From the Paper
"Given the central role played by the Communist Party in the history of China in the 20th century, the analysis by the Communist leadership of the social foundations for the party's political support would clearly be of great interest to scholars and students of Chinese society and culture during this period. From this perspective, this paper will attempt a comparative analysis of two documents written by Mao Tse-tung while still a young revolutionary in the 1920s."

Tags:china, communist, 1920s

Abstract
This paper is a discussion of social inequality and class struggle, as they relate to the history of modern society laid out in Karl Marx's "Communist Manifesto". The paper examines Marx's vision of history as a class struggle.

From the Paper
"In The Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx lays out his vision of history. According to Marx, the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. The divisions and struggles between classes and the fundamental inequality that underpin..."

Tags:marx, engel, communism, communist manifesto, class struggle