Abstract
This paper takes a very detailed look at the events leading up to and the reasons behind the collapse of Soviet-brand Communism in Poland. The essay begins in post World War Two Poland and then follows the adherence of the Polish people to the Catholic Church throughout the years of socialist rule. The writer looks at the creation and influence of Solidarity, the workers' union, and finally sees how changes in the Soviet Union allowed all of these factors to lead to the end of Communism.

From the Paper
"As the Holy Father of the international Catholic Church lies in a state of sickness, a tracheotomy in his throat and willing caretakers and hangers-on at his side, the worldwide media is all agog, cameras outside his window looking for a wave, wire-services and websites intent on the latest information and updates. Yet, these newshounds often forget who this man they know as Pope John Paul used to be and where he is from. Karol Wojtyla, the man who would become pope twenty-five years ago, is Polish."

Tags:collapse, communism, poland

Abstract
The paper discusses the views of Adam Smith, Marx and Engels, Lenin, Malthus, and Sam Smiles on capitalism, imperialism and communism.

From the Paper
"Various theorists have contributed to the ongoing debate over the relative merits of imperialism, capitalism and communism, with specific reference to the question of how conflict and/or competition shape society, influence, progress or improve the quality of human existence. This essay will consider a selected number of theorists with respect to these issues. Adam Smith in "The Wealth of Nations" presented the view that the division of labor in a well-governed society generated that universal opulence which extends itself to..."

Tags:capitalism, imperialism, communism

Abstract
This paper examines the factors that have contributed to the election of the same political party in Russia since the fall of Communism. Russia has been in an economic depression since the fall of the Soviet Union, yet the same party is re-elected through democratic vote. The reasons for this puzzling outcome are discussed in this paper and identified as using democracy to purge the conservative communists of their rank, old elites regaining state control and loyalty of those counting the votes. Each factor is discussed in great detail along with its contribution and impact on the electoral outcome. This paper is ideal for anyone, from a Russian politics expert to a curious novice.

From the Paper
"Mikhail Gorbachev, along with the Soviet leaders was the first to introduce semi competitive elections into the USSR and then later Russia. Although elections are a focal point of a democracy, they were not initiated by Gorbachev for this use. "The goal of these elections was to purge the conservative ranks of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) from their positions of power within state structures as a way to liberate these state institutions and thereby make them available as instruments by executing Gorbachev's economic reforms" (McFaul and Petrov, 24). The existing powers of the Soviet Union at the time of the introduction of democracy were all communists, who held high political ranks. In order for Gorbachev to implement his reformation of the economy, these political figures needed to be removed from their ranks, otherwise there would be great opposition to the changes planned. When these leaders were removed, the state organizations were free from communist control and could be used in any way that Gorbachev desired."

Tags:authoritative, campaigns, communism, communists, competative, control, cpsu, democracy, depression, eastern, economic, elections, electoral, elites, europe, gorbachev, history, kramlin, leaders, power, process, putin, rank, russia, russian, soviet, state, studies, union, ussr, voters

Abstract
A very brief opinion paper on why capitalism has beaten communism.

From the Paper
"The main political story of the last century has been the fall of communism throughout the world and the domination of capitalism. The economic freedom promised by the capitalist system has successfully eroded the restrictions of communism in every region of the world. One of the main reasons for this, in my opinion, has been the phenomenal economic growth undergone by capitalist countries as the rapidly increasing pace of globalization, driven by the relentless advance of communication technologies, opened up markets throughout the world. As living standards increased in the..."

Tags:capitalism, communism, growth, technology

Abstract
The idea of a people in revolt against their government is nothing new. The idea of revolt has connotations with violence, people taking up arms against those who are in control and forcing the changes the people desire. Revolution brings about political change. The people looked throughout the world for examples of truly political governments which were representative of the people and not of a small group or ruling class. Anarchy and Communism both present viable options as a result of revolution.

Tags:communism, anarchy

Abstract
This paper compares the process of the collapse of Communism in the three states of Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Poland and Hungary were most successful, but for entirely different reasons.

Tags:EUROPEAN STUDIES (HISTORY, CULTURE) / EASTERN EUROPE, RUSSIA, collapse communism poland

Abstract
The dissertation looks at the history of communism in Poland and its fall. The dissertation then looks at the economy of Poland, the main natural resources, the economy under Communism, the centrally planned economy, and the economy after the fall of Communism. The dissertation then moves on to looking at the processes of marketization and stabilization in Poland and the macroeconomic indicators for the crucial 1990-1991 period. The privatization process in Poland follows, and the subsequent structure of the economy is analyzed. The main markets supporting the economy, i.e., fuels and energy, industry, agriculture, fishing and forestry, banking and finance, and foreign trade are examined. Once the economic history of Poland has been discussed and analyzed, the dissertation then moves to looking at how Polish companies have reacted to ethical issues and changes in business standards since the fall of communism in 1989. This takes the form of looking, principally, at what constitutes ethical business in Poland, how ethical business is regulated and monitored in Poland, how changes have been made so far in business ethics in Poland since the fall of Communism, and how these changes relate to changes over the same period at an international level. A discussion of the merits of entering into the EU, in terms of business ethics, is also provided.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1: Poland?s Economy Pre-Communism?s Fall
Section 1.1. Poland?s Natural Resources
Section 1.1.1. Minerals and Fuels
Section 1.1.2. Agricultural Resources
Section 1.1.3. Labor Force
Section 1.2. The Polish Economy Under Communism
Section 1.2.1. System Structure
Section 1.2.2. Development Strategy
Section 1.3. The Centrally-Planned Economy
Section 1.3.1. Establishing the Planning Formula
Section 1.3.2. Retrenchment and Adjustment in the 1960s
Section 1.3.3. Reliance on Technology in the 1970s
Section 1.3.4. Reform Failure in the 1980s
Chapter 2: Poland?s Economy After the Fall of Communism
Section 2.1. Poland After the Fall of Communism
Section 2.2. Fall of Communism
Section 2.3. Marketization and Stabilization
Section 2.3.1. Required Short-Term Changes
Section 2.3.2. The Shock Strategy
Section 2.3.3. Initial Results
Section 2.3.4. Long-Term Requirements
Section 2.4. Macroeconomic Indicators for 1990-91
Section 2.4.1. Price Increases
Section 2.4.2. Impact on Productivity and Wages
Section 2.4.3. Statistical Distortions
Section 2.4.4. Agricultural Imbalances
Section 2.4.5. Causes of Decline
Section 2.5.The Polish Post-Communism Privatization Process
Section 2.6. Structure of Poland?s Economy: Post-Communism
Section 2.6.1. Fuels and Energy
Section 2.6.2. Coal
Section 2.6.3. Oil and Gas
Section 2.6.4. Power Generation
Section 2.6.5. Industry
Section 2.6.6. Light Industry
Section 2.6.7. Automotive Industry
Section 2.6.8. Construction Machinery
Section 2.6.9. Banking and Finance
Section 2.7. The State Banking System
Section 2.8. Banking Reform, 1990-92
Section 2.8.1. Insurance and Securities Reform
Section 2.8.2. New Financial Institutions
Section 2.8.3. Foreign Loans and Money Supply
Section 2.8.4. Foreign Trade
Section 2.8.5. The Foreign Trade Mechanism
Section 2.9. Post-communist Policy Adjustments
Section 2.10. The Role of Currency Exchange
Section 2.11. Foreign Investment
Chapter 3: Business Ethics in Poland
Section 3.1. Introduction
Section 3.2. What is Meant (and Understood) by the Term ?Business Ethics? in Poland?
Section 3.3. Developing Standards of Business Ethics in Poland
Section 3.3.1. The Polish Transition
Section 3.3.2. Difficulties in Adjusting
Section 3.3.3. Identifying the Problem: Polish Chamber Survey Results
Section 3.3.4. Setting Ethical Standards
Section 3.3.5. Letting Market Forces Work
Section 3.3.6. The Highlights from the Polish Chamber's Sample Code of Ethics
Section 3.3.7. Western Aid In Fighting Corruption
Chapter 4: Conclusions
Bibliography

From the Paper
"Poland's climate features moderate temperatures and adequate rainfall that enable cultivation of most temperate-zone crops, including all the major grains, several industrial crops, and several varieties of fruit (www.countrystudies.us/poland.htm). Crops are distributed according to the substantial regional variations in soil and length of growing season (www.countrystudies.us/poland.htm). The sandy soils of the central plains are most suitable for rye, the richer soil in the south favors wheat and barley, and the poorer soil of the north is used for oats (www.countrystudies.us/poland.htm). All parts of Poland favor potato cultivation; sugar beets, the most important industrial crop, grow mainly in the west and southeast (www.countrystudies.us/poland.htm)."

Tags:east, europe

Abstract
This paper examines the origins of communism from the original ideals of Karl Marx, which were implemented for the first time as a model of government by the first Russian Prime Minster Lenin. The paper argues that research suggests that the fall of communism is due to the departure of the application and practice of communism from the ideals of communism and that the ideals of communism have ultimately proved unrealistic and impractical, a fact officially verified with the fall of communism. The paper also argues that since the original ideals of communism could not realistically be preserved, they have proved to be ultimately just an ideological basis for totalitarian dictators in Russia.

From the Paper
"The original ideals of Communism came from the writings of Karl Marx, and were implemented for the first time as a model of government by the first Russian Prime Minster Lenin. The true ideal of Communism is the equal distribution of wealth among the people. No property thus is owned by the private citizen, and wealth and property is owned, controlled, and distributed by the government. As we will see, the Soviet government took full advantage of the ownership of everything clause, but then became brutal totalitarians with little or no concern for the welfare of the people, leading to years of oppression instead of true Communism, and equal sharing of wealth and property. In historical retrospect, the ideals of Communism were used as nothing more than a means by which to oppress subjects and perpetuate totalitarian rule under the guise of the model of government labeled Communism. "

Tags:russia, marx, lenin, democracy

Abstract
The paper states that the idea of a classless society with no exploitation brought about communist societies throughout the world. Countries such as Russia, China and North Korea had all embraced the communist ideology and had run their countries based on communist principles. The paper comments that, grand though the communist idea was, communism still failed in the countries that embraced its principles. Communism failed because of several reasons. This paper gives an overview on what communism is all about and why it was adapted by different countries. The paper also discusses the numerous reasons why communism ultimately failed.

Outline:
Introduction
The Origin of Communism
The Fall of Communism
Summary

From the Paper
""Communism had its origin in the 1848 as Karl Marx and Frank Engels published the Communist Manifesto which cited the basic principles and ideas of communism. This manifesto criticized the capitalist economy as creating classes (The bourgeois and the proletariat) among its citizens which resulted to the oppression and exploitation of classes which are lower than the other classes. Communism was designed to develop a society without class distinctions and have a true sense of equality among its people without any social problems such as racism, sexism and class oppression."

Tags:centralized, economy, distinct, industries, internal, consumption

Abstract
This paper defines communism and nationalism in diverse terms, resulting in the truthful understanding of these complex political ideals. The paper is divided into sections, with the overall analysis of the paper reaming true to the issue of conflict communism was often seen in combination with nationalism, as seen in the form of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia.

Table of Contents:
Communism
Origins of Communism
Monarchy
Serfdom & Official Brutality
Communist Revolutions
Communism: Post World War 1 and 2 Revolutions
Decline of Communism
Nationalism
Nationalism in India
South Africa and Nelson Mandela

From the Paper
"Communism is a society without money (For Communism)1, without a state, without property and without social classes. People come together to carry out a project or to respond to some need of the human community but without the possibility of their collective activity taking the form of an enterprise that involves wages and the exchange of its products. The circulation of goods is not accomplished by means of exchange: quite the contrary, the by-word for this society is "from each according to their abilities, to each according to their needs."

Tags:society, money, lenin, india, south, africa, russia, soviet, union, world, war, i, ii, wealth, class, money, sovereignty, peoples, globalists, globalism