Abstract This paper examines the topic of internal communication within an organization and shows that, while external communication such as advertisements and public relations, play an important role in an organization, internal communication is the glue that helps the company stay together and achieve its objectives. It provides a literature review of two different communication chapters from two different books, Chapter 9 "Internal Organizational Communication Systems" from the book, "Organizational Communication " by Gary Kreps and Chapter 2 "Formal and Informal CommunicationNetworks" by Susan A. Hellweg from the book, "Organizational Communication" edited by Peggy Yuhas Byers. It attempts to identify and analyze each work for its strengths and weaknesses and discusses the importance of informal communication and the grapevine. The roles of organizational structure, the types of communicationnetwork, motivation, ethical responsibilities, and job stress are also explored.
From the Paper "Kreps and Hellweg both identify two types of formal communications within organizations: vertical and horizontal communications. Both authors identified two further subdivisions within the vertical communication format: Downward communication and upward communication. To understand formal communication both strengths and weakness have to be understood. In downward communication, all information transfer is sent from the management to the workers. The employees lower down the hierarchal chain are constantly provided information with regards to what needs to get done, how it should get done and the time frame within which it has to get done. Little or no feedback is expected from the employee who receives the message. In reality, it is observed that very often the message can get complicated and distorted as the level of complexity of the job increase or the levels through which the information flows. Most organizations traditionally followed this form of communication."
Abstract This paper explores the concept of wireless communicationnetworks and all the mechanisms involved in making them effective. The paper discusses the history and development vision of mobile networks. The paper presents the main characteristics and design issues and provides a description of wireless communicationnetworks. In addition, the paper focuses on advantages, disadvantages, current and future applications, and developments.
From the Paper "Wireless communication was developed while wired communication was being expanded. Guilermo Marconi was one of the first to experiment with other ways to communicate besides a wired system. According to the book Marconi used Einstein's theory of relativity to create a system of wireless telegraphy. The book goes on to say that the early development of wireless communications was the stepping stone for today's wireless communications networks. (Regli) In the past wireless networks were unreliable and expensive. The old system was often criticized for not being fast enough and not providing users with the benefits associated with the traditional wired systems. However, today there have been many technological advances that have allowed these networks to become more efficient."
Abstract National LambdaRail is a high-speed nationwide computer network in the United States that operates through a network of fiber-optic cables and connects a consortium of research communities. The author of the paper examines factors that led to the development of the network, the possibilities that the network opens to research communities and potential problems. Finally, before making his final conclusions, the writer discusses the infrastructure of the project.
Outline:
Introduction
Assumptions for the Future
Problems
Transport Methods
Network Infrastructure
Services & Cost
Software & Hardware
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper "NLR's nationwide advanced optical network infrastructure is reportedly capable of meeting future classroom needs, as well as, needs of demanding network and scientific research. NLR owns the underlying fiber optic cable and optical equipment, and other networking equipment, and states it can "cost-effectively implement multiple, diverse experimental and production networks on its nationwide optical fiber footprint with unprecedented flexibility and responsiveness." Basic service costs can be obtained from NLR. (National LambdaRail)
While a dearth of rigorous data for support exists for some claims by competition of NLR, Smith and Cohon, argue, one cannot afford to support devices and software promising to improve learning. In response to unsubstantiated claims that a particularly technology will transform teaching and learning, leadership, they insist, must say: "No.""
Tags: fiber optic communicationnetwork, computational scientists, distributed systems researchers, networking researchers, technology computers universities, information technology
Abstract This paper explores wireless networking and the advantages that it provides to its users, while serving as a facilitator that advances technology. It explains how the history of wireless networking began and how it led to the development of the first packet-based radio communicationsnetwork. The result, which was called ALOHNET, was the first wireless local area network (WLAN).
A Brief History of Wireless Networking and Standards
Application Areas
Background on Wireless Networking Environments and How They Work
Advantages of Wireless Networking The Future of Wireless Networking
From the Paper "Wireless services are an excellent example of how just how far technology has come. Wireless networking holds the key to a new era of telecommunications, yet wireless services have been used for well over a century and are still synonymous with "radio" (ATS, 2003). The first sign of wireless technology was seen in the 19th century when Guglielmo Marconi, who is known as "the father of radio?, entered the
world of wireless technology."
Tags: telecommunications, radio, waves, transmit, data, network, traffic, local, area
Abstract This paper researches the phenomenon of what is known as communication apprehension or anxiety. Communicative apprehension is defined as "an individual's level of fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons". This paper takes an in-depth look at this issue.
Outline:
I. Introduction
Personal Report of Communication Apprehension (PRCA)
Communication Apprehension
The difference between state CA and trait CA
II. Body
Culture
Gender
III. Future directions
IV. Conclusion
From the Paper "Based on the earlier description of self and other perceptions, as well as actual behavioral results, one can surmise that generally, high CA can be a detriment to those experiencing it in an organizational context. Using this information as a base, one may also posit that experiencing high RA in the organizational environment will elicit similar outcomes. Some researchers have suggested that because of the information that has been found regarding apprehension in organizations, it would be unlikely to find highly apprehensive individuals in advanced positions within a company. Although it has been discovered that high CA people were less likely to desire advancement, and less likely to perceive themselves as likely to advance within the organization, there are no empirical data that indicate these feelings and beliefs are consistent with actual outcomes.
Culture
The first valencing factor consists of social and cultural norms. If cultural norms dictate greater spatial boundaries, less touch, and so forth, then individuals from these cultures are likely to valence such norm violations negatively. Parents even articulate immediacy norms with verbal commands (e.g., don't stare, don't push) so that learning of these norms is facilitated. "
Abstract This paper studies the different concepts related to networks and communications, as well as the establishment of an online academic community for artists. It looks at the online academic community that Stanford University has started in the pursuit of determining whether such a community can be beneficial for all the artist students. The paper includes graphs and tables.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Review of Literature
Network Defined
Social Networks The Upsurge of Different Social Networks The Role that Social Networks Play
CommunicationNetworks Computer Mediated Networks and Hyperlink Networks The Internet Phenomenon
Community Web Sites
Emergence of Networks' Commercial Markets
Privatization and Rising up of World Wide Webs
Academic Networks Personal or Face-to-Face Networks Online Networks Implication to Communication and Information Networks Barriers to NetworkCommunication On Freedom
On Control
Establishment of an Online Community Comparison of an Online Community versus Physical Community The Artist
The Artist as An Inventor and Scientist
The Artist As Part of An Online Academic Community Case Study (Club Nexus)
Discussion
Advantages of putting up an Online Academic Community Other Areas to Consider
Conclusion
From the Paper "Meanwhile, the coming of the new millennium has brought new and more challenging technologies. Different forms of communications such as Internet, mobile phones and SMS, Internet chat or MIRCs, and e-groups penetrated majority of the countries around the world. Communication through computer - generated networks became very visible. This enables any individual to talk with someone you cannot see in a face-to-face basis, to buy something and have it delivered without having to go out of your home, to research for any information with just one click on the Internet, or to meet new friends. Even on - line studies or distance education through computer - generated communication sprouted like mushrooms. More and more schools started to offer distance form of learning to accommodate students who, due to lack of time, opted to enroll in a much "scheduled-free" learning method. Furthermore, the idea of learning through online gave birth to online academic communities, as pioneered by Stanford University's Club Nexus. This academic community brings the students of the same preference closer to one another and at the same time broadens the students "world"."
Abstract The paper aims to determine how social networking as a demographic and technological trend is changing the dynamics of how individuals and companies communicate in Australia, China, Sweden, United States and the United Kingdom. The paper looks at Facebook to show how the freedoms of social networking promise significant gain in terms of creativity, communication, collaboration and the development of entirely new social communities, but there are also many issues regarding the ethics and transparency of social networking.
Outline:
Introduction
Social Networking and Web 2.0 Technologies Are Changing Collaboration
Ethical Issues of Social Networking in Countries of Interest
From the Paper "The influence of social networking on globalization in general and specifically across the nations of the Australia, China, Sweden, United States, and the United Kingdom has fostered more fluid and rapid communication, collaboration, and greater levels of transparency (Hedgebeth, 2007), (Huang, Behara, 2007), (Kirsner, 2007), (Finin, Ding, Zhou, Joshi, 2005) and (Bernoff, Li, 2008).
"These three factors are serving as the catalysts of creating entirely new social networks that cross geographies and national boundaries. The collection of technologies referred to as Web 2.0 (O'Reilly, 2005) has their basis a more communicative, interactive Internet series of applications and processes."
Abstract This paper considers how the widespread use of computer networks might contribute to social separation rather than community, though the idea that this could just be a new community is also noted. It looks at how, as these technologies are used more widely, fears grow that people are not communicating directly as they once did and that this technology keeps people apart rather than bringing them together. It also examines how there is an opposing view, holding that this technology allows for more immediate communication in real time and so creates a new sense of community, a community online.
From the Paper "Many social critics believe that the widespread use of the Internet and other computer networks is having a detrimental effect on human social interaction, reducing the power of community and separating people rather than bringing them together. They see the unity of both the family and the community as threatened by electronic communications, meaning e-mails, chat rooms, websites, and the like. As these technologies are used more widely, fears grow that people are not communicating directly as they once did and that this technology keeps people apart rather than bringing them together. There is an opposing view, of course, holding that this technology allows for more immediate communication in real time and so creates a new sense of community, a community online."
Abstract Wireless communications and networks very possibly represent one of the greatest technical innovations of the twentieth century. The effect that this kind of technology is having on the development of Western society at the dawn of the twenty first society is truly fantastic, especially for those who can still remember a time before wireless networks and technology, or at least a time when they were much more a novelty than a way of life. This paper shows how wireless networks quite literally have integrated themselves with many aspects of society from work to play to communications. The paper examines some of the basic history of wireless networks, the simpler-than-it-sounds operation of these networks, and some of the applications that these networks have to offer.
Abstract This paper discusses wireless network technologies, with a focus on the protocols, standards and operations of the various types. The paper examines personal area networks, as well as local, metropolitan and wide area networks. The advantages and disadvantages of wireless networks are explored in the paper. The paper also illustrates the importance of safety features in wireless networks.
Outline
Introduction
Wireless Network Technologies
Wireless Personal Area Networks Wireless Local Area Network Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks Wireless Wide Area Networks Wireless Networking Initiatives in Business
Advantages of Wireless Networks Disadvantages of Wireless Networks Conclusion
From the Paper "At present there are a range of protocols in use for wireless technology. Perhaps the most common is 802.11b. It is moderately cheap in using equipment 802.11b. The free 2.4 Ghz is the frequency range in which 802.11b wireless communication standard works. But there are many systems like cordless phones and baby monitors which obstruct the wireless traffic. For 802.11b communications, the maximum speed is 11 mbps. The new 802.11g standard is an improved version of 802.11b. Though it uses the same busy 2.4 Ghz shared by other common household wireless devices, 802.11g is competent of transmission speeds up to 54 mbps. The equipment intended for 802.11g communicates with 802.11b equipment, but combination of two standards is not suggested. (Quick Tip: Wireless Networking Protocols)"
Abstract The history of wireless networking began over fifty years ago, prior to World War II, when it was discovered that radio signals could be used for data transmission by the military. The United States Army developed a radio data transmission technology, which was heavily encrypted. This technology was used throughout the campaign with the U.S. and its allies. The military's use of wireless networking was so impressive that a group of researchers in 1971 at the University of Hawaii moved to develop the first packet-based radio communicationsnetwork. This paper explains that the result, which was called ALOHNET, was the first wireless local area network (WLAN). The paper explores wireless networking and the advantages that it provides to its users, while serving as a facilitator that advances technology. The paper also includes diagrams.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
A Brief History of Wireless Networking and Standards
Application Areas
Background on Wireless Networking Environments and How They Work
Advantages of Wireless Networking The Future of Wireless Networking Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper "Like cell phones, wireless-equipped laptops within range of a given access point have the ability to communicate with the network. Many systems allow roaming between access points. If a user moves out of range, he will lose the connection. In addition, a single access point can communicate with multiple wireless-equipped laptops, meaning that users share the available bandwidth with other users. If many users are communicating with a single access point, the network connection is likely to slow down."
An examination of search engine optimization (SEO), Really Simple Syndication (RSS) and social communicationnetworks and how they impact public relations.
Abstract This paper examines the significance of search engine optimization (SEO), Really Simple Syndication (RSS) and social communicationnetworks. It focuses on how they have impacted public relations (PR). The paper discusses the opportunities, limitations and concerns raised regarding SEO, RSS and social communicationnetworks in contemporary PR practice.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Background
Relevance to the Marketing Mix and Strategies
PR Perspectives, Theory and Applications
SEO
RSS
Social Networking Implications to PR
Conclusion
From the Paper "As more people are given the capacity to interact and communicate with PR initiatives, there is greater opportunity to develop positive audience relationships. In a study conducted by Jackson and Lilleker (2004), they believe that the opportunity for direct interaction with targeted audiences provides not only the increasing the efficiency of PR initiatives but also the opportunities for feedback and ultimately developing a positive relationship. However, this also requires the development of new competencies and re-engineering current strategies. And since the use of internet-related technologies has not been direct in PR, there is a need to critically evaluate how SEO, RSS and personal networking really do impact developing perspectives in PR. The implication is that though SEO, RSS and social networking have been recognized for their potential to PR practice, even used as basis for the operation of these systems, it has still not been fully realized and limited effort has been done to do so."
Abstract This paper debates the benefits and limitations of social networking, both from a personal as well as an organizational perspective. It defines social networking and discusses how social networking exemplifies the capabilities of the Internet's development, collaboration and publishing technologies in the development of Facebook, LinkedIn, MySpace and other sites that are at the epicenter of social networking today. The paper contains tables and figures.
Table of Contents:
Executive Summary
Putting Social Networking into Context
Benefits of Social Networking Assessing the Limitations of Social Networking Ethical Issues of Social Networking Summary
From the Paper "Instead of fighting and resisting the major change that social networking brings to communicating, collaborating, sharing and learning, organizations must throw off their preconceptions and pilot these technologies. The life forces in any organization aren't physical assets, its knowledge and the ability to learn as an organization. Social networking is the catalyst, the nurturing agent of this change. Its effects permeate and can improve communications skills between individuals and departments, organizations and even divisions scattered across the globe. To ignore the growth of social networking and its potential contributions to personal, professional and organizational goal attainment is to become myopic and miss the opportunity to be transformed by greater insight and knowledge shared with and gained from others."
Abstract This essay will explore the relationship between computers and communicationnetworks and the emergence of a global economy, unlike anything before. This essay will argue that computer technology and new communicationnetworks are the cause of the emergence of new economic frameworks because it provides the essential tools for a global reality, which runs beyond local or national borders.
Using an article by Mary Hillebrand entitled "New Security Tool Aims to Sniff Out Hackers", this paper looks at the issue of communication and network security.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, 2002, $ 53.95
Abstract Mary Hillebrand writes the article chosen for this study and its title is "New Security Tool Aims to Sniff Out Hackers". In this article the writer has elaborated about the threats that the business firms face from hackers. In view of this article, this paper gives an understanding of sniffing so that companies can tackle hacking problems.
