Abstract
This essay considers whether modern language teaching methods - namely, communicative methodologies -are really any better than older methodologies in facilitating language acquisition. The writer claims that these methods are better. Further the writer points out that this can be measured according to the learner's age, aptitude and motivation to learn another language. The writer concludes that communicative methods are more like real communication.

From the Paper
"In one way, it might seem clear from the outset that communicative language teaching methodologies are superior to earlier methodologies in all measurable aspects; after all, if they were not better, there would have been little sense in deviating from the older methods. Furthermore, in terms of the three learner variables - aptitude, age and motivation - it seems as though communicative language methodologies are indeed superior. However, this is particularly the case with two of these three variables, age and motivation. This is probably because communicative methods of teaching language offer much greater flexibility, and as such, they can accommodate a range of student ages and can also go a long way toward stimulating motivation where it may not previously have existed."

Tags:language, acquisition, communication

Abstract
The author probes the issues of communicative language tests that are in use to determine how testees are able to make use of language in real life state of affairs. The paper then discusses that in testing creative skills, stress often appears even when the candidate is very capable. The paper then analyzes and suggests ways to improve the testing options.

From the Paper
"Communicative tests are usually extremely framework explicit. A test for testees who are leaving to British universities as learner would be extremely diverse from one for testees who are going to their corporation's branch office in the United States. If at all potential, a communicative language test must be found on an account of the language that the testees require to make use of. Although communicative testing is not inadequate to English for explicit principles situations, the test must imitate the communicative situation in which the testees are probable to get themselves. In cases wherever the testees do not have a detailed reason, the language that they are experienced on can be directed on the way to general social circumstances where they may be in a pose to use English."

Tags:speaking, communicating, dexteritites, verbal, conversation

Abstract
This paper explains that communicative competence is made up of four competence areas: Linguistic, which is knowing how to use the language's grammar, syntax and vocabulary; sociolinguistic, knowing how to use and respond to language appropriately; discourse, knowing how to interpret the larger context and to construct a coherent whole and strategic, knowing how to recognize and repair communication breakdowns by working around gaps in one's knowledge of the language. The author points out that communicative language teaching (CLT) began because educators and linguists were dissatisfied with the audiolingual and grammar-translation methods of foreign language instruction. The paper stresses that communicative language teaching places great emphasis on helping students use the target language in a variety of contexts and places great emphasis on learning language functions.

Table of Contents
Communicative Competence
Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)
Principles and Characteristics of CLT
Communicative Activities
Teacher's Roles in Communicative Language Teaching
Implementation of CLT in ESL and EFL Countries

From the Paper
"Other research studies focus on the difficulty attributed to the English as a first language environment. In 1996, studies by Stapleton pointed out how Confucianism as a belief system appears to be in tension with underlying notions of communicative language teaching. In these studies, Stapeton examined the theory that Confucianism establishes the superior status and knowledge of the teacher over that of the students, thus elevating the role of the teacher above the students. In 1998, Li studied teaching and learning in China, concluding that local conditions seem to be detrimental to communicative language teaching methodology."

Tags:real-life, enhancement, classroom, competence, foreign-language

Abstract
In this paper the author looks at how the communicative practices of veterinary records are sometimes difficult to read and understand due to shortening of words and sentences. The author looks at how written discourse can influence the entire communicative process of a veterinary healthcare setting. In this paper the author analyzes veterinary medical records using a functional grammar perspective. A theme analysis of the veterinary medical record entries is completed, and thematic patterns are recorded and evaluated. The author concludes that due to the busy schedules of veterinarians it is often the case, that the written reports of each subject provided are the best that can be done in the situation.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Literature Review
Methodology
The Subjective Entry
The Objective Entry
The Assessment Entry
The Plan Entry
Other Entries
Theme Analysis
Findings
Theme Analysis - Objective Sentences
Theme Analysis - Assessment Sentences
Theme Analysis - Plan Sentences
Conclusions

From the Paper
"In Rijnberk and de Vries' Medical History and Physical Examination in Companion Animals, there is a limited section specifically on veterinary medical record writing which describes the function of veterinary medical records, how to determine the content of veterinary medical records, and how to write clear, complete, and accessible veterinary medical record entries. The most beneficial aspect of this text, however, is the information presented in subsequent chapters, which describes physical examinations of companion animals. Listed under sections called "notable findings," the authors have described how to perform physical exams on numerous animals for various medical complaints. Then the authors describe, in terms of appropriate tone, style, and terminology, what types of entries should be made in the veterinary medical record for that particular type of examination."

Tags:medical, entries, record, animal, health, care, illness, patient

Abstract
The paper clarifies Jurgen Habermas' staunch opposition to postmodernism and explains how the concept of "communicative action" is a means to revive the project of modernism. The paper shows how Habermas appeals to the intrinsic powers of language, beyond those of logic and rationality, to effect understanding and conciliation. The paper also highlights the relevance of Kant and Weber to Habermas' argument, and addresses the postmodernist camp's fierce opposition to Habermas' ideas.

From the Paper
"Jurgen Habermas does not believe that postmodernism renders modernism defunct. Despite the triumph of postmodernism, characterized by the preponderance of relativism and fragmentation, Habermas insists that modernism is a project that remains functional. He describes it as an unfinished project, and one that has as its goals the realization of the promise of the Enlightenment. In order to revive the project he introduces the concept of 'communicative action'. This is not a new philosophical strategy, but is rather a novel meta-narrative that explains the inner workings of the Enlightenment and modernism. The claim of postmodernism is that all meta-narratives that pre-suppose the triumph of universal reason, as well as upholding the doctrine of universal progress, have been nullified by the modern principle of relativism. Habermas believes, however, that this new meta-narrative is capable of overcoming this objection. He hopes that his exposition of communicative action will be able to carry forward the Enlightenment Project."

Tags:pluralism, relativism, enlightenment, anarchy, progress, optimism, pessimism, Kant, Durkheim

Abstract
This paper discusses Limited English Proficient (LEP) children looking at the challenges that come with educating them, focusing particularly on the acquisition and retention of vocabulary as a measure of success. The author examines the typical LEP student, how schools are impacted by a sudden increase in LEP students, what should be included in their lesson plans and types of instructional activities/strategies for the LEP learner.

From the Paper
"The number of limited English proficient (LEP) children attending British schools has risen dramatically over the past decade. Being prepared for this population growth involved the development of special language teaching programs. The challenge of educating LEP students arises from the growth and diversity of this group of students and their diverse academic and social needs (Minicucci & Olsen, 1992). Meeting the academic and social-emotional needs of these children is a challenge which will continue to be of major importance as the world's inhabitants, even the poorest ones, begin to have more access to transportation as a means to travel to more prosperous nations than their own."

Tags:LEP, students

Abstract
This paper researches the phenomenon of what is known as communication apprehension or anxiety. Communicative apprehension is defined as "an individual's level of fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons". This paper takes an in-depth look at this issue.

Outline:
I. Introduction
Personal Report of Communication Apprehension (PRCA)
Communication Apprehension
The difference between state CA and trait CA
II. Body
Culture
Gender
III. Future directions
IV. Conclusion

From the Paper
"Based on the earlier description of self and other perceptions, as well as actual behavioral results, one can surmise that generally, high CA can be a detriment to those experiencing it in an organizational context. Using this information as a base, one may also posit that experiencing high RA in the organizational environment will elicit similar outcomes. Some researchers have suggested that because of the information that has been found regarding apprehension in organizations, it would be unlikely to find highly apprehensive individuals in advanced positions within a company. Although it has been discovered that high CA people were less likely to desire advancement, and less likely to perceive themselves as likely to advance within the organization, there are no empirical data that indicate these feelings and beliefs are consistent with actual outcomes.
Culture
The first valencing factor consists of social and cultural norms. If cultural norms dictate greater spatial boundaries, less touch, and so forth, then individuals from these cultures are likely to valence such norm violations negatively. Parents even articulate immediacy norms with verbal commands (e.g., don't stare, don't push) so that learning of these norms is facilitated. "

Tags:communication, networks, interpersonal, salience, interaction, patterns, cognitive

Abstract
This paper studies the role of the Internet as a communicative tool in the social structure of Korea under the current usage and influence of the social capital theory put forth by P. Bourdieu, J. Coleman and R. D. Putnam. It begins by discussing the origin of the social capital phenomenon and its relation with the social network within Korea. It then looks at the connection of the social capital phenomenon with the information and communication technologies (ICT).

Table of Contents:
Chapter 1: Introduction
Background of the Study
Purpose of this Study
Significance of this Study
Chapter 2: Literature Review
The Emergence of the Social Capital Theory
Initial Utilization by Coleman and Bourdieu
The Social Network as Social Capital
Social Capital and Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)
Social Capital and Relative Theories
Understanding Online Communities and their Use of Internet:
Internet Based within the Social Framework of Korea:
Chapter 3: Methodology
Summary of the Methodology
Profiles of Interviewees
Chapter 4: Results
Communication on the Internet
Conclusion: "See You at CY!"

From the Paper
"The IT circumstance in Korea makes young people recognize the Internet as a normal part of everyday life, and regard it as one of the various communication tools. Between the Internet and the mobile phone people are not strictly attached to either one or it seems that both are used additionally rather than the usage of one being increased or decreased by the other. E-mails, IM, Blogs and CY are all part of the overall system of the Internet; though their use may vary, they are all considered more effective means of communication than any other available. Off-line intimacy can motivate and activate communication on the Internet, but the opposite cannot always be considered as true. Illusion, time, space and fashion statements are all part of the list of easier attainments online than offline. The rise of the dependence of the Internet in Korea is for both interpersonal and business reasons but the increase in the expanse, level and quality of interpersonal communication is more obvious of the two. More and more Koreans are keen on creating various new on-line cultures in the already established social framework of Korea."

Tags:e-mail, mobile, online, CY, messenger

Abstract
The paper discusses how the information that is brought forth in blogs may not be empirical or pragmatic on many levels, but it is the forum of communicative interaction that can influence important facts that corporate media entities cannot or will not provide. The paper explains that this opens a greater freedom to influence the outcome of voting, which allows a better-informed public that participates in this type of blogging system. The paper asserts that this and other forums for digital communication are effective ways for information to increase participation and unbiased grass-roots information outside of the corporate media's agenda.

Tags:media, communication, digital

Abstract
This paper analyzes two studies that deal with augmentative and alternative communication systems that can assist language development in autistic children. It first reviews "Effects on Communicative Requesting and Speech Development of the Picture Exchange Communication System in Children With Characteristics of Autism," by Jennifer Ganz and Richard Simpson. It then looks at "Effects of a Computer-Based Intervention Program on the Communicative Functions of Children with Autism," by Orit Hetzroni and Juman Tannous.

From the Paper
"Subjects were taught to present a picture of the desired object and later to create picture sentences by placing strings of pictures on a Velcro strip. At first teachers presented students with the pictures, but the goal was for subjects to independently locate the desired items and string them to form sentences. Pictoral sentences were then to be accompanied by the appropriate verbalization. Each subject had his/her own book of pictures, which were expanded to include photographs of desired objects and sentence starters such as "I want" over time. In this way gradually more complex verbalization could be required. While the beginning pictures dealt primarily with objects themselves, gradually comments on qualities of an object or action as well as objections could also be verbalized. Sessions were videotaped, and independently and holistically scored by observers who agreed when a subject met the specified criteria for non-verbal and then verbal communication."

Tags:verbalization, sentences, pictures, speech