Abstract The study is designed to provide further background research on the various models of communitydevelopment and their characteristics. By illustrating and highlighting the ascribed characteristics of these communitydevelopment models, this research provides the basis for further research on communitydevelopment models. This also offers enough relevant information vis-a-vis these models to enable an individual or organization to either make a decision regarding which model to employ, or identify which one is actually in use.
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses how the Internet has revolutionized the way in which human beings interact, altering forever society. The writer points out that it has created pathways of communication unlike anything ever experienced before. The writer maintains that today thanks to the powerfully enabling technology of the Internet, geographical location is no longer a hindrance to communitydevelopment. Further, the writer notes that physical boundaries no longer need separate people of similar interests and attitudes.
Abstract This paper reviews and discusses how communitiesdevelop. According to the paper, this development is dependant on the partnership of neighborhood communities who agree to share and/or combine resources. The paper reviews various related challenges and uses the five lenses analysis structure to discuss the main challenges present in such an educational setup.
From the Paper "As mentioned in the very first factor: Formality, the success of the partnership will be dependent upon the formation of strong and trusting association amongst the contributors within a partnership. Also the benefit will lie with partnerships that will built upon already familiar ground as it will help the acceleration of the process and purpose of the partnership as the trust and confidence amongst the contributors will be built a lot more quickly. Also, when one leading agency will take control of representing the partnership to the international organizations and make the contractual agreements and take control of the incentives to increase the members, that is when the structural functionality will be done along more aware and knowledgeable lines (Dotterweich, 2006). "
Abstract This paper provides different dictionary definitions for the term "community" used in the phrase "communitydevelopment". It then explains why this term is problematic, as it can be used very subjectively, and further examines the importance of communitydevelopment.
From the Paper "A report entitled: "Five Components of Community Development" by Glickman and Servon address a new trend in community development that dictates the need for Community Development Corporations (CDCs) to build capacity.7 The term "capacity" had commonly referred to housing production, but in this context is expanded to include resource, organizational, programmatic, network and political components and their relation to practitioners, funders and policy makers. There are approximately 2,000 CDCs nationwide that have engaged in a combination of social service and economic development activities over the past few decades."
An in-depth discussion of the distinctive characteristics of small states in the international community. Advantages and disadvantages of these states are also discussed.
Abstract This paper discusses, explores and evaluates the characteristics of small states and the advantages as well as disadvantages they face. The role of the international community, the UK, the U.S. and other developed countries in relation the small states are examined. Small states in the English-Speaking Caribbean in particular are examined. The paper shows how the thinking on small size states has evolved over the years.
From the Paper "The issue of small states in the international community is one that has been contentious and subject to various debates in both the developed and developing world. Indeed, small states have been, and are characteristic of quite a number of inherent disadvantages, albeit with some advantages, indicating a contradictory evolution on the thinking of small size of the years since 1945, and up to 2000. In this vein, United Nation conferences for example, in Barbados 1994; of UNCTAD in Malta in the 1970s and 1990; conferences in the U.S./Caribbean Summit in 1997 and the US Caribbean Trade and Investment forum in 1999, among others, identify the special problems faced by small states. Some of these conferences have recommended ways that such problems should be overcome, and contrasts the varying levels of development or lack thereof of small states, and their particular indices of vulnerabilities that should or should not be given priority by larger states in the international community."
An in-depth analysis of the existing framework of community broadcasting in India and how to use community radio for development in underdeveloped areas.
Abstract The paper looks at community radio as a new way of providing communicationdevelopment support to the people residing outside of the major cities in India. The paper analyzes the existing framework of community broadcasting in India with regard to historical background, legal and financial aspects, policy interventions and government and corporate interest. The writer explores the best possible practices for community radio to be used as a community participatory tool to ensure the participation of the underprivileged sectors of the society in designing, producing and then subsequent airing of radio programs based on local community issues, problems, needs and interests. In conclusion, the writer posits that the denial of information to the lower classes aggravates the poverty gap and that community radio could help bridge this gap.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
What is Community Media?
The Concept of Community Radio
What Community Radio Can Do?
The Present Scenario of Community Radio in India
The Legal Aspects of Community Radio in India
The Financial Aspects of Community Radio in India
The Technical and Training Requirements
Possibilities Within the Existing Indian Framework
The Policy Interventions
The Indian Experiences
Community Radio - Voices
Community Radio - AID
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "In contrast to the government efforts to bridge the digital divide and to take the advantages of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to the masses, the colonial and fossilized Indian Broadcasting laws continues to hold sway over the broadcasting arena. On the one hand, Judiciary has endorsed that 'airways are public property', while on the other, in practical realm, lines between public and private broadcasting still remain conveniently blurred. No doubt, that private radio has made an entry into the Indian broadcast arena, but community radio remains to find legitimacy by the law of the land."
Abstract The paper explores the impact of urban growth in Washtenaw County and looks at the perspectives of developers active within this region. The paper examines how perceptions of community members, organizations seeking to preserve rural and semi-rural environments and developers are frequently in conflict. The paper's research shows how planning and community integration within the development process can result in a desirable and permanent environment for all community members.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Problem Statement
Background
Purpose of the Study
Research Questions
Methodology
Findings and Discussion
Conclusion and Recommendations
From the Paper "Sprawl is typically designated as the uncontrolled or unplanned spread of development from a central, heavily-populated location; recent investigation into the concept of urban and suburban sprawl suggests that sprawl can occur even when aggressive planning has taken place. Political figures and community leaders in Washtenaw County in Michigan have mounted an aggressive grassroots campaign designed to promote community-based development and preservation of open space and farmland. Regulatory efforts that are designed to limit or control development in undeveloped areas are seen as beneficial by homeowners seeking to live in residential areas, but developers and industrialists suggest that regulation does not take into account the benefits of development or that development can be accomplished using sensible use practices."
Abstract This paper examines how several challenges face district development planners today and how issues of democracy and decentralization have made district planning much more complicated and challenging than the case was in the past. It looks at how communities today expect their power and participation levels to be fully concomitant with their ideals of democracy and empowerment as provided by the Constitution. It also discusses how issues relating to the nature of each specific community need to be taken into account for optimal planning. The most important element of district planning is community participation. Only in involving as much as possible of the community, can effective ideas come forward in setting community goals and targeted achievement.
From the Paper "J. Norman Reid for example emphasizes the need for community participation in his focus for effective development and planning. According to Mr. Reid, active community participation is beneficial in several respects. This aspect for example results in greater community empowerment. This in turn creates a better economy for that community in that a participating community tends to apply for an receive more funding than a non-participating one. Thirdly, citizen satisfaction within a participating community is greater, as the sense and evidence of accomplishment can be appreciated by all participating parties."
An examination of empowering communities through decentralization and enlisting participation for capacity building for sub-national governance in developing countries.
Abstract This paper explores critically and comprehensively strategies that enhance empowerment of communites within a framework of sub-national governance through some techniques of decentralization and quality participation. Developing countries are the main units of analysis. However, the role of the International DevelopmentCommunity is examined and the discourse is concerned with creating a special legal, economic, social, political, geographic and fiscal space for sub-national groups that act autonomously, though in association with the state, private sector and other factors in society.
From the Paper "Since the 1970s and 1980s, the character and form of public service delivery has extended far beyond provision through central government towards the empowerment of local governments, hence, sub-national groupings involving much decentralization for empowering particularly communities. The idea has been the growing focus on not only, political and economic development, but also, and more importantly, social and human development where it has been recognized that central government alone, within the vortex of globalization cannot promote development in all respects. The United Nations Development programme (1998) has noted that decades of development assistance have countenanced the notion that economic development alone will not bring about equitable and lasting development because there was much focus on the economy, which meant an exclusion of political, social, environmental and cultural factors. As the report noted, ?"in the face of continued and devastating poverty and rapid environmental deterioration, more and more policy-makers are acknowledging that development progress must be people-centered, equitably distributed and environmentally and socially sustainable" (UNDP, ibid, 1998, p. 1). Nevertheless, the implementation, activity and even the concept of sub-national governance have been problematic and have developed a distinct set of formidable concerns. This is so, as some of the very problems found with central governments that propelled the idea and practise of decentralization and empowerment for sub-national groups, in particular communities, have again and have continually resurfaced and in some ways just as and even more troubling. Problems relate in part to information asymmetry, institutional deficiencies, and problems of targeting technical, managerial, professional and otherwise resources in addition to problems of accountability and capacity generally, as some would argue (Turner and Hulme 1997 : World Bank Report, June 2001 )."
Abstract This paper discusses how communication is the key thing that sets human beings apart from all the other animals. The human ability to communicate at a very sophisticated level has enabled us to build civilizations and to develop advanced technologies. The paper further discusses how in an ideal world, our ability to communicate should be developing along with our technologies. However, the paper argues that effective communication is no longer important in popular culture. According to the paper, as our ability to communicate speedily via technology has accelerated, the quality of the communication has deteriorated. We now live in a world of rapidly transmitted sound bites of mediocrity, with little effective communication taking place.
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses that in today's world, the mass media has an impact in almost all we do as people. The writer notes that media affects everything from what clothes we wear to what television programs we watch. The writer discusses that James Lull, in his book 'Media, Communication, Culture' explains how media interacts and affects the communication among people and how culture changes with advances in media and technology. The writer concludes that 'Media, Communication, and Culture' informs an audience of how the mass media and modern forms of communication have affected the development of culture and the ways of society. Further, the writer maintains that James Lull uses a distinctive style and a logical structure in order to properly educate his audience about the influence mass media has on today's world.
From the Paper "Within each chapter, he inserts an article on a real life example of events where mass media, human communication, and culture were involved and had an effect. Such events as the Chinese student rebellion at Tiananmen Square in 1989 and the Bill Clinton/Monica Lewinsky scandal in the mid-1990's are included along with explanations of how media, communication, and culture had an effect on these historical events. Along with modern events, Lull includes historical changes in media and communication to emphasize his argument that mass media and technological advances have had major effects on societies across the world. His structure also allows for any member of his audience to follow and understand what he puts forth. Lull avoids implication and instead tells the audience what he wants them to know to avoid letting them infer it on their own. An informed audience will also understand an author's purpose more readily than an audience which inferred the author's intentions. Lull also tends to end discussions by putting more emphasis on his own ideas and support of others that follows what he believes about media, communication, and culture."
This paper discusses good governance for sustainable development in the uplands of the Philippines at the Western Mindanao State University (WMSU) Experimental Forest.
Abstract This paper explains that deliberate efforts on the part of the government or civil society to strengthen links between good governance initiatives and sustainable development objectives provide a viable framework for action that is founded on participatory mechanisms to mitigate effects of poverty, inequality and lack of access to basic services. The author points out that such mechanisms are essential in establishing a mutually accepted and respected strategic plan of action for a more sustainable utilization of the community's scarce resources. The paper relates that the primary objective of the Forest Land Use Plan is to allocate the one thousand two hundred twenty seven hectares of the Western Mindanao State University Experimental Forest to its most rational use in order to address prevailing issues concerning the sustainability of the forest.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Governance and Sustainability
Development in the Upland
Community-Based Resource Management at WMSU Experimental Forest
The Forest Land Use Plan
Good Governance and Sustainable Development in the Upland
Conclusion
Schematic Framework of Forest Land Use Planning (FLUP)Proposed Forest Land Use Map of the WMSU-EF
From the Paper "With the delineation of the production and protection areas, existing land use map was superimposed to analyze propriety of the existing land uses with vis-a-vis land qualities or land characteristics. Based on this, various conflicting issues were noted as improper land use such as kaingin farming and related practices. Other areas of issues such as degraded lands, encroachment, illegal occupancy, protection of forest resources and socio-demographic problems due to increasing population in the area were also identified. From these, various options were developed by the TWG to address the different issues and conflicts."
Tags: allocate, scarce resources, rational use, united nations community-based
Abstract This is a technical work where the author discusses new, cutting edge technologies and their possible application for interplanetary communication. Specifically, the author refers to broadband communications technologies and the recent development of nanowire technology that enables the construction of microscopically thin cables, which, because of their extreme sensitivity and the great distance of interplanetary space, hold great potential for the development of new communication devices and technologies.
Table of ontents:
Introduction
Issues Facing Interplanetary Communication Optical Communications Instead of RF Transmissions
Designing an Effective Photo-Detector
The Advances Possible with Nanowires
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper "The design of the MIT photo-detector is relatively simple from an engineering standpoint (see Appendix for diagram of the photo-detector). This is especially true considering the high degree of efficiency it is capable of producing. Of course, the simplicity of the design belies the significant calibration the device requires: the nanowire must be cooled to almost absolute zero, the glass gap of the photon trap must be a very specific function of the wavelength of incoming photons, and the use of an anti-reflective coating on the surface of the device is critical. The design consists of a photon trap with a nanowire detector followed by a gap of glass, and then a mirrored surface. The nanowire is wrapped in a tight coil in order to maximize its absorption of incoming photons, and the nanowire is cooled to close to absolute zero, three degree Kelvin to be precise, which transforms the nanowire into a very small superconductor. As a superconductor, the nanowire responds in specific ways to photons that impact the nanowire allowing for detection."
Abstract Emotional development in early childhood is highly complex. This paper shows that toddlers are pulling from information, emotions and abilities they learned during infancy to expand their emotional development. They are learning new emotions, learning to socialize in groups, and to develop cognitively and physically all at the same time. The paper explains that as the children enter preschool age, 4 to 5 years of age, they are developing many emotional states such as coming to realize that they have emotions that are their own. They are also learning that other people have emotions of their own as well. The paper shows that all of these developments will happen naturally in children, but parents, caretakers, and teachers are responsible for assisting children to develop to the norm.
Paper Outline:
Abstract
Early Childhood Emotional Development Development of Emotion
The Emotional State of Others
Masking of Emotion
Action and Emotion
Emotional Communication The Role of the Adult
References
From the Paper According to Saarni, Mumme, and Campos (1998) the working definition of emotion is that it is closely linked to what a person, in this case a child is trying to do. They state a?"emotion is thus the persona"'s attempt or readiness to establish, maintain, or change the relation between the person and the environment or matters of significance to that person (Saarni et al., 1998 p. 238). Emotions are not random, they are manifested from events or factors as depicted in table 1.1, a recreation of Barrett and Campos as found in Saarni et al. (1998 p. 239). In this paper I will discuss the new emotions to be dealt with in early childhood, the goal of socioemotional competence, emotional conversation, and the parents or caretakers role in the emotional development of a child.
Tags: competence, socioemotional, motivation, interaction, communication
Abstract This paper discusses "The Different Drum," in which M. Scott Peck relates how he first developed a sense of community in his own life and then seeks to apply the lessons learned to global issues. The writer examines Peck's rules for community-making and the relationship that Peck sees between community building, religion and international peace. The writer concludes with a definition of religion and notes that Peck's ideal of a more integrated religious community worldwide could provide grounds for agreement on many issues in international relations.
From the Paper "The role of religion in international conflict is far too often as a motivating force bringing about such conflict. Peck (1987) says this is because world views are religions and make all wars into "holy wars." To move away from this situation, it is necessary to distinguish between true and false religions: "Otherwise the only standards will be those that can win out over the others on a bloody battlefield" (p. 240)."
