Abstract
This paper shows how The Russian Commune formed the backbone of the Russian Empire. It explores its functions and jurisdiction and shows that these are the key to understanding the daily circumstances of nearly 85% of the 19th Century Russian population.

From the Paper
"According to Hoch, von Haxthausen and Mackenzie Wallace "the functions and powers of the ... commune were extensive" and "constitute " the real foundation of the entire social order" . In their view, the Mir provided a collective mechanism for addressing communal issues, and from a peasant's perspective represented, as the word's meaning suggests , the totality of their earthly experience. The Mir decided amongst others issues: land allotments, taxes, communal expenditures, punishments (for infractions among individuals of different households), supervised the heads of households, served as a safety net for indigent members of the community and importantly, decided who would be recruited into military service. Hoch, von Haxthausen and Mackenzie Wallace also coincide in the patriarchal foundation and egalitarian objectives of the Mir, which was dominated by the heads of households (Selski Starosta), who met as part of the village assembly (Selski Skhod) to regulate important matters. Clearly, the Mir did much to bind peasants to the land and each other. "

Tags:commune, haxthausen, hoch, mir, peasant, russia, serf, von

Abstract
This paper discusses the emergence of communes in the Chinese countryside in the late 1950s as a "natural" step in the process of transformation demanded by the Great Leap Forward. The paper states that, although the cooperativization in 1955-56 resulted in the "loss" of land for the peasants, they retained their homes, small private plots and some animals. The author reports that under the impetus of the slogan "build socialism more, faster, better and more economically", far-reaching changes in working styles and methods were made throughout China.

From the Paper
"An example of the attempt to introduce the peasantry to factory-style production and technique is the oft-cited movement for the construction and operation of "back-yard furnaces". These enterprises aimed to produce a crude form of pig iron using primarily scrap metal, with the hope that through the development of local skills and initiative, farm implements and other tools could be produced locally. The first orders for the construction of these small brick blast furnaces came in May 1958 from Ko Ching-shih, the First Secretary of the Shanghai City Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). But later, and at a time when the experiment was being looked upon with some derision, Mao himself accepted responsibility for advocating the idea (2)."

Tags:peasants, transformation, mao, party, policy

Abstract
In this essay, the writer discusses an article from Tientsin Jih-pao by Liu Lien-heng, entitled "Advance Payment of Wages Every Month Stimulates the Enthusiasm of Commune Members". The writer argues that this media source serves as an excellent illustration of the ideology and political practices of the Communist Party during this period, which was consumed by the campaign known as the "Great Leap Forward". As is seen, in this context one may understand how life in China at this time was profoundly shaped by ideological campaigns that determined economic policy at all levels of society.

From the Paper
"In this article from Tientsin Jih-pao by Liu Lien-heng, entitled "Advance Payment of Wages Every Month Stimulates the Enthusiasm of Commune Members," may seem to be little more than a standard piece of propaganda from the Communist China of the late 1950s/early 1960s celebrating the overwhelming enthusiasm of Chinese agricultural workers which has "universally strengthened the idea of having ardent love for the collectives, for the commune and for labor". However, as this essay will argue ..."

Tags:china, agriculture, media

Abstract
The paper describes the non-hierarchal government and law apparatus found within the Bushmen societies of Africa. The paper explains that by realizing the decentralized mode of government that allows all voices of the tribe to speak about issues that arise, the resolution of all problems rely on membership of the tribe and how the individuals are dealt with in relation to the greater good of the culture.

Tags:bushmen, politics, law

Abstract
This paper discusses the history and practices of the Oneida community of New York. It analyzes the leadership of John Humphrey Noyes, the evolution of the group and its attempts to combine communal living, polygamy and Christian beliefs to create a modern utopian community.

From the Paper
"The concept of complex marriage was clearly revolutionary in the eyes of the majority of the country. Such a practice directly conflicted with the traditional religious views of most Americans, as did many of Noyes beliefs. However, there was some overlap in religious tradition. While Noyes was not a fan of church structures and public religious ritual, individual study of the Bible did occur and was encouraged within the Oneida community. In terms of labor division, Puritans believed in the concept of individuals being put on earth to fulfill certain tasks and roles. Similarly, the Oneida workforce allowed for members with a special skill or great interest in certain areas to use their constant work in such positions as a means to give back to the community and achieve happiness."

Tags:christianity, commune, communism, noyes, polygamy, religion

Abstract
This research paper investigates the impact of e-communities. It defines what an e-community is and how a virtual community differs from a "real" community. It also looks at the ways in which virtual and "real" communities are similar. The paper then provides some examples of and specific characteristics of e-communities and looks at some of the dangers and mis-communications in regard to e-communities. The paper contains charts and figures.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Abbreviations
I. Introduction: The "Dawn" of E-communities
Virtual or E-Communities
Hypothesis
Research Questions
An E-Community Consists of . . .
Aims and Objectives
Scope of Study
Following Chapters
II. Literature Review: The Community in E-Communities
"Being" a Member of an E-community
E-community Components
Examples of E-Communities
Concerns & Dangers involved in E-communities
Potential Benefits of E-communities
Emerging E-communities
Communication: Central to Community Life
Dating E-communities
E-community Chat Rooms
III. Methodology: Making "Sense" of E-Communities
Representing Communities
Explanation of Approach
Questionnaire Answers
Investigation Factors
IV. Analysis: Estimations of E-Communities' Impact
Composites Clarified
E-communities Depicted
The Battle for the Hearts and Minds
Top 10 E-communities
Family Depiction
Data and Charts
V. Summary: Consensus of E-Communities Contributions
E-Community Reflections
Summary
Aims and Objectives
Discussion
Limitations and Recommendations
For Further Consideration
On and Off Line
Conclusion Regarding Verdict for Hypothesis
Limitations and Recommendations
For Further Consideration
Appendix

From the Paper
"One way eBay nurtures trust is through its reputation system while its success has been attributed to its commitment to developing a sense of community. eBay attracts and retains buyers and sellers to its site by affecting exchanges that are satisfactory to both buyers and sellers. eBay also provides information, learning opportunities, as well as personal development pursuits and fun, and relaxation. As e-bay implements specific strategies, along with the particular social psychological framework noted by Scott and Johnson (2005) to be described by Beenan et al. (2004), the e-community ensures individuals' responses are acknowledged, while they may also be recognized and rewarded. In August 2004, the average eBay user remained on the site for one hour and 48 minutes, which in 2040 denoted the longest time duration of any Web site."

Tags:communication, chat, network

Abstract
In this paper, the writer focuses on the role of communication within a design team. This includes the objective of exploring how communication plays a role in the creation of total design process management. It is a widely accepted fact that communication facilitates the development process and progress of a team's work. With communication, an exchange of information and ideas is made possible. In this view, this paper generally explores the importance of communication in design team management.

Table of Contents
I. Introduction
II. Background of the Study
II.I The Importance of Communication Within a Design Team
II.II How Communication Affects Team Relationship and Team and Client Relationship
II.III The Total Design Process Management Through Better Communication
III. Relevance and Significance of the Study
IV. Objectives of the Study
IV.I Communication
IV.II Client
IV.III Leadership
V. Research and Methodology
VI. Review of Literature
VI.I Design as Communication
VI.II Communication in Design Teamwork
VI.III Formal and Informal Communication
VI.IV Communication and Design
VI.V Client
VI.VI Communicating With Clients
VI.VII Leadership
VII. Conclusion
Bibliography

From the Paper
"How many times did we try to do a certain task or activity without having to communicate our ideas, questions, and needs, to those who might have provided us with help to accomplish our tasks faster and easier? How many times did we succeed when we allow our communication open to others? And how many times did we fail when we close our doors to communication? These are some of the questions that can help us in our goal of exploring the role of communication in design management.

Communication is a very important element of our daily living. Whenever we are, whatever we do, communication always plays an important role. There may be different possible methods of communication nowadays, but there is only one general objective why we communicate - that is, to achieve our goal. Whether we are within our daily or usual activities, or at work, we communicate to be able to meet our needs, such as to know the answers to our questions and to share our ideas. These all end up to our need of meeting our goals. For instance, we communicate our uncertainties at work to meet our goal of providing efficient output or services to our clients. Otherwise, if we do not communicate, chances are we may produce the wrong output or an unsatisfactory work performance."

Tags:communicate, performance, work, goal

Abstract
This paper discusses cybernetic communication theory or the communication systems theory. The paper explains that while communication systems theory still relies to one degree or another on the foundational theory of semiotics as found in the work of Barthes and Saussure, it takes a broader view of communication. The paper discusses how systems theory in communication study recognizes that communication is not so much reliant on its component parts because these component parts typically lack the meaning of what is being communicated. The paper shows how systems theory understands that meaning and what is being conveyed, as well as how it is being conveyed from point to point, is more important in terms of actual communication processes. The paper devotes time to the idea that communication does not take place in the sterile environment of the semiotician's academic environment but rather in the highly integrated context of the community.

From the Paper
"This document discusses Cybernetic Communication theory or the communication systems theory. While communication systems theory still relies to one degree or another on the foundational theory of semiotics as found in the work of Barthes and Saussure, it takes a broader view of communication. The distinction is that semiotics attempts to deconstruct language and communication to its component level and systems theory attempts to move language and communication upward into a greater system of information flow and movement. Systems theory in communication study recognizes that communication is not so much reliant on its component..."

Tags:cybernetic, communication, theory

Abstract
This paper states that communication apprehension is a problem for much of the population. The paper then goes on to analyze communication apprehension in a group of teachers using relevant theoretical concepts and perspectives. The paper also makes recommendations on how the problem can be resolved, based on interpersonal communication perspectives. The paper reviews the literature relating to communication apprehension and states that there are differences to consider in the manner in which males and females communicate.

Outline:
Introduction
Communication Apprehension Examined
Characteristics Of Communication Anxiety
Six Typical Cognitive Distortions Identified
Strategies For Coping With Communication Apprehension
Peer Feedback: Enabling Communication Skills
Differences In The Way Males And Females Communicate
Summary & Conclusion

From the Paper
"The work of Horwitz entitled: "Communication Apprehension: Origins and Management" states that the "treatment of communication apprehension is a natural fit for speech-language pathologists because many patients with clearly diagnosed communication disorders have anxiety about communicating that may or not may not be related to their presenting problems. In addition, speaking anxiety is a common universal problem among people without communication disorders." These reasons according to Horwitz, is convincing that ..."the study of communication apprehension warrants the attention of speech-language pathologists who can, with additional training, easily develop the expertise to treat the multitude of people who suffer from this problem." (2001) Horwitz relates that the work of Marshall (1994) states findings that thirty percent to forty percent "of the general population considered public speaking their number one fear, surpassing fears of heights, sickness, loneliness, and the dark."

Tags:communicate, aprehension, male

Abstract
The writer examines in personal details her views and opinions on gender and communication. The writer explores family relationships as well as the marked differences in intimate communications between friends and family members and the ins and outs of communicating via the internet. The writer of this paper finds that in researching this particular topic, nearly all gender communications bibliographic information was found to be issue specific, resulting in the writer using her own personal experiences as a main source of reference.
Topics covered in this paper include:
Introduction and Thesis
Communications Within the Family Background and Family Structure
Areas of Communications Between Genders
The Mechanics of Intimate Gender Communications
Intimate Communications and Friendship
The Internet Trap
Conclusions on Intimate Communication
Bibliography

From the Paper
"Another area where both genders get into difficulties on the Internet using the World Wide Web are in the "romance or love or lifestyles" sections of many of the major search engines. Here they can categorize themselves as to whatever it is they are looking for and through instant messaging, e-mail or chat-rooms can actually converse with a party on the other end ostensibly searching for the same as you. Be very wary of what information one gives if the urge is overwhelming to use this form of communication for intimacy.
There have been rapes; murders, serial killings and stalking of every manner one can imagine connected with these areas."

Tags:relationship, personal, communication, family