Abstract
The paper provides a critique of the "The Tragedy of the Commons" by Garrett Hardin and then addresses issues of climate change.

From the Paper
"Some works are groundbreaking and change the way the academics in many disciplines think about important issues. Often these works achieve this effect by having a powerful narrative that people can really relate to. One of the best examples of this type of work is the "The Tragedy of the Commons" by Garrett Hardin (Hardin 1968). This particular work had major effects on ecology, environmental studies, economics, sociology, anthropology and a range of disciplines. This is why it is often required reading in many university courses. This essay will not look at the strengths of "The Tragedy of the Commons"..."

Tags:tragedy, commons, analysis

Abstract
The paper expalins that the tragedy of the commons, as understood by this writer, is basically this: people share a resource (water or land) but all of the actors decide that they will exploit the resource as much as possible in the pursuit of their own individual goals; suffice it to say, while it makes short-term sense to exploit the resource (on an individual level), it does not make sense for anyone in the long-run and everyone suffers in the end.

From the Paper
"Does the 'Tragedy of the Commons' still apply in today's society? Critically discuss this with respect to groundwater use in North America. The tragedy of the commons, as understood by this writer, is basically this: people share a resource (water or land) but all of the actors decide that they will exploit the resource as much as possible in the pursuit of their own individual goals; suffice it to say, while it makes short-term sense to exploit the resource (on an individual level), it does not make sense for anyone in the long-run and everyone suffers in the end. In the case of Canada, there is undeniable proof that various ecosystems..."

Tags:groundwater, use, respect

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that although Garrett Hardin's essay entitled "The Tragedy of the Commons" was written nearly 40 years ago, it has even more impact today than when it was written, as we watch the population of the world continue to climb exponentially. The writer points out that Hardin's concern with overpopulation caused by, as he terms it, "the freedom to breed" is prevalent in all parts of the world today. In the third world where population is increasing at the greatest rate, starvation and disease run rampant. The writer further discusses that in the industrial world, the current population is beginning to tax natural resources such as fossil fuels, land and water just as Hardin predicted. The writer concludes that what Hardin saw 40 years ago is still true today, population growth must be controlled.

From the Paper
"In this example, Hardin explores the idea of how people really are looking out for their own best interest with no regard for or unintentional benefit for the common good. Hardin asks the reader to imagine a pasture that is open to all to use. At more primitive times, overpopulation of the pasture by animals did not occur due to natural attrition. However, in more modern times, a point will occur when the balance will be tipped. Adding one more animal to the grazing land will cause it to be overpopulated. Nevertheless, the individual herders weigh their options and determine that they will benefit more personally by adding additional animals and the negative consequences are slight in comparison. If all of the herdsmen add animals, eventually they will being it to ruin.
To give this example more impact, Hardin looks to the National Parks as a modern example of how the lack of limits placed on individuals can destroy something."

Tags:overpopulation, resources, growth, public

Abstract
This paper analyzes several controversial ideas as presented in Garrett Hardin's famous article "The Tragedy of the Commons." The reviewer points out that this article is contentious because many experts have have seemed confused about the article's main argument. The paper further asserts that the article in all its simplicity discusses the no-solution problem of human growth and living standards. The reviewer also dedicates several paragraphs to contrasting Adam Smith's view of capitalism to that of Hardin's view of limited natural resources and humanity's responsibility to each other. The paper concludes with statements that are sympathetic to Hardin's outlook.

From the Paper
"According to the author, the world is finite and hence so are the food supply and other resources. In this case, if the population continues to grow, there is likelihood of resources diminishing and this means that with every increase, the resources available to man would decrease. Hence the slow erosion of natural resources that leads to poor living standards for the growing population."

Tags:Adam Smith, capitalism, community responsibilty

Abstract
This paper is on the environmental aspect of the tragedy of the global commons.

Abstract
This paper presents a detailed discussion about the idea of "Tragedy of Commons" as presented by ecologist Garrett Hardin. Some of the ideas presented are the global ecological crisis that we face today, and to what extent the tragedy will affect the process of development by capitalists. It also imagines the author is a deep ecologist who refutes the idea that his ideas are romantic and not feasible. Finally it addresses the question as to whether or not the integrity of the wilderness is important to the future and if so how does that strengthen the idea of animal rights?

Abstract
Who owns the beaches? Who owns the giant maple trees? Who owns the water in the great lakes of Canada? Are these owned by the people of Canada, the government of Canada - or by international big business? Under the new regime of globalization, the answers are more complicated than ever before. The global commons may be said to be under attack, and the most heartening response to this has been the emergence of a social justice movement that seeks to protect global resources.

From the Paper
Assignment 3, Topic 4: Develop the notion of the "global commons" and use this concept to describe changes to the world and the emerging movement for social justice Who owns the beaches? Who owns the giant maple trees? Who owns the water in the great lakes of Canada? Are these owned by the people of Canada, the government of Canada - or by international big business? Under the new regime of globalization, the answers are more complicated than ever before. The global commons may be said to be under attack, and the most heartening response to this has been the emergence of a social justice movement that seeks to protect global resources.

Tags:globalization, canada, commons

Abstract
The paper offers a response to a fixed thematic question involving the impact of globalization's communications on rights of expression, democracy and the ideal of the communications commons that may or may not be aided by the current climate. The paper discusses the 'enclosure' of communication vs. the democratic capability attached to Internet communication. This critical position is taken in view of temporal nature of "All Change;" the need to wait to see what is happening in the political economy in relation to the communications theory.

From the Paper
"This paper addresses debate on the enclosure of public communication versus a right to communicate that is seen as essential in our day. As is explained, the solution to a changed realm of communication and its limitation is thought to lie in a guaranteed right to communicate. In an almost sinister way, our day is one in which this right may be impossible to realize, even in developed democratic societies. As Boyle notes, issues of enclosure as opposed to the 'right' to information, knowledge, or communication are now much debated."

Tags:commons, rights, communications

Abstract
This paper discusses the tragedy of the commons, explaining the concept of "commons" as any kind of resource which is divided up and shared by a group of people. The paper examines issues of ownership as opposed to stewardship. The paper analyzes Chief Seattle's well-known 1854 speech regarding possession of the land, in which he expounds upon a Native-American belief of stewardship of the land.

From the Paper
"As capitalists first and Americans second, we believe strongly in the concept of ownership. We own and use the Earth and the material goods Earth's raw materials help us produce, and feel a proprietary command over them. When Communism developed as an alternative to the concept of unadulterated ownership, we responded with the fear and anger of one whose child had been taken. Ownership of the land, its materials and its spoils are more integral to American society and thought than any other characteristics or facets. However, this concept is subject to the limitations and inevitable truth of the tragedy of the commons, and we will eventually be dupes to this incontrovertible logic."

Tags:stewardship, possession, earth, native, american

Abstract
This paper discusses Garret Hardin's essay, "The Tragedy of the Commons," in which he discusses how people can use resources for their individual ends and often without restriction, resulting in the depletion and eventual elimination of these very resources. It discusses the effects of the depletion of resources on the natural environment.

From the Paper
"Climate change, being a problem of global scope demands a fundamental re-ordering of normal human priorities. The simple syllogism of individual freedom versus physical well-being must be put aside in favor of far larger and far more profound realizations. The continued existence of material and physical prosperity depends on the continued usability of resources. These resources will become partially or wholly unavailable for continued human use if they are destroyed by climate change. Individual nations must begin to see the big picture, to react to a far-ranging problem as if it is something that affects multiple aspects of human existence and multiple generations of women and men. An alternative way of looking at the problem of global warming would be for the causes themselves of climate change to be seen as common property. Emissions, for example, could be controlled through an emissions credit trading programming under which nations that pollute less than others could give their credits to countries that pollute more heavily (Stewart, and Wiener 2004). An allowable average of emissions could be set against which credits would be issued. Eventually as societies work toward tighter emissions controls these standards could be amended, thus furthering the goal of largely eliminating climate changing pollution."

Tags:global warming, biosphere Earth