Abstract
The political concept of "Orientalism" is discussed in this essay, and is examined in connection to historical contexts of 19th century Europe. This essay considers how "Orientalism" enables white Europeans to perceive themselves racially and culturally superior, and to render Asian and Middle-Eastern cultures as exotic, and as a commodity that can be consumed. The ideal of exotic Asians persists today in the form of the Asian sex-trades, and in this essay the role of sex, sexuality, and difference is critically analysed in relation to theory-work by Edward Said, and other cultural critics.

Tags:sex, orientalism

Abstract
This paper examines how, as a basic framework, Melville Watkins' staples theory explains Canadian economic development and the importance of both domestic and external commodity-oriented linkages. The paper further looks at how Watkins' paper first appeared in 1963 as an effort to explain how Canada's economy had developed into a post-World War II era in first flight, unpredictable in its promise of growth.

From the Paper
"If one is able to imagine the early 1960s Canada of which Watkins wrote, one perceives how much did seem built upon patterns established long before, as in the preeminence of Montreal as opposed to Toronto as the principal finance and business centre, and with much business continuing to involve not just Britain but British colonies in the Caribbean region or part of arrangements involving Britain and continental European powers that were engaged in post-World War II reconstruction efforts. Similarly, there were domestic linkages involving commodities and development that were parts of greater linkages involving the United States. Indeed, a helpful aspect of Watkins' paper referred to here is its reminder of how Canada has been shaped by two principal powers, the United Kingdom gradually replaced by the United States and just as it began its post-1945 ascent to world leadership taking the place of Britain. "

Tags:domestic, external, commodity-oriented

Abstract
This paper consists of two two-page article summaries. The first is of Fred Fejes' "advertising and the Political Economy of Lesbian / Gay Identity." The second article that is considered is by Danae Clark. It is titled "Commodity Lesbianism." Both articles consider the effects of commodity and gay and lesbian identities and the effects on political issues.

Tags:feminism, article, summaries

Abstract
This paper examines the reasons behind the current growing popularity of the agent-oriented software approach, discussing the specific reasons that it is more powerful and more versatile and examining why such an approach is significantly better for specific network applications, such as community care facilities. The advantages of agent-oriented software (and object-oriented software, of which agent-oriented software is an extension) are compared to the advantages of the previously favored structured approach and the "software crisis" that prompted the changeover from the structured approach to the object-oriented, and then the agent-oriented approaches are also examined.

Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Databases and the Object-Oriented Approach
Literature Review
Further Considerations
Conclusion

From the Paper
"We all know that we are drowning in information. And we all also know that a good deal of the information that is floating around in the world today is just not all that useful " or at least not that useful for us. Thus we need powerful tools to help us organize and control the available information so that all the information that we need " and only the information that we need is accessible to us. This is especially true in certain situations such as community care and other social service and healthcare organizations where having access to the right information quickly can be a question of life and death."

Tags:object, database

Abstract
The paper discusses the Apple iPod's commodity chain in order to identify the geographic factors that are intrinsically involved in the production and manufacture of this consumer product. The paper points out that since the Apple iPod's global supply chain is so extensive, this research only focuses on that which mainly involves third party interactions.

From the Paper
"Electronic companies are especially dependent on spatial economic factors relative to geography because of the global supply and manufacturing business model. Apple Computer, Inc. (Apple) is an innovative computing company that has been the main rival to Microsoft for approximately the last 28 years and is now also a consumer product goods (CPG) manufacturer as well because of its iPod and now iPhone products which are utilized by students around the globe (Blaisdell, 2006). In terms of market share, Microsoft dwarfs Apple and will continue to do so into the foreseeable future. Microsoft, however, has long trailed Apple in terms of innovative new products, product design and in customer fealty."

Tags:supply, chain, outsourcing, offshoring, manufacture

Abstract
Agriculture, once a means of survival in America, has now become an industry, which generates millions of dollars a year. Before agriculture, humankind relied on hunting, fishing, and gathering in the wild to survive. People were known as hunters and gatherers, but soon became farmers. Once farming was introduced, humans were able to become much more sedentary because they did not have to move from place to place looking for sustenance. This paper shows that, once human creativity was unleashed, Americans began to understand the magnitude of profit and livelihood that agriculture held. To understand the full magnitude of the agriculture commodity trade, this paper examines the history of the trade, the policies/programs affecting the trade, and the standards set for the trade before it can be sold.

From the Paper
"As long as human beings are in need of food to survive, the agricultural commodity trade will exist. Agriculture today is a complex system of production, distribution, research, and marketing. People desire option and depend on other people as well as other nations to supply them with a variety of product. The United States has a stable position in the agricultural commodity trade and this will remain stable with the right programs and policies put into action. Technology has helped stabilize the agricultural commodity trade in America and other advanced countries. Threats of drought, under-production, and other natural disasters have been lowered. After learning about the history of the trade as well as the policies and programs affecting the trade, it is easy to conclude that it is important to the U.S. economy. Compliance with policies and programs will only help farmers remain in competition to become profitable."

Tags:technology, dairy, feedlots, hormone

Abstract
This is a persuasive paper that tackles the idea that sports has become simply a marketing agent and a business game rather than a sport that promotes competition, values and respect. The author argues that sport has recently been transformed to a commercial mechanism whereby the media promotes ideals of heroes and contribute to the ideals of falsity and corruption. Sports has become a commodity and a marketing tool and a money orientated idea. Includes an analysis of the statement by Tyler Cowen "we run the danger that commercially successful heroes induce dangerous forms of mimesis and fail to help citizens coordinate around noble ideas."

From the Paper
"Thesis: The marketing of sports has become a business where players make more money marketing the products than playing the game. Sports heroes are then, no longer promoting the ideals of competition and values, rather through the commercialization of the team and player they are contributing falsity to a society already chaotic. "

Tags:sport, monet, comodity, conumer, marketing, business, hero, social

Abstract
This paper examines how few bodies of thought have received more attention, aroused more controversy, and wielded more influence than that of Karl Marx. It discusses how, in the course of his break with Hegelian idealism, Marx developed an orientation toward society and history that he believed opened the way to new social sciences. It looks at how fundamental to his approach is the division of a social system into a material base, or a mode of production and a superstructure. It shows how Marx's analytical framework on industrial capitalism is rooted in these early ideals and remains an essential part of critical analysis. It analyzes how, given the enormous changes since his time, certain strengths and weaknesses in his theories have emerged and attempts to understand the existing capitalist exploitation of wage-labor and worker alienation by applying his theories to American society today.

From the Paper
"The value of labor power (i.e., the amount of wages that the capitalist pays to the worker) is "determined, as in the case of every other commodity, by the labor-time necessary for production" of the products that the capitalist intends to sell (Marx, 1962). In a Marxian society, in order to keep labor power circulating on the market, the capitalist pays a minimal level of subsistence so that he or she has to return to work. This is a compelling argument, but only if it can be proven that the person who has to return to work can find no other work substitutes that pay better. Why wouldn't some capitalist offer a slightly higher wage to attract cheap labor away from the cheaper employer? "

Tags:commodity, labor, power, capitalism, hegelian, idealism

Abstract
This paper explains that, in the 1980s financial crisis, the Latin American countries especially Mexico could no longer repay their foreign debts, which was caused by excessive and continuous borrowings even at a negative interest rates and the rising cost of commodities and a global recession that was aggravated by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) oil crisis. Next, the author examines the measures instituted to arrest the collapse, such as the Baker plan, the Brady plan and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank (WB). The paper relates how the recent financial crisis is linked to this 1980 financial crisis.

Table of Contents:
Introduction: The 1980's Crisis
Background
The Oil Crisis
The Effect of the Oil Crisis
The Debt Burden
The Financial Crisis
The Role of the Fed in the Crisis
August 1982
The Foreign Commerical Banks
The IMF-WB Conditions
The Baker Plan
The Brady Plan
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Latin American countries particularly Mexico are already feeling the brunt of these combined economic setbacks. The global economic slowdown diminished the demand of their exports thus decreasing their capacity to pay their loans. More importantly, the interest payments on their loans rose dramatically due to the increased interest rate imposed by the Fed to arrest the inflation. This measure took a toll on the economies of Latin American countries because of their heavy dependence on external loans.
"In August of 1982, Mexico, through its Finance Minister, Jesus Lava Hertzog declared that it cannot bear the crisis anymore and declared that it cannot pay its debt and asked for a 90 days moratorium. When he made this announcement, Mexico's debt already exceeded $80 billion and "almost 30 percent of this debt was due within one yea. He also requested a new loan to repay its existing loans and renegotiated for the due dates of their loans. This declaration of default on loans by Mexico precipitated a global financial crisis as other countries which has the same balance of payments problem like Mexico also declared its inability to pay its loan. Instead of a moratorium, Mexico's loans became immediately due."

Tags:borrowings industrialization, federal reserve, market orientation, insolvency

Abstract
The writer analyzes "Bad Money: Reckless Finance, Failed Politics, and the Global Crisis of American Capitalism", in which the author Kevin Phillips analyzes the current U.S. economic crisis and outlines the factors most responsible for its evolution over the last several decades. The writer notes that in chronological order, Phillips explains how the following issues and circumstances culminated in the recent collapse of the American economy: (1) the increasing influence of big business and special interest groups on legislative policy in Washington; (2) the increase U.S. dependence on OPEC to meet energy demands; (3) the increase in consumer debt; (4) government deregulation of banking, investment, and insurance; (5) government deregulation of the commodities and futures market; (6) the complexity of modern financial instruments and trading protocols throughout the financial investment sector; (7) the resulting destabilization of the home mortgage industry; and (8) rampant fraud on both sides of the consumer debt and home mortgage industry. The writer maintains that less directly, Phillips also implicates the Right-Wing Conservative orientation of the presidential administration of George W. Bush.

Outline:
The U.S. Dependence on OPEC Oil
The Influence of Big Business and Special Interest Groups on Legislative Policy
Increasing Consumer Debt
Government Deregulation of Banking, Investment, and Insurance
The Complexity of Modern Financial Instruments and Trading Protocols
Consumer Debt and Home Mortgage Industry Fraud
Destabilization of the Home Mortgage Industry

From the Paper
"During the 1980s, computerization revolutionized the process of stock trading because of the tremendous increase in the speed (and therefore, the volume) of stock transactions on Wall Street as well as in the foreign stock markets in Britain and Japan, among others. Toward the end of the decade, Wall Street investment firms began hiring PhDs in mathematics and physics to create incredibly complex algorithms capable of modeling elements of the stock and futures markets. In most cases, the creators of these algorithms knew next to nothing about the financial industry, and the executives who employed them knew (literally) nothing about the mechanisms their firms had begun to rely on for their trading strategy."

Tags:market, financial, property, investments, debt