Abstract This paper examines how, as a basic framework, Melville Watkins' staples theory explains Canadian economic development and the importance of both domestic and external commodity-oriented linkages. The paper further looks at how Watkins' paper first appeared in 1963 as an effort to explain how Canada's economy had developed into a post-World War II era in first flight, unpredictable in its promise of growth.
From the Paper "If one is able to imagine the early 1960s Canada of which Watkins wrote, one perceives how much did seem built upon patterns established long before, as in the preeminence of Montreal as opposed to Toronto as the principal finance and business centre, and with much business continuing to involve not just Britain but British colonies in the Caribbean region or part of arrangements involving Britain and continental European powers that were engaged in post-World War II reconstruction efforts. Similarly, there were domestic linkages involving commodities and development that were parts of greater linkages involving the United States. Indeed, a helpful aspect of Watkins' paper referred to here is its reminder of how Canada has been shaped by two principal powers, the United Kingdom gradually replaced by the United States and just as it began its post-1945 ascent to world leadership taking the place of Britain. "
Abstract The political concept of "Orientalism" is discussed in this essay, and is examined in connection to historical contexts of 19th century Europe. This essay considers how "Orientalism" enables white Europeans to perceive themselves racially and culturally superior, and to render Asian and Middle-Eastern cultures as exotic, and as a commodity that can be consumed. The ideal of exotic Asians persists today in the form of the Asian sex-trades, and in this essay the role of sex, sexuality, and difference is critically analysed in relation to theory-work by Edward Said, and other cultural critics.
Abstract This paper discusses production orientation, product orientation, selling orientation and marketing orientation, including when it is appropriate to use each of these depending on the product life cycle, competition and the economic environment.
From the Paper "The market orientation that a firm adopts varies depending on the product life cycle the level of competition within the market and external factors such as the economic environment. Companies are likely to modify their market ..."
Abstract This paper examines the study of Orientalism and defines it by looking through the viewpoint of the west and the west's relationship with the east. It looks at the emergence of the Orient as a term in the 19th century, which would be called the lands around the southern Mediterranean Sea. The paper provides a history of the relationship the west has had with the Orient. It describes the arts and crafts of the Orient which came to the west through trade and the crusades. The author writes that throughout the history, the Orientalists have been stereotyped in the role of a dark, a mysterious, an alien, the bizarre and the threat, by the Western world.
From the Paper "Ever since the scholars such as Edward Said have started to work on the subject of Orientalism, the philosophical emphasis of the Western World has been closely scrutinizing the regions, cultures, norms, peoples and systems that represented the term 'Orient'. The study of the issue of Orientalism is important in a sense because it has deeply influenced the Western perceptions about the East. The main reason for which studying the issue of Orientalism is important is that the interaction between the Orient and Europe influenced the travel, trade, crusades, missionary activity and cultural exchange between the empires which later lead to the age of European expansion and colonization. It is also important to note that the interaction between the Orient and Europe significantly changed the meaning of the East. "
Abstract "Orientalism" centers on the study of Near and Far Eastern society and culture, including most of Asia and the Middle East, typically through the expression of art, by the Western world. The term "Orientalism" is becoming outmoded due to the debate of whether or not Orientalist artists' works were simply a portrayal of the Near and Far Eastern society at the time, or a prejudiced stereotypical portrayal that had a negative impact on both societies. This latter belief was most famously articulated by Edward Said, in his various works, but most notably his book "Orientalism". It is these two divergent critical analyses that this paper focuses upon.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Edward Said's Analysis of Orientalism Proponents of Orientalism Conclusion
References
From the Paper "In fact, Said (1979) believed that the crucial turning point in history was Napolean's conquest of Egypt. Warraq (2002), on the other hand, notes that Egypt was not simply a passive victim of Western rapacity. The French were forced out of the country in less than four years. During their occupation, the French were highly sensitive to Muslim opinion, as opposed to being oppressive, or viewing them as "other". In fact, General J.F. Baron de Menou had converted to Islam and had enacted a variety of measures to conciliate the Muslims."
Abstract This paper reviews a source on Orientalism. The paper reviews the major themes of West and Oriental thought and how the definition of the Orient by the West helped to permanently schism the Orient into its existing socio-cultural context and the imposed socio-cultural context.
From the Paper "There was no bibliographical data attached to this paper. All citations come from a source sent in by the client. I'm pretty sure it is Edward Said's "Orientalism." A Review of Orientalism and Postcolonialism Thus far, the study of sociology and theology suggests that the culture that does the reviewing attaches its own beliefs onto the culture that is being reviewed, but the current text suggests that this process helps define precedence for imposing certain outcomes and directives on the reviewed culture. The author begins in reviewing the treatment that Balfour had towards the British colonies of Egypt, in that he perceived England as needing - indeed, obligated - to impose rule upon those within Egypt as what might actually be deemed a form of charity, or at the very least a civil service offered by Britain to its struggling neighbors. "The argument, when reduced o its simplest form, was clear, it was precise, it was easy to grasp. "
A reflection on Orientalism and how it has always been portrayed in a negative light with very little recognition of the positive aspects of Orientalism.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 0 sources, 2006, $ 26.95
Abstract What is Orientalism? How does the past and future differ? What are the important elements of Orientalism? This is a report on the postmodern future with the theme focusing on how Orientalism demonstrates a consistent character throughout history with different elements such as stylistic moments, diversity of opinions, and different fashions, and emphasis on art. This consistent theme is negative. Most of the elements that portray Orientalism are not positive. It is either shown with negative comments about the warriors or it portrays the negative side of communism.
From the Paper "While it is important to reflect how Japan, China, communism, globalization and entertainment have affected Orientalism; it has been done negatively with little of the positive elements of Orientalism shown. While artwork should show positive elements of the Oriental people through the eight stylistic periods including the Classic Orientalism, The Expanding East, The Ancient East, The Gerome Paradigm..."
Abstract This paper explains that, in studying the contemporary politics of the Middle East, Edward Said's scholarly assessment of Orientalism is of vital importance. The author points out that Said persuasively argues that Orientalism helped to promote an idealized but pro-European self-image, which produced a false understanding in the West of Arabs and Islamic culture,and has never been an objective, impartial or legitimate field. The paper relates that, in reality, Orientalism was established and perpetuated as a means of achieving Western political goals.
From the Paper "In studying the contemporary politics of the Middle East, Edward Said's scholarly assessment of Orientalism is of vital importance, for he persuasively argues that Orientalism helped to promote an idealized but pro-European self-image, that it produced a false understanding in the West of Arabs and Islamic culture, and that it has never been an objective, impartial, or legitimate field. In reality, Orientalism was established and perpetuated as a means of achieving Western political goals. In his intriguing book, Orientalism, Edward Said thoroughly examines the origins, history, and consequences of Orientalism and explains the manner in which Orientalism represents "the distinction between Western superiority and Oriental inferiority.""
Abstract This paper discusses the determinants of sexual orientation. The paper defines the sexual orientation categories of homosexual, bisexual, and heterosexual, and discusses some of the complex issues surrounding these labels.
From the Paper "According to Emily Cameron in "New Moon", some girls like boys, some girls like girls, and some girls just like people without worrying whether they're girls or boys. Whom you like romantically is called sexual orientation. It's usually divided neatly into groups of homosexuals being attracted only to people of the same sex, bisexuals being attracted to both sexes and heterosexuals being attracted only to people of the opposite sex. In reality the issue is more complex than these labels..."
Tags: sexual orientation, determinants, homosexuality, heterosexuality
Abstract In this article, the writer examines the book 'Orientalism' by Edward Said. The writer takes ideas from this book and applies them to current situations. The writer uses these ideas in particular with relation to the Middle East and to the situation in Iraq.
From the Paper "Professor Edward Said is a Palestinian Arab. His book' Orientalism' was written over twenty-five years ago but may be more relevant today than it was when it was first published. The United States and its allies went to war against Iraq under the senior President Bush. America is again at war under President George W. Bush. One wonders if administration policymakers had read and understood Edward Said's book, whether America and its current coalition would still have decided to invade Iraq. The mistakes the coalition forces have ... "
Tags:Orientalism, west, east, arab, christian, perspective, politics, invasion, Iraq
Abstract This paper considers the meaning of Orientalism and how it is manifested as the way the East is represented and viewed by the West. The paper analyzes academia and popular presentations such as books, films, and the like. The paper uses the film "The Last Samurai" to show how a new idea of the nobility of Asians only serves as a reason for a different sort of reification of both Asians and Westerners with new stereotypes.
From the Paper "Asians are labeled with a number of stereotypical ideas and images, from the old idea of the "yellow peril" endangering the Western way of life to the new image of the mathematical and scientific scholar taking university positions away from Western students. These images began with the first wave of immigrants from Asia and continue in some degree to this day. These ideas also infuse popular culture and shape many dramatic presentations, such as the film The Last Samurai (Edward Zwick, 2003), in which the filmmakers bend over backwards to elevate the Asians while downgrading the Westerners and so present simply a different version of the old simplistic approach."
Abstract This paper discusses Community Oriented Policing (COP), a program based on the view that emphasis should be placed on prevention of crime through a program placing the police and the community in closer contact and making them partners in achieving a reduction in crime. It explains that the approach has gone by several different names but is based largely on a proactive view of the role of the police and on making the police more a part of the community and less a last refuge for victims after a crime has been committed.
From the Paper "Community Oriented Policing (COP) is a developing paradigm for law enforcement that places an emphasis on prevention of crime through a program placing the police and the community in closer contact and making them partners in achieving a reduction in crime. The approach has gone by several different names but is based largely on a proactive view of the role of the police and on making the police more a part of the community and less a last refuge for victims after a crime has been committed. This approach started as Community-Based Policing (which did not lend itself to the sort of descriptive acronym that COP does). Kenney and McNamara (1999) state, "Community-oriented policing . . . emphasizes improved police-community relations in hopes that that will assist in solving many problems in particular neighborhoods" (p. viii). The idea of community-oriented policing has been applied in different ways in ..."
This paper compares, contrasts, and analyzes Edward Said's "Orientalism" and Tram Nguyen's "We Are All Suspects Now: Untold Stories from Immigrant Communities After 9/11".
2,250 words (approx. 9 pages), 7 sources, 2006, $ 89.95
Abstract This paper discusses Edward Said's "Orientalism" and Tram Nguyen's "We Are All Suspects Now: Untold Stories from Immigrant Communities After 911" and what these books say about post 9/11 views of non-Caucasians in America. The paper examines Said's emphasis on the 'other' in Western notions of the Muslim world, Semitic societies, Arabs, and the demonization of non-American sentiment. The paper also
discusses Tram Nguyen's report on the treatment of non-Caucasians in America since the attacks of September 11, 2001.
Abstract This paper provides an analysis of the term commodities. It describes the modern history of commodities and then focuses on the Marxist interpretation of the history and form of commodities. The paper delves into how value and human labor define characteristics of commodities. It finally describes the opposition to the Marxist definitions and explanations of commodities.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Modern History of the Commodity Marxist Interpretation of Commodities: History and Form
Value and Human Labor as Defining Characteristics of the Commodity Commodity Value = Money?
Opposition to Marx
Conclusion
From the Paper "Gold, or money, is therefore an expression of value in defining the nature of the commodity because it is a measure of that commodity's value. Commodity value needs always to be determined by some measure - whether that be gold or money. This measure implies that it is invariable, as it is a unit of weight and should require a fixed ratio of values; but this is not the case, as the value of gold can - and does - change. This has little effect on the nature of the commodity as different quantities of gold will always represent the same ratio of relative values, and can therefore be used as a measure of assessment for commodity value. In other words, gold (and money) can always be used as a standard stable price measure, regardless of alterations to its own implicit value (Marx "Contribution" 65)."
Abstract This paper examines commodity fetishism, a central tenet in Marxist theory, as well as crucial cornerstone in globalization. The paper claims that despite this central importance to Marxist theory, commodity fetishism is too often overlooked or misinterpreted by social and economic theorists who employ (or criticize) Marxist theoretical approaches. As such, there has been a general lack of understanding regarding how commodity fetishism influences the development and manifestation of advanced, or late, capitalist societies. The paper aims to unveil the meaning and significance of commodity fetishism, particularly in order to reveal what this concept can tell us about human relations under capitalism, freedom, ideology, equality, and democratic ideals. In the end, the paper concludes that commodity fetishism only demands that all social relations be conducted through the marketplace and through the medium of commodity exchange, but has no interest in liberty or democracy beyond this point, a realization that should give pause to claims that capitalism is the harbinger of democracy.
From the Paper "In this way, commodity fetishism is more than just an ideological category that is a part of capitalism--instead, it is inseparably linked to capitalism, being a component without which capitalism cannot function (Wenning par. 11). Commodity fetishism dictates that social relations will be defined in terms of the values placed on commodities, making the commodities a crucial part of all social relations in a capitalist society. Commodity fetishism occurs because under capitalism the medium of exchange of the whole of individuals' material lives is the commodity. One trades his or her labor--a kind of commodity--for currency--another kind--which is then exchanged for other commodities no longer produced by the individual or even the community. In these instances, it is only commodities that shift hands as they are exchanged according to the value that is placed in them by, what Marx deems, a fetishizing impulse. The value of commodities is, to a large degree, utterly arbitrary. A tiny diamond is worth far more than a loaf of bread, even though the latter is much more valuable and necessary in a practical sense in the day-to-day life of an individual. Capitalism fetishizes commodities and imbues them with values completely out of proportion to their function or usefulness to individuals or communities."
Tags: capitalism, consumerism, Marxism, Marx, democracy, liberty
