Abstract
Worldwide, there are claims of rampant and indiscriminate commercialization of tourism, with the main objective of profiteering. According to such claims, the commodification of tourism is contributing to irreversible changes in culture, tradition, and ecological balance, which is harmful for the global society. This paper presents the argument that tourism is a business, and hence, commodification is inevitable. The economic benefits of tourism are too significant to ignore; even national governments implement aggressive measures to promote tourism so that they can benefit from the huge money inflows. This paper argues that, instead of totally shunning commodification, tourism firms and governments would do well to take preemptive measures and safeguards to preserve the authenticity, culture, and ecological diversity of the tourism regions. Modern trends indicate that commodification will continue to happen, and hence, the emphasis should be on proper management of tourism for the benefit of mankind.

From the Paper
"The modern society, impacted by globalization, has seen the remarkable increase in the spread of consumer culture or commodification. When places and cultures become commodified, problems arise in the meeting of different cultures, which is an important feature of multi-cultural societies. In tourism, places and experiences are commodified by linking with demand and it is also believed that in contemporary tourism, western capitalism appears to have development of the ultimate consumer. (Hughes, 1998) The commodification of tourism has for long been criticized, often heavily, for "bastardization" and "pollution" of previously authentic ethnic cultures. (Wood 1997) While this may be true from a certain perspective, it must be remembered that if tourism is to provide the expected benefits to the host country and its population, commodification is one of the key marketing activities that can help achieving this objective. It follows that the main issue is not about the evils of commodification but how to implement this market-driven activity properly so as to derive maximum benefits without losing anything."

Tags:anthropology, socio-economic, environmental, protection

Abstract
This paper discusses in detail an interview between Bill Moyers and Dr. Vandana Shiva on the PBS television show, NOW. In the interview, Dr. Shiva describes the problems inherent in allowing international corporations to influence trade and enter underdeveloped countries such as India in order to exploit its natural resources for a profit. In doing so, local communities as left with few resources for their own use.

From the Paper
"Dr. Vandana Shiva's 2003 interview with Bill Moyers describes her feelings about the problems that have accompanied globalization in India in recent years. Dr. Shiva is an Indian physicist who has become interested in environmental activism in India through her work and contacts with Indian citizens. In her interview with Moyers, Dr. Shiva describes the increasingly challenging conditions felt by people living in the small towns along the Ganges River, in particular Tehri. Due to the intensified use of the Ganges River as a water source for international corporations, such as Coca-Cola, Dr. Shiva has found that the people living along the..."

Tags:india, water, globalization

Abstract
The commodification of life has become more and more of an issue as science has taken us further and further into the world of biotechnology and has created more opportunities to view human beings as products. The issue has been considered in the past in terms of racial and gender issues. At one time, commodification was a fact of life for those who were slaves or treated as slaves, and often the working class is still viewed in these terms not as individuals but as workers, part of the industrial complex.

From the Paper
The commodification of life has become more and more of an issue as science has taken us further and further into the world of biotechnology and has created more opportunities to view human beings as products. The issue has been considered in the past in terms of racial and gender issues. At one time, commodification was a fact of life for those who were slaves or treated as slaves, and often the working class is still viewed in these terms not as individuals but as workers, part of the industrial complex. Vandana Shiva notes this with reference to textbooks that emphasize the role of man as an animal and that cite treatment of aborigines on a par

Tags:biotechnology, life, commodification

Abstract
This paper discusses Marx's theory that capitalism has commodified people. It explains his basic argument that the worker is a commodity in the capitalist system. The author researches Marx's exchange theory, and user-pays system. The paper offers examples of a personal experience applied to commodification.

From the Paper
"According to Marx, capitalism has commodified people by turning them into commodities. Marx's argument is that labor does not only produce commodities like clothing or coffee, it produces itself and the worker as a commodity. Economic and Philosophic Manuscript ..."

Tags:Marx, Commodification, Commodity, Communist, Labor, Bourgeoisie, Capitalism, Workers

Abstract
The paper argues that Nike's marketing strategy has commodified its product in a way that emphasizes a certain kind of lifestyle and/or culture that is intoxicating for young people who have a 'can-do' spirit - or who would like to think of themselves as possessing a can-do spirit. However, in marketing its product as something that yields a better life, the paper reveals that Nike has made sure to keep its labour costs down - and to market to affluent western consumers while workers in poor parts of the world do the heavy manual labour. Beyond that, the paper also reveals how Nike has cleverly utilized star athletes with 'attitude' and has used product placement to great effect. The paper emphasizes how Nike has been unafraid to exploit workers in Southeast China and in Asia and has seen to it that workplace conditions never compromise profit margins. The paper does note that there is mounting evidence that the pressure applied by NGOs and by concerned citizens is finally working - at least in a limited fashion.

From the Paper
"The following paper will argue that Nike's marketing strategy has commodified its product in a way that emphasizes a certain kind of lifestyle and/or culture that is intoxicating for young people who have a `can-do' spirit - or who would like to think of themselves as possessing a can-do spirit. However, in marketing its product as something that yields a better life, Nike has made sure to keep its labour costs down - and to market (at least for the most part) to affluent western consumers while..."

Tags:commodification, product, lifestyle

Abstract
This study makes a case for the inclusion of one additional category to Larson. This category is labeled the value of consumption. This paper explains the cultural myth that the good life can be achieved through commodity purchase. In other words, this myth tricks people into believing that happiness is a function of consumption, and that one's own identity is intrinsically tied to the purchases we make.

From the Paper
"Larson's Cultural Images and Myths approach to the study of popular culture is certainly important. It is a critical examination of the lies and ideologies that are perpetuated in our culture for a variety of reasons. Among them, Larson considers the myth of rustic wisdom or the image of the omni-present conspiracy. The power of these ideologies is obvious when we consider the importance of rustic figures like Abraham Lincoln or the popularity of television programs such as the X-Files. These categories are certainly applicable for a number of cultural tropes and recurring images. However, it is my contention that Larson's categories should not be truncated too soon. There are other cultural myths that are equally present and powerful in Western society."

Tags:culture, ideologies, commodification

From the Paper
"The "post" in postmodernism implies less a chronological succession than an opposition, and an intimate connection. The term postmodernism is sometimes accused of being "the inflated focus for such a range of contradictory investments" that sorting out its precise relationship to what went before is difficult. But, though postmodernism can be defined as having a number of sources, such as "the recrudescence of the cultural avant garde, the penetration of cultural life by the commodity form, [or] the exhaustion of certain classical bourgeois ideologies," its primary source, and its principle subject for critique, is modernism. In the various ways in which modernity serves as its focus, postmodernism justifies its title. In most definitions of postmodernism, the failings of modernity are clearly the basis from which the later movement derives its impetus. Whether it is..."

Abstract
This paper looks at how in an age of celebrity magazines and constant media coverage, it is easy to forget that the celebrities whose faces we see every day are, in fact, real people too. It examines how a lot of work goes into shaping their careers and their personas and how this has an inevitable effect upon the person behind the persona. It attempts to analyze if this effect is a positive or negative one and whether the actor and his personality can become absorbed by his star persona, so they become one and the same. It examines the problem of stardom from several different ages including the great age of the Hollywood star in the 50's all the way to the present day, using examples as varied as Marilyn Munroe to Winona Ryder in order to show the varied pitfalls of celebrity and it's psychological effect on the individual performer.

From the Paper
"There are many, many actors in the business, most struggling to make a living in minor roles and bit parts. None of these are stars, so the terms are clearly not synonymous. A star must be created: "A star has two things an actor doesn't have: charisma and the ability to sell tickets." In the past, a star was usually created by the studio he was signed to, and plenty of work went into the image the public saw. Information about the actor in question was tightly controlled, far more so than today. Studios would distribute pictures of the fledgling star to promote interest, and perhaps start rumors about their first major role, or a love affair with an already established star."

Tags:charisma, consumer, fame, film, persona, star, theatre

Abstract
This paper examines the ethical implications surrounding reproductive and therapeutic cloning, including issues such as the right to an open future, commodification of children, the risk of psychological harm to the clone, the right to individuality and the "Kantian Ends and Means Dictum". It shows that although many moral objections to cloning can be theoretically rebutted, by adopting an approach which views the welfare of the resultant clone as the paramount consideration in the cloning debate, it is concluded that such a practice should never be allowed. It also considers the current legal regulation of cloning and concludes that the status quo should be maintained.

Outline
Introduction
Reproductive Cloning
Current Situation
Procreative Autonomy
Safety Implications
Intrinsic Sense of Immorality
Individuality
The Right to an Open Future
Commodification
Psychological Harm
Human Dignity and the Kantian ?Ends and Means? Dictum
Fear of Eugenics
Therapeutic Cloning
The Moral Status of the Embryo
The ?Slippery Slope? Argument
Should Therapeutic Cloning be Permissible?
Legal Regulation of Cloning
Conclusion

From the Paper
"One of the central tenets of the cloning debate is whether a person has the right, as articulated by Dworkin, to "procreative autonomy". He defines this as a right to control one's own role in procreation unless the state has a compelling reason for denying them that control. Following from this, Harris contends that "genetic imperative" is a fundamental aspect of the right to procreative autonomy and since society grants the legitimacy of genetic aspirations in so many cases and indeed the use of advanced technology to meet such desires, only compelling and serious reasons could deny people such wishes in the case of cloning. Although Dworkin and Harris assert that there is insufficient evidence of harm to justify interfering with this freedom of an individual, a consideration of the following ethical issues will demonstrate that what is at stake if cloning is permitted outweighs the right of an individual to procreative freedom."

Tags:cell, commodification, dolly, embryology, fertilisation, kant, means, morality, procreative

Abstract
This is a comparison paper of "The Diary of a Young Girl" and "Pokemon". Both Pokemon and "The Diary of a Young Girl" illustrate that it is not possible to escape from commodification in children's texts; Anne's diary is, in fact, a commodity, just as much as Pokemon was designed as a commercial venture and to create commodities.

Tags:commodification, children, text