Abstract
This paper examines the distinctions drawn between committed and detached normative statements, as well as between external statements about the law and internal statements made by those who accept the law. It focuses particularly on the views of Joseph Raz and H.L.A. Hart regarding this issue. The paper asserts that both Raz and Hart tap into the internal viewpoint of a person on whether one accepts a rule or not as law, but only at a superficial level. Raz's 'committed statement' and 'detached normative statement' parallel Hart's 'internal statement' and 'external statement' respectively. On this level, the paper posits that Raz's theory supplements Hart's theory. It concludes, however, that there are subtle differences between the two and that Raz's ideas bring Hart's theory to a different level.

From the Paper
"Raz contends that the acceptance of rules of recognition is a moral decision, not just a matter of fact as Hart asserts. In Practical Reason and Norms (1990), Raz states that 'Intuitively, it is always the case that one ought to do whatever one ought to do on the balance of reasons', which is the core of Raz's theory of practical reasoning. He suggests that reasons can be categorised into first and second order reasons. An example of a first order reason: 'I bought a bottle of champagne, and because I love drinking champagne, I have a first order reason for drinking it'. A second order reason that counteracts my first order reason could, for example, be that 'I promised the bottle of champagne for my friend to drink'. This second order reason (i.e. a promise) excludes further deliberation as to whether I want to drink the champagne."

Tags:jurisprudence, law

Abstract
This paper addresses and suggests an answer for the question of whether rape can be committed in cyberspace. The paper discusses how the continual rise in popularity of chat rooms and online communities has unfortunately contributed to the continual rise in online abuse and the need to reconsider traditional definitions of crime against a person, including harassment, assault, and rape. The paper argues that a new definition of rape should be created to specifically include acts performed on the internet.

Tags:virtual, rape, crime

Abstract
This paper examines Canadian policy regarding human rights, further questioning how committed the nation indeed is to this cause. According to the paper, Canada is a nation that appears to pride itself on its commitment to human rights principles, having a wide range of legislation that attests to this. However, closer analysis reveals that Canada is not in fact fully committed to human rights.

From the Paper
"Canada is a nation that appears to pride itself on its commitment to human rights principles. Certainly it has a wide range of legislation that attests to this. However, closer analysis reveals that Canada is not in fact fully committed to human rights. In considering this question, it is necessary to be clear about terms. The term "human rights" is frequently heard, but it is necessary to be clear on what precisely this means. Human rights may be defined as rights which relate to the concepts of equality and equity (Module 1 notes). Often they are enshrined in documents, such as the Universal Declaration of Human..."

Tags:human, rights, canada

Abstract
This paper takes a look at the three specific companies of Tyco International Ltd., Bear Stearns and Fannie Mae, stating that all have committed criminal business acts due to the greed of their executives. In the case of Tyco, the company's three top executives, CEO Dennis Kozlowski, CFO Mark Swartz and Chief Legal Counsel Mark Belnick allegedly took loans without receiving approval, sold shares without telling investors, and fixed the company's books by inflating operating income, among other acts. The article next describes Bear Stern's mismanagement as "toxic waste", referring specifically to the largely failing hedge fund the company ran with investor and client money. Lastly, the paper discusses Fanny Mae's over six years of financial fraud. Again the paper concludes that head executive cashed in on millions of personal bonuses, leading the company to years of misstated earnings, merely because of their personal greed.

Outline:
Tyco International Ltd.
Toxic Waste ala Wall Street
Nothing Funny about Fannie Mae

From the Paper
"Pure in simple, what Bear Stearns did was not prudent fiduciary and fiscal responsibility but bloated speculation born out of greed and wanting to make a "fast buck." People trusted them with money - some of them their life savings and hard earned cash - and when the truth of their financial mismanagement came to light, they had the gall to ask for more to bail them out from their own wrong doing. As a result of ethically and morally questionable financial mismanagement, Bear Stearns of Wall Street redefined the term toxic waste in money matters considering when they ask people for their money in the first place, they were selling them s--t and when the caca hit the fun, they hide behind obtuse and highly technical mumbo-jumbo that aims only to save their own hides at the cost of the investors. The way Bear Stearns acted is like a thief caught in one's home and the thief asking the victim for bail money."

Tags:operations, greed, executives, mismanagement, bonuses, income

Abstract
The paper explains that according to the psychopathological model, rape results from mental illness and uncontrollable sexual impulses, but looks at how Scully and Marolla argues that numerous men commit rape out of attitudes and beliefs. The paper looks at how the authors stress the importance of culture and social structure as contributing factors so that the learned behavior of rape is linked to environmental variables.

From the Paper
"As with all acts, rape is committed for a reason. According to the psychopathological model, rape results from mental illness and uncontrollable sexual impulses but, as Scully and Marolla (27) point out, numerous men commit rape out of attitudes and beliefs. Rape is a prevalent act, and many men will commit it if they are sure of not being punished. The authors stress the importance of culture and social structure as contributing factors so that the learned behavior of rape is linked to environmental variables (Unit 5 71). The first reason given by convicted, incarcerated offenders for rape is..."

Tags:rape, victims, myths

Abstract
Relationships are complex and can be complicated by a longing for a lasting commitment. For this reason, many have opted to simply have sex without any type of commitment (sex with no strings attached). Others hold the belief that sex is a pledge to be committed. The purpose of this discussion is to explain why sex must involve commitment.
Outline
Introduction
Sex Without Commitment
Definition of Sex From a Noncommittal Point of View and Differences Between Men and Women
Sexual Freedom
Sex with Commitment
Definition of Sex from a Committal Point of View
Adverse Affects of Noncommittal Sex
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Another reason why some believe that sex should be committal is the adverse effects of noncommittal sex. They assert that there are social, physical and emotional ramifications to noncommittal sex.(Mathewes-Green) The social ramifications have to do with the stigma that is attached to people (mainly women) that engage in noncommittal and or promiscuous sexual acts. In addition, noncommittal sex can lead to unwanted pregnancies, which increase the number of individuals that are dependent upon the welfare system. (Mathewes-Green) Unwanted pregnancies also increase the number of abortions that are performed and the overall being of our society is jeopardized when unwanted children are born to mothers that are immature and not ready to parent. "

Tags:women, stigma, children, pregnancy

Abstract
This paper separates psychological abuse, or emotional abuse, from other types of offenses against children. It discusses several types of abuse, and rates of abuse as a function of race. it also discusses the effects of this abuse, such as the formation of low self-esteem.

From the Paper
"Although half of all abuse cases occur with Caucasian children, the rates of abuse are highest among Native Americans and African-Americans (Cook & Cook 2005, pp. 142). Because psychological abuse is probably the most under-reported type of abuse (because it leaves no direct evidence, teachers and other adults who come into contact with abused children might not notice it, and also many people who observe it occurring do not feel it is "their place" to step in and say/do something), it is impossible to say exactly how common it is, but it is estimated that one in every five girls and every nine boys living in the United States is abused at some point in their childhood, and each of these cases involves psychological abuse, and perhaps sexual or physical abuse as well (Cook & Cook 2005, pp. 141)."

Tags:low self-esteem, unhealthy relationships, mistreatment, youngsters

Abstract
This essay shows how the people of Denmark relate to the environment. It gives their perspective on how they are friendly to the environment and what measures they take to protect it. Examples listed include the saving of energy during the 1973 oil crisis, recycling glass bottles and the invention of an environmentally-friendly car.

From the Paper
"In the summer of 1988, for the first time in its history, a thin layer of smog lingered over the streets of Copenhagen. It was nothing like the great haze seen in Los Angeles or Tokyo, but just enough to make breathing a little harder for people with allergies or asthma. That same summer the inhabitants viewed an explosive growth in the number of yellow algae in the Kattegat between Jutland and Sweden, an incident that reportedly kept a large number of tourists away from the beaches that year. At the same time, Thorvaldesen's Museum in Copenhagen decided to remove a statue from the roof because acid rain had corroded it so badly that they were afraid it would break."

Tags:smog, pollution, allergy, protection, algae, ellert, recycle

Abstract
This essay looks at the ideal commitment as it was conceived by William Shakespeare and presented in the two plays "Hamlet" and "Romeo and Juliet." At first glance commitment appears to apply only to "Romeo and Juliet," but closer observation that the "Hamlet" involves much the same personal commitment in which reciprocity has a powerful role.

From the Paper
"Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet focuses on the commitment of Romeo and Juliet to one another, makes them defy familial conventions, leading them to their deaths. At first glance, Hamlet appears entirely different, with Hamlet unraveling and dealing with fratricide and incest, then trying to revenge his father's murder. In both plays, however, Shakespeare resents an ideal commitment based on personal reciprocal loyalty. In Romeo and Juliet, the Prologue reveals the situation and discloses the conventional commitment: "two households . . . from ancient grudge" (Romeo and Juliet, Prol.1 & 3). The primary commitment in Romeo and Juliet is to..."

Tags:hamlet, romeo and juliet, commitment

Abstract
This paper presents extensive research to understand divergent viewpoints of scholars on Barry M. Staw's concept of escalation of commitment and to explore how the conceptual framework for this theory has evolved. The methodology for this research is a process of literature review to ascertain conclusive parameters and components that have played an important role in the advancement of the concept and how such advancements have impacted the corporate paradigm. The paper concludes, based on the research, that escalation of commitment cannot be presented as a unitary behavior because multiple factors play their own important roles in determining the scenario of escalation of commitment and the final outcome of commitment.



Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Need for the Study
Methodology
Literature Review
The Concept of Sunk Cost
Loss Aversion and the Sunk Cost Fallacy
Conclusion

From the Paper
"There have been numerous examples when business and governments across the globe kept on investing a lot of resources even after knowing that the projects for which such an investment was being undertaken doesn't have any profitable viability in terms of the expected returns as envisaged in initial. In the discipline
of game theory the sunk cost fallacy is also referred to as "Concorde Fallacy" named after the famous investment decisions which was being jointly undertaken by the British and French Government for building the supersonic airliner Concorde."

Tags:models, decision making, irrational continuation, sunk-cost dilemma, complex phenomenon