Abstract
The paper assesses the control theory and conceptualizes the question of why most people refrain from committing crime. Above all, the paper makes clear that control theorists view the controls and constraints placed upon individuals in society as the primary reason for the preponderance of non-criminal activity. The paper stresses that it is when such constraints and limitations differ that varying levels of criminal activity are found.

From the Paper
"In conclusion, the fundamental tenets of control theory have been assessed in detail. What is clear is that this variant of criminological thought is largely indebted to the sociological tradition of viewing social functions as the primary factor that motivates individuals to act in a particular way. However, in relation to crime, control theory offers a unique and innovative way of conceptualising a hugely prevalent social problem. As we have seen, the primary focus lies not in explaining the criminal behaviour of a small minority, but the non criminal nature of the majority. Thus, when posing the question of why the majority of people in society are largely law abiding, control theorists cite social control mechanisms as the ultimate explanatory factor. Family, community, law enforcement agencies and a whole plethora of other actors and issues all combine to restrict the ability of the majority to engage in criminal activity. This is achieved through a variety of methods ranging from loss of social position and social capital to the fear of punishment for a criminal offence. However, what is clear is that as these social control mechanisms differ in their extent and range in different circumstances, then the willingness to refrain from criminal activity will also differ. One must never completely disregard the individual psychological traits that are often the product of biology. However, in the finest traditions of sociological and criminological thought, control theory once again highlights the primacy of social forces in relation to individual acts."

Tags:tenets, criminological, sociological, functions

Abstract
This paper discusses various theories of criminal behavior including biological, psychological, and sociological factors. Some of the theories discussed are Lombroso's theory of atavism, Freud's theory of the id, ego, and superego and Aker's social learning theory.

From the Paper
"Attribution theory is aimed at explaining why people behave or act in a certain manner. Some people attribute behaviors to some quality within the individual themselves, such as biology, heredity, or psychology. Others attribute behaviors to factors outside of the individual. These are social factors, which include economic factors, the community in which the individual lives, the family, peer groups, and many more. For centuries, theorists have been applying the attribution theory to crime in order to determine why people commit crime. There are many different theories on this subject. Some attribute crime to biology, some to psychology, and others to sociology. These theories can be applied individually or combined to describe why people commit crime."

Tags:criminological, criminology, deviance, aker, lombroso, freud, id, ego, superego

Abstract
The paper argues that the reason women commit crimes at a relatively lower rate than men, and the reason why the crimes they do commit tend often to be of a less violent nature, is not because they are inherently "better" than men (although that theory has undoubtedly been raised in the past) but because engagement in the criminal sub-culture is more dangerous for women and because they lack the physical capabilities (for the most part) necessary to carry out some types of wrongdoing. The paper also postulates that women may be prompted to commit some sorts of crimes and not other sorts of crimes primarily because they are not as driven as men are by the need to achieve a particular "status" personally or professionally.

From the Paper
"The question of why women commit crime in the United States is one that has intrigued academics for, quite literally, decades. More specifically, academics are interested in why gender differences in criminal activity persist in modern societies (women are invariably less likely to commit crime than men) and whether or not, given this reality, the factors which lead women to criminal involvement are somehow "different" than they are for male perpetrators. Over the next several pages, this paper will argue that the reason women commit crimes at a relatively lower rate than men, and the reason why the crimes they do commit tend often to be of a less..."

Tags:women, crime, causes

Abstract
The paper looks at how nations identify with others that are similar to them and whose enemies value a society they oppose. The paper describes how terrorism is used to achieve a political agenda. Also discussed is the recent move by President Bush away from isolationist foreign policy as a result of the terrorism of 9/11.

From the Paper
"At one level, this question is unanswerable in the same way child abuse and rape are incomprehensible. For people who do not believe that violence is ever acceptable except to defend oneself or other innocent people, it is impossible to fathom what would motivate people to harm innocent bystanders, an element in so much of terrorism. But, clearly " given the number of terrorist acts that occur in the world " to other people terrorism is something that simply makes good political sense: Realpolitik carried to logical extremes."

Tags:terrorism, 9/11, september, 11th, national, identity, bush, muslim, osama, bin, laden, pearl, harbor

Abstract
This essay looks at the ideal commitment as it was conceived by William Shakespeare and presented in the two plays "Hamlet" and "Romeo and Juliet." At first glance commitment appears to apply only to "Romeo and Juliet," but closer observation that the "Hamlet" involves much the same personal commitment in which reciprocity has a powerful role.

From the Paper
"Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet focuses on the commitment of Romeo and Juliet to one another, makes them defy familial conventions, leading them to their deaths. At first glance, Hamlet appears entirely different, with Hamlet unraveling and dealing with fratricide and incest, then trying to revenge his father's murder. In both plays, however, Shakespeare resents an ideal commitment based on personal reciprocal loyalty. In Romeo and Juliet, the Prologue reveals the situation and discloses the conventional commitment: "two households . . . from ancient grudge" (Romeo and Juliet, Prol.1 & 3). The primary commitment in Romeo and Juliet is to..."

Tags:hamlet, romeo and juliet, commitment

Abstract
Relationships are complex and can be complicated by a longing for a lasting commitment. For this reason, many have opted to simply have sex without any type of commitment (sex with no strings attached). Others hold the belief that sex is a pledge to be committed. The purpose of this discussion is to explain why sex must involve commitment.
Outline
Introduction
Sex Without Commitment
Definition of Sex From a Noncommittal Point of View and Differences Between Men and Women
Sexual Freedom
Sex with Commitment
Definition of Sex from a Committal Point of View
Adverse Affects of Noncommittal Sex
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Another reason why some believe that sex should be committal is the adverse effects of noncommittal sex. They assert that there are social, physical and emotional ramifications to noncommittal sex.(Mathewes-Green) The social ramifications have to do with the stigma that is attached to people (mainly women) that engage in noncommittal and or promiscuous sexual acts. In addition, noncommittal sex can lead to unwanted pregnancies, which increase the number of individuals that are dependent upon the welfare system. (Mathewes-Green) Unwanted pregnancies also increase the number of abortions that are performed and the overall being of our society is jeopardized when unwanted children are born to mothers that are immature and not ready to parent. "

Tags:women, stigma, children, pregnancy

Abstract
This paper presents extensive research to understand divergent viewpoints of scholars on Barry M. Staw's concept of escalation of commitment and to explore how the conceptual framework for this theory has evolved. The methodology for this research is a process of literature review to ascertain conclusive parameters and components that have played an important role in the advancement of the concept and how such advancements have impacted the corporate paradigm. The paper concludes, based on the research, that escalation of commitment cannot be presented as a unitary behavior because multiple factors play their own important roles in determining the scenario of escalation of commitment and the final outcome of commitment.



Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Need for the Study
Methodology
Literature Review
The Concept of Sunk Cost
Loss Aversion and the Sunk Cost Fallacy
Conclusion

From the Paper
"There have been numerous examples when business and governments across the globe kept on investing a lot of resources even after knowing that the projects for which such an investment was being undertaken doesn't have any profitable viability in terms of the expected returns as envisaged in initial. In the discipline
of game theory the sunk cost fallacy is also referred to as "Concorde Fallacy" named after the famous investment decisions which was being jointly undertaken by the British and French Government for building the supersonic airliner Concorde."

Tags:models, decision making, irrational continuation, sunk-cost dilemma, complex phenomenon

Abstract
This paper examines Canadian policy regarding human rights, further questioning how committed the nation indeed is to this cause. According to the paper, Canada is a nation that appears to pride itself on its commitment to human rights principles, having a wide range of legislation that attests to this. However, closer analysis reveals that Canada is not in fact fully committed to human rights.

From the Paper
"Canada is a nation that appears to pride itself on its commitment to human rights principles. Certainly it has a wide range of legislation that attests to this. However, closer analysis reveals that Canada is not in fact fully committed to human rights. In considering this question, it is necessary to be clear about terms. The term "human rights" is frequently heard, but it is necessary to be clear on what precisely this means. Human rights may be defined as rights which relate to the concepts of equality and equity (Module 1 notes). Often they are enshrined in documents, such as the Universal Declaration of Human..."

Tags:human, rights, canada

Abstract
This paper explains that the character Joey "The Lips" Fagan from Roddy Doyle's short novel "The Commitments" is not the main character but he is one of the most compelling because, without him, the novel and the band would be quite different and not as interesting. The author points out that his role seems like a mentor, but in the end, he acts more like a destroyer because he allows the women to come between the band and the music and he cannot take the pressure or responsibility of a real life with real commitment. The paper relates that his most important contribution, which he brings to the band, is their success; his leadership teaches them that they can be a success and that they can make more out of their lives.

From the Paper
"Joey plays several different roles in the novel. He is a musician first of all, and a good one, so he acts as a teacher to the other band members, many of whom are just learning how to play or sing. He is a professional, and so the others want to be like him, so he is a type of mentor too. He has done what the teenagers want to do, and so he can show them the ropes and maybe make their lives a little easier. He is somewhat like a savior, creating something from nothing and watching it grow and mature, but he is also human, and he runs away when the going gets too tough. He is not honest, and he is odd, but he is also the reason the band was successful."

Tags:spiritual, band, leadership, destroyer, mentor

Abstract
This paper provides a book review on "Committing Journalism: The Prison Writings of Red Hog" by authors Dannie Martin and Peter Sussman. This book is remarkable in that it is a collection of essays by Dannie Martin, a prison inmate and Peter Sussman, his editor. In total, fifty essays written on all aspects of the federal prison system are found within this book and cover a wide range of topics from racism to AIDS to the prison societies. "Committing Journalism" also describes the First Amendment problems that occurred when Martin and Sussman attempted to publish these essays in the San Francisco Chronicle.