Abstract Research paper on the effects of advertisements on children. The author examines why and how advertisements target children and how children are affected psychologically.
From the Paper "?Prior to attending kindergarten, the average child will see 5,000 hours of television. By the time most children graduate from high school, they will have watched an estimated 22,000 hours of TV,? (Marconi, 56). During these thousands of hours, the children view commercial after commercial and it has been shown that many of these commercials are targeted towards children. This abundant exposure to commercials has raised many concerns about how these advertisements affect children psychologically. Many people believe that children are being manipulated by advertisements, which affects the way the children think and live."
Abstract This paper provides a broad description and understanding of the historical, biological, cognitive, social and moral issues related to the media's influence on feminine self-image, and how the media affects body image and self-perception, particularly in young females. The paper provides an understanding of the balance between theoretical perspectives and their practical implications and applications, with a particular focus being placed on "Social Judgment Theory".
From the Paper ""What did I need a mirror for, I was fat"? Every time I hear the "spokesmodel" from the Slim Fast commercial say that line, I can't help but wonder what kind of messages modern media is sending to women. It is as if the ad is saying that if you don?t look like a size three model, then there is no way you could possibly take pride in your appearance, so a mirror would be of no use. This is not only insulting but also frightening. Women are already conditioned to feel insecure about their bodies and media images such as this only serve to perpetuate negative stereotypes."
Tags: anorexia, commericals, girls, teenage, television, women
Discusses variety of opportunities for a career in commercial arts. Three areas of business related art: Graphic design, industrial design, fashion design.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, 2001, $ 39.95
From the Paper "Careers in the commercial arts can lead one into a wide variety of different types of business and different opportunities for artistic expression. Commercial art is usually produced by artists under the direction of others--supervisors, art directors, and so on. Commercial artist might work for a television station, an advertising agency, a design studio, a toy manufacturer, or a newspaper. Commercial artists are expected to have skills, knowledge, and training not unlike those of the fine artist, but the commercial artist earns his or her living in a different way. Some commercial artists work freelance, and others work for studios or advertising agencies, while the agencies do work for several clients or corporations. Still other commercial artists may work within a single corporate ..."
From the Paper "India has the largest film industry in the world and, since 1992, one of the fastest growing television audiences in history. Popular media in India, as anywhere else, tend to reflect and shape -- or attempt to shape -- people's attitudes on many issues. In the mixture of cultures, languages and religions that make up the Indian nation the status of women is a question that is capable of generating immense, furious controversy. But the question of full female emancipation, or even relatively moderate change in women's status, is nearly taboo in the popular commercial media of film and television. Greater strides have been made since the 1980s in so-called "New" or "parallel" cinema, yet even in that arena filmmakers have strained to emphasize the nonradical, nonfeminist, tradition-oriented nature of their calls for change in women's status. Still more..."
Examines financial aspects incl. Industry & market growth, airline deregulation, conflicts between travel agencies & commerical airlines. Areas of growth. Eco-tourism. Financial analysis of l travel firm. 5 figures.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 29 sources, 2001, $ 119.95
From the Paper "Selected aspects of financial management in the leisure travel and tourism market are examined. The perspective from which the selected aspects of financial management are investigates is that of a travel agency. The specific aspects of financial management in the leisure travel and tourism market examined are as follows: (1) industry and market growth; (2) effects of airline deregulation on the travel and tourism market; (3) recent conflicts between travel agencies and commercial airlines; (4) responses by travel agencies to changes made by commercial airlines in commission schedules; (5) effects of monetary policy on the travel and tourism industry; (6) financial analysis of a specific travel agency as an ..."
From the Paper "During the second half of the 20th century, international arbitration has emerged as the method preferred by many private businessmen for the resolution of commercial disputes among them which they have been unable to settle by informal means. The growth of international commercial arbitration has accompanied and gained momentum from the phenomenal growth in world trade and private foreign direct investment (FDI) which has characterized the postwar period. This research paper summarizes the historical roots of commercial arbitration and its use in international transactions, including the role of various legal systems in facilitating or impeding its development, and the steps taken in the early postwar period to establish a solid international legal and institutional framework for its further..."
Abstract A paper which argues that commercial aircrews should be subject to routine airport security screening. Just because someone is recognized as being a regular crewmember gives little credence to whether or not that individual is a planted terrorist. The paper shows that becoming lax with standard protocol is the first indication that the security system is faulty and the precise clue a terrorist looks for in order to know when to strike. The paper looks at the need for tighter security, especially after September 11.
From the Paper "In light of the events of September 11th, a pertinent element of today's airline industry is the increased importance of airport security. From frequent bodily searches to passengers removing their shoes to matching each bag with its owner to allowing only ticketed passengers beyond certain points, a renewed vigilance has transformed the security process into something the public believes should have existed long before this point. Still one must ask: Is this all that can be done, or do the airlines need to focus upon their own employees as an added measure of precaution?"
Abstract European Imperialism has been described as the age of global integration as European social order manifested an outward movement to other continents. This paper examines how the slow "globalization" by Europeans was fostered by different cultures in the lands they occupied. It has been said that most of the countries did not suffer from imperialism, but this paper shows that this depended on the ruler of the country and the way the changes were implemented. Cultures in the different areas are compared - Asia, Africa and the New World - to see how they were effected by European Imperialism.
From the Paper "Duiker and Speilvogel's book, World History Since 1865, Volume II examines the emergence of imperialism promoted by Europeans and the resulting affects of their determination to expand, far surpassing imperial Rome. Great Britain, France, Holland, Belgium, Italy, Germany, Spain, Portugal and even Russia intruded forcefully into Africa, Asia, the Middle East and the South Pacific and finally sought out the North and South Poles. Today, there is common agreement that European overseas expansion was a constant factor of the nineteenth century, with British commercial activities the most obvious."
Abstract Advertizing is a major marketing tool for organizations to sell their products and services. The paper argues that in conservative societies however, it is virtually impossible to convey message in an attractive way. This paper discusses the Saudi society and the approaches to advertizing as compared to the United States. It discusses advertizing mediums such as television commerical and the internet and shows how messages put across to the consumer differ between the two countries, based on cultural demands.
From the Paper "Extensive efforts are made to keep the society segregated so that no mingling or socializing for the two is possible. As a result, educational institutes are segregated and the workplace does not employ women much. There are strict laws regarding women covering themselves, traveling with a male relative and driving. Moreover, media, along with the Internet, is heavily censored for any trace of irreligious content. However counteracting this heavy religious influence is the compulsory economic development that Saudi Arabia cannot avoid or stop."
Abstract Discusses the historical circumstances that shaped all slave societies. The economics of slavery, worldwide and in the United States. Focus on slavery in the Ameican South as a function of Capitalist development. Contends that the spread of slavery depended largely on the activity of government on behalf of commerical interests. Briefly compares U.S> rigid racial idiology to more liberal one on Brazil and the West Indies. Reform movement and Abolitionism. Policies of politicians. Impact of Westward Expansion on slavery.
From the Paper "Slavery in the South "dominated the social structure, drove the economy, and permeated the political system" (Oakes 40). While all slave societies had similarities, each one was shaped by the historical circumstances within which it developed. The influence of liberal capitalism in the South helps explain how the slaveholders achieved extraordinary powers and how western political culture, the capitalist economy, and the liberal state limited these powers (Oakes 40-42). Modern slave societies shared the fact that their existence was inconceivable except as a function of capitalist development. The institution of slavery in the American South was different because while slavery dominated the economy of the ancient world, this New World slavery was in and of itself the servant of the driving force of capitalism (Oakes 52)."
Abstract Discusses the history and aims of this movement. The Bauhaus and work of architect Gropius as a response to German industrialization and commerical standardization. Ideology of this New Architecture. Need for artists or architects to recognize their obligation to the community. The German Craft Association. Life, work and influence of Gropius.
From the Paper "Walter Gropius and the Bauhaus
In the first decade of the twentieth century, the Deutscher Werkbund or "German Craft Association" was formed with the expressed aim of improving the aesthetic quality of manufactured goods and industrial architecture while producing both less expensively (Adams, p. 477). The creation of this Association was very much a response to two complementary pressures. On the one hand, Germany was undergoing a period of rapid industrial development in which the factory and the machine were replacing the cottage and the craftsman's hands as the locus and source of production. On the other hand, a sense that many of the machine-made products and machine-serving buildings and other structures were of less aesthetic quality (and greater cost) than was desirable was also emerging."
Abstract Discusses the history of the use of cosmetics. Cosmetic agents used in early civilizations. Commerical cosmetic industry in early 20th Century. Influence of Hollywood on make-up. Development of "natural" products in the 1970s. Beauty trends of the 1980s and 1990s. Body decoration; piercing. Evolvement of manicures into nail art. Sunscreen using and anti-aging products.
From the Paper ""Beauty is appealing and yet causes great anxiety…Make-up both conceals and reveals while it hides and invites" (http://www.beautyworlds.com/cosmetics).
The use of cosmetics to alter one's appearance goes back through time by thousands of years. Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans were all known to have utilized colors to define facial features and perfumes or oils to alter bodily humors. Previous centuries saw cosmetic agents such as lead oxide, mercuric sulfide and even belladonna or deadly nightshade being utilized in some form to create cosmetic substances. These agents were harmful and have been replaced.
The commercial cosmetic industry made substantial growth within the early 20th century. Many attribute this to the publication of pamphlets informing women of proper diet, ..."
Abstract This paper evaluates the cost of terrorism from a global perspective. The writer examines the cost of terrorism, specifically those of September 11th. He then evaluates other terrorist threats that currently exist around the world and defends the United States? current position on pre-emptive attacks on nations deemed supporters of terrorism.
From the Paper "Economic costs of terrorism pail in comparison to the loss of human life. However, economic hardships that have been sustained as a result of terrorism are very real as well. The cost of the Word Trade Centers and surrounding buildings was over 21 billions dollars. That cost ends up being paid by the various companies that insured the twin towers. As a result of such large claims placed against them, many insurers are raising rates. Specifically, high-risk facilities such as Seattle's Space Needle and the Empire State Building may face insurance premiums hikes of over 50%. This raises the aggregate cost of doing business for the firms and individuals who own those buildings. Therefore, as insurers raise rates for all commercial properties rise, we expect to see a reduction in expansion rates for new office buildings. It may be difficult for firms to find and pay for highly desirable urban office space in the near future if this trend continues."
Abstract This paper looks at how, due to recent efforts by political enemies of PBS to cut funding, it has forced the issues of government funding and of alternative funding methods onto the national agenda. It explains that PBS has responded by considering different ways of bringing in revenues to replace government funding in case such funding is cut. One of the ways being explored is increased corporate funding, even to the point of showing commercials on public television. The paper explains that this challenges the way PBS has always operated, raises questions about continuing viewer support and might remove the appearance of independence that has marked the network since its inception.
From the Paper "To date, PBS has not gone so far as to sell commercials as the broadcast networks have done for decades and as some cable networks do. For a long time, though, PBS has had corporate funding, which meant no more than that the corporation paid for the programming and received a credit in the form of "Funding Provided By" or "Funded By," followed by the name of the corporation. Even this degree of corporate involvement raised a few eyebrows--corporations might fund programs on subjects of particular interest to them and so might be suspected of having brought pressure to shape the program one way or another. An increase in corporate sponsorship or even outright advertising such as has been contemplated more recently would only increase the perception of corporate interference."
Abstract This paper describes the evolution of the internet from a scientific experiment in computing, to a toy for casual end-users, into the commerical super-retail-highway that it has now become.
