Abstract The purpose of this study is to provide a general overview of the discipline of commercial art. To do so, a number of topics will be touched upon so that readers can gain a broad understanding of the importance of commercial art in contemporary culture, as well as some of the means by which commercial art is produced.
From the Paper "The importance of commercial art and the artists who create it cannot be overemphasized. Western, capitalist societies depend upon the skills that commercial artists possess. Quite simply, "commercial artists create a moving record of social moods and public perceptions ... because art, emotion, and business interests converge in advertising" ("Area of Study" par. 2). Put another way, capitalism is built on advertising. Without advertising, producers would not be able to convince consumers that they have an artificial need for a given product. Commercial art is the medium through which advertising operates and the proverbial glue that holds together the economic systems of Western nations. The purpose of this study is to provide a general overview of the discipline of commercial art. "
Abstract This paper contends that commercials are far less sexist and less racist now than they were 50 years ago or even a generation ago. The writer discusses that subtle sexism is as dangerous as the more explicit varieties, because it is harder to identify and therefore to fight against. In this article, the writer explores sexism in the world of the television commercial.
From the Paper "Most of us try to avoid thinking about commercials. We reach for our remote to mute them, wander out of the room during them, talk to our roommates, do some homework on our laptops. And because we try to ignore commercials much of the time, we believe that their influence on us is minimized. We are not really paying attention so we do not think that they are affecting us. But the average American is exposed to thousands of ads and commercials every year and even if we are ... '
Abstract The paper discusses surveys which study the effect of TV commercials on children. The paper relates that the food industry has increased its advertising to all ages, including children, which is having a negative impact on their health. The paper suggests that companies should be held responsible for their influence on children, or at least present a more rounded view of food and nutrition. The paper also states that children have been bombarded by food marketing, which has resulted in higher rates of obesity. The paper ,after referring to various situations, concludes that a relationship has been found between television commercials and eating.
From the Paper "A similar study was conducted in Europe, where children do not eat enough fruit and vegetables and where exposure to TV is negatively associated with the intake of these foods. This study by Klepp et. al. (2007) explored exposure to food commercials on TV in nine European countries with approximately 12, 750 children to determine the association between this exposure and attitudes toward eating fruits and vegetables. The authors state that the children report exposure more to more unhealthy foods than healthy ones such as fruits and vegetables. However, those who were exposed to fruit and vegetable TV ads were much more positively disposed toward eating these foods. These findings point to the important, and more positive, role that TV could play in supporting healthy eating messages."
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses that with rising fuel prices and terrorism as a backdrop, many of the world's major commercial airlines have filed bankruptcy, blaming the additional costs of fuel and security measures for their demise. The writer notes however, that this is not the case with every airline, which leads to interesting subject matter to validate an issue position. In this paper, the researcher validates the issue position that the economic collapse of many major airlines has not been caused by fuel and security, but rather by flaws in the typical commercial aviation business model. This position is justified by the citation of relevant literature and logical conclusions drawn from the research of same. The writer concludes that the aviation industry needs to continually strive for excellence if it is to avoid its own self-fulfilling prophecy.
Outline:
Presentation of Position
Commercial Aviation Still Holds Potential for Success
Modern Success Stories Exist
Current Events in Commercial Aviation
Bankruptcies are commonplace
Bankruptcies are Caused by Several Common Factors
Success Stories in Commercial Aviation
India's Aviation Renaissance
Low Cost Aviation Model
Proof of Position
Closing Thoughts
From the Paper "The commercial aviation industry is chock full of an inordinate number of bankruptcies, with hundreds occurring over the past several decades. These events had been blamed on a wide variety of factors over the years. Over the last 6 months, there has been another rash of bankruptcies, which are currently being blamed on the excess costs of the security measures needed to protect commercial flights from terrorist infiltration and the rising cost of fuel, with sources reporting that the industry can only realistically pass 10% of the additional expenses on to the consumer for a variety of reasons."
Abstract This paper describes commercial construction as "building projects exclusive of residential construction," and discusses commercial construction from both an economic point of view and from the point of view of the community. The paper discusses why commercial construction is a boon to the construction business, providing stable work even when residential construction is at a lull. The paper also discusses the complexities of managing commercial construction.
From the Paper "Commercial construction is defined as "building projects exclusive of residential [single- or two-family home] construction". It is one of the biggest segments of the entire construction industry and is believed to have strengthened the industry in recent years due to rapid and steady growth. The commercial sector has been growing steady for some time now as is evident from market research and reports. Back in 2000, Sinderman wrote: "...the state of the commercial real estate market is strong. The demand for office, industrial and retail buildings remains high, and, as Internet-based companies continue to grow, specialized facilities have become more popular than ever." In 2005, a construction report by McGraw-Hill supported that claim: "The commercial and infrastructure construction segments are providing a lift to the overall construction industry, marking a role reversal from most of the past two or three years. According to October 2004 figures for future construction contracts calculated by McGraw-Hill Construction, Lexington, Mass., overall new construction starts increased 4 percent in October versus September (on a seasonally adjusted basis), with nonresidential and infrastructure construction gaining while the residential sector fell slightly." (Late Rebound)"
Tags:commercial, construction, residential, business, office, hotel
Abstract This paper explains that three types of commercials, aired during "CSI: Miami" on September 19, 2005, were aimed at selling female products, male products and the TV station itself. The author points out that these commercials were structured to appeal specifically to either males or females. The paper relates that commercials geared to attracting women are more populist in that they appeal to the female drive to visually fit in with the expectations of American society. The author states that commercials geared to attracting men are more elitist in that they are based on the motivation to have the bigger and better product so they will be the source of envy for others. The author underscores that both methods do not attempt to sell a product that the viewer may necessarily need, but rather sells the social implications that come with the acquisition of the product.
From the Paper "The clothing commercials flaunt women that are single digit sizes strutting around while men check them out in their brand new attractive JCPenny and Marshalls Fall wear. They are always smiling and laughing as they dance around looking very comfortable and self confident. The colors used in these commercials complement the models. Since it is an autumn line, the ad is filled with earth-tones. For example, a red haired model is wearing a red scarf and a brunette is wearing a brown sweater. The colors support the models to show them in their best light, thus amplifying the attractiveness of the clothing being sold."
Abstract This paper proposes a thesis that will show that Saudi Arabia is not an ideal destination for international commercial arbitration. To establish this claim, the writer explains that, using comparative law, the research will come up with reasonable arguments to show that in comparison to other countries, Saudi Arabia does not offer a viable environment for solving international commercial disputes. The political, cultural and religious factors that impact on arbitration laws are considered in the research to establish Saudi Arabia's viability to international arbitration. The study also aims at providing suggestions that will help improve Saudi Arabia to make it suitable for solving international commercial disputes as an arbitration seat.
Outline:
Introduction
International Commercial Arbitration
Saudi Arabia Law on Arbitration
Significance of the Study
Aim and Context of Study
Approach and Methodology
Contribution to Knowledge
From the Paper "Saudi Arabia has made quite a considerable advancement in the use of arbitration law since its inception in 1983. It is however questionable whether the provisions of this law can effectively solve disputes from outside the border. This is a consideration made following the rising need for international commercial arbitration services as the world turns into a global village (Lew, Mistelis and Kroll, 2003). Interaction between laws, culture and religion continue to limit the ability of Saudi Arabia in providing such services. As a result, there is a need to make improvements so as minimize the shortcomings which will make it more suitable for international commercial arbitration."
Tags: culture tradition Islamic UNCITRAL Shari'a oil blockage, Gulf State, Quran Muslim
Abstract This paper argues for the institution of commercial pilots carrying arms. It shows that since the 9/11 attacks, people willing to fly on commercial airlines have drastically decreased. It argues that in order for the airline industry to be able to regain these figures and ensure passengers and crew that the skies are indeed friendly, commercial airline pilots need to be able to carry weapons, or have access to a weapon within the cockpit.
From the Paper "Airlines have undertaken various methods to ensure the cockpit is safe from any hijacker. These measures have included barring the cockpit and making it impenetrable to a terrorist on-board. While this is a positive first step, it does not relieve travelers of their worries, and in fact, alienates crew and passengers from the pilots. This kind of alienation does not increase the likelihood of someone choosing to fly over taking the train. It only sends out a subliminal message to passengers that flying is still dangerous because of the probability of a terrorist attack on a plane."
Abstract This paper analyzes the increasing commercialization of public broadcasting. In recent years, public broadcasters have significantly expanded the scope of donor and underwriting acknowledgments. This expanded scope means that promotional slogans and even corporate logos may be aired. The result is that many of public broadcasting's underwriting announcements are virtually indistinguishable from commercials. The paper rejects suggestions that allowing limited commercial advertisements to penetrate public broadcasting might alleviate the serious funding strains public broadcasting faces.
From the Paper "The controversy surrounding American public broadcasting's increasing commercialization has reached deafening proportions in recent years. Although the Federal Communications Act of 1934 uniformly prohibits noncommercial broadcasters from airing advertisements promoting any specific product or service, the interpretation of that guideline has over many years been stretched significantly as a result of several Federal Communication Commission (FCC) rulings. Public broadcasting's enhanced underwriter announcements increasingly mimic commercial broadcast advertisements. However, allowing public broadcast stations to sell traditional commercial advertisements in any way would greatly undermine the goals and spirit of the American public broadcasting system. While some funding alternatives have been suggested, a concrete and sustainable remedy for the long-term financial health of the U.S. public broadcasting system has yet to be realized."
Tags: advertising, commercials, communications, corporation, cpb, marketing, pbs, television
Abstract This paper first gives a complete description of the commercial put out by the National Youth Media against drug abuse. It then describes how the fear-appeal and perceived-efficacy tactics are used in the commercial to persuade the viewer to not use drugs. It closes with a paragraph on whether or not the author found the commercial to be effective.
From the Paper "This advertisement was an efficacious use of the fear appeal technique. The aim of the spot was to alert potential and current users of the drug meth of the possible effects that using the drug can cause. I doubt that any other technique would have presented this point quite as well. Many of those thinking about using the drug or already using the drug may lack the knowledge necessary about the drug to make conscious, educated decisions about using it. This commercial seeks to instill apprehension and fear in viewers so that they will be discouraged from using the drug."
Abstract This paper presents an overview of sports in the U.S. and how sports has become a commercial industry in itself. The paper explains that America seems to commercialize everything, and with the overwhelming support for national sports, this too has become a vibrant and profitable sector of the consumer economy. The paper looks at the monetary value of sports in the U.S. and explores the benefits and down-side to mass-produced commercial sporting entities.
From the Paper "Most professional team sports play a series of games instead of one to decide the championship. For this reason, the Super Bowl is unique in American professional sports. Football has typically been viewed as the toughest team sport with large men playing a full contact sport that makes the entertainment value extremely high for sports fans. These factors make the Super Bowl a unique and powerful entertainment package that appeals to sports fans like no other championship game can. For this reason, the Super Bowl is the most commercialized event in sports. The commercialization of the Super Bowl makes it a grandiose event. People who are not even football fans watch the Super Bowl for the creative commercial broadcasting. As a result, the Super Bowl generates the creative commercialization process that increases fervor for material things and greatly influences pop culture."
Tags: superbowl, football, basketball, advertising, culture, extreme, television
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses that a solution proposed to the organ donor shortage is the commercialization of human body parts, and that this is a solution well worth investigation. The writer notes that in this increasingly commercial world it should come as no surprise that individuals are willing to pay for organ transplants. In fact, individuals do pay for organ transplants on a regular basis, but they do so in a manner that is currently against the law and frequently very dangerous. The writer discusses that through putting law and regulation in place individuals could receive organ transplants without leaving their own country, and donors from within the same country could receive monetary compensation for their organ donation, as well as proper medical after care. The writer concludes that if commercialized organ donation is what it will take to save lives and to prevent the exploitation of the less fortunate who are coerced into illegal and unsafe organ donation, then it should be considered a very viable solution.
From the Paper "Due to the organ crisis, there is a rampant black market for organs, especially kidneys, that sees individuals in deprived, often third-world countries selling their organs to rich Westerners. There are a number of serious and medically dangerous issues associated with this growing trend, not least of which is the unsatisfactory care provided to the donors. Individuals who donate their organs usually do so for very small amounts of money and receive substandard health care following their donation. The doctors who perform these illicit operations are the ones who benefit financially, while the individual who purchased the organ usually survives much longer, but still may not receive the best after-care due to the illegal nature of the operation. The donors often experience a decrease in livelihood and standard of living as they develop medical conditions that prevent them from participating in the manual labour force that is usually the only available employment. Regardless of restrictions and laws against these black market transactions, they continue, and will continue, and almost understandably. Being faced with a life threatening condition and having the means to remedy the situation through the wielding of power and money would be an opportunity not easily turned down by many individuals."
Abstract This paper is an in-depth look at information technology, such as software, and how such commercial goods and services are now handled under Article 2B of the UCC. The author looks at the debate whether these transactions, sales of software, should be considered under copyright laws, as it is different from the Uniform Commercial Code. The paper discusses how information technology is distinct from the sale of actual goods, software is a service.
From the Paper "Information transactions and, especially, transactions involving licensing of information, differ substantively from transactions involving the sale or lease of goods. The differences are manifested in both the conditional nature of the transaction and that the value lies not in the tangible property, but in information and rights that are severable from the tangibles. Indeed, increasingly no tangible items are needed to convey information on-line or in electronic transactions. A body of law tailored to transactions whose purpose is to pass title to tangible property can not be simply applied to transactions whose purpose was to convey rights in intangible property and information. A separate treatment of this commercially important class of transactions was needed."
Abstract This paper examines how past mistakes actually worked in favor of Boeing and became its strengths. The paper describes the current standing of the company in the airline industry and their prospects for the future.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
In the Beginning
The First Commercial Planes
Commercial Jetliners
A New Future
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "One of the giants in the commercial airline industry is Boeing Corporation. Since it's founding it has been an example of what hard work and constant reinventing of a product can do. Boeing Corporation has always kept in mind the needs of the public when designing their aircraft."
Abstract International commercial arbitration has been helping the international trade and commerce by being mediator in the occurrence of disputes. This paper explains how knowing and learning of its powers, duties and jurisdiction is essential to parties concerned in arbitration in the event of resolving disagreements. This paper provides information on International Commercial Arbitration. It also examines the procedural aspects prevailing in the international arbitration, specific issues, as well as court proceedings. Part of which, being a judicial body, is the discussion of the basic and fundamental approach of laws of most governing arbitral institutions.
From the Paper "In events when business parties from different countries have disputes concerning commercial problems, litigation process often leaves them in expensive and frustrating procedures of finding international courts to resolve their cases. Unfortunate sometimes, the judgment imposed by courts is impossible to enforce. As a solution to this difficulty, arbitration was organized to facilitate the resolution of commercial disputes.
The International Commercial Arbitration flourished with the development and expansion of international trade and commerce. International methods of resolving disputes continuously develop and being nourished by the experience gathered from the various arbitration cases. Its purpose and function is to act as an arbitrator between parties from different nations with commercial disputes."
