Abstract Summary: Without the Development of the Marketplace and the Division of Labor, Our Modern Notion of Culture Would Have Been Inconceivable. Culture needs the development of the marketplace and the division of labor, but capitalism can only develop along cultural lines.
Abstract The purpose of this study is to provide a general overview of the discipline of commercial art. To do so, a number of topics will be touched upon so that readers can gain a broad understanding of the importance of commercial art in contemporary culture, as well as some of the means by which commercial art is produced.
From the Paper "The importance of commercial art and the artists who create it cannot be overemphasized. Western, capitalist societies depend upon the skills that commercial artists possess. Quite simply, "commercial artists create a moving record of social moods and public perceptions ... because art, emotion, and business interests converge in advertising" ("Area of Study" par. 2). Put another way, capitalism is built on advertising. Without advertising, producers would not be able to convince consumers that they have an artificial need for a given product. Commercial art is the medium through which advertising operates and the proverbial glue that holds together the economic systems of Western nations. The purpose of this study is to provide a general overview of the discipline of commercial art. "
Abstract This paper discusses one of the central themes of the internal politics of sports, as being the conflict between commercial professional ethos and amateur elite ethos. The paper discusses the growing commercialism in British sports since 1945 and explores and analyzes the different perspectives of amateur elitism and commercial professionalism.
From the Paper "It is also worth noting that even during the peak of the amateur ideal, professionalism and commercialism were not eradicated, nor always treated with hostility . They were instead, bounded and subordinated for the most part. Arguably, distinctions between the amateur and professional sportsman remained crucial in that they "helped maintain a pre-existing set of social relations" and "often served to preclude or circumscribe class competition in sport" Though by the 1950s with the foundations of Britain's 'New Jerusalem' firmly laid ideas that the gentlemanly amateur should outrank the paid professional became unfashionable. Social change and a "less deferential spirit" provided the impetus for challenging traditional hierarchies of power in sports. Indeed the 1950s is often seen as the decade "when a set of crucial changes were set in train which were set to usher in the 'modern' game" of professionalized sports."
Abstract This paper contends that commercials are far less sexist and less racist now than they were 50 years ago or even a generation ago. The writer discusses that subtle sexism is as dangerous as the more explicit varieties, because it is harder to identify and therefore to fight against. In this article, the writer explores sexism in the world of the television commercial.
From the Paper "Most of us try to avoid thinking about commercials. We reach for our remote to mute them, wander out of the room during them, talk to our roommates, do some homework on our laptops. And because we try to ignore commercials much of the time, we believe that their influence on us is minimized. We are not really paying attention so we do not think that they are affecting us. But the average American is exposed to thousands of ads and commercials every year and even if we are ... '
Abstract The paper discusses surveys which study the effect of TV commercials on children. The paper relates that the food industry has increased its advertising to all ages, including children, which is having a negative impact on their health. The paper suggests that companies should be held responsible for their influence on children, or at least present a more rounded view of food and nutrition. The paper also states that children have been bombarded by food marketing, which has resulted in higher rates of obesity. The paper ,after referring to various situations, concludes that a relationship has been found between television commercials and eating.
From the Paper "A similar study was conducted in Europe, where children do not eat enough fruit and vegetables and where exposure to TV is negatively associated with the intake of these foods. This study by Klepp et. al. (2007) explored exposure to food commercials on TV in nine European countries with approximately 12, 750 children to determine the association between this exposure and attitudes toward eating fruits and vegetables. The authors state that the children report exposure more to more unhealthy foods than healthy ones such as fruits and vegetables. However, those who were exposed to fruit and vegetable TV ads were much more positively disposed toward eating these foods. These findings point to the important, and more positive, role that TV could play in supporting healthy eating messages."
Abstract This paper explains the Confucian moral theory and how it relates to the marketplace. The paper compares and contrasts the East Asian marketplace with the Western marketplace particularly in relation to their morality. The paper shows how some of the Western markets' basic principles have been adapted in order for Asia to become and remain successful in the world marketplace and it discusses the consequences of these adaptations.
From the Paper "In East Asia, business practices that would be accepted by Westerners are considered to be immoral. For example, if a gas station charged exorbitant prices for gas because they were the only place that had the resource available, this would be unconscionable to East Asians. In a competitive market it is not immoral to do this, but in the minds of East Asians it is considered to be immoral since the customer is being taken advantage of, especially since the consumer has no recourse (Magagna 11-01-06). Mencius, a Confucian thinker, believes that markets are not purely about self-interest or taking advantage of other people. Instead he thinks that markets involve cooperation and collective action, both of which can improve people's lives (Magana 11-06-06)."
Abstract The paper discusses that today's global marketplace has changed the definition of the role of human resources in the business world. The paper then examines those changes and its effect on the role held by human resource managers.
Outline:
Introduction
The Role Of HR In Today's Marketplace Assessment Of The Extent Of Global Participation
Challenges: Differences In Culture And Management Styles
Challenges Of A Global Marketplace Summary and Conclusion
.
From the Paper "Bray (2006) states: "Barney (1991) developed a model that demonstrates that, for a resource to be the source of sustained competitive advantage, it must create value (V) for the firm; it must be rare (R); it must be inimitable (I); and it must be nonsubstitutable (S)." Bray states that when this model is applied that human resources has the "highest probability among all resources of being the source of sustained competitive advantage for the firm." (2006) With this in mind, Bray argues that a firm should "focus its entire pool of human resources..." (2006) When human resources is considered in the organization Bray states that human resources is distinguished as: "...individuals (or an elite group of individuals such as top management teams) and human resources as the total pool of human capital." (2006) However in Barney (1991) the emphasis was placed on HR resources referring to both manager and worker characteristics and the work of Wright McMahan and McWilliams (1994) posited that "...the larger pool of human capital that constitutes the entire organization is more likely to be a source of sustained competitive advantage." (Bray, 2006) A resource, according to Bray "must also be rare if it is to be a source of sustained competitive advantage." (2006) In fact, the organization that is globally based has a better change at acquiring the 'rare' human 'resource' because it has a larger pool to choose from. Bray specifically states: "Therefore, firms that, because of their international operations, can draw from more than one labor pool have a greater potential for developing a human-resource-based sustainable competitive advantage than do domestic firms that can draw from only one labor pool. Transnational organizations by virtue of transnational representation and a transnational process are particularly able to draw upon the rare components of their multiple labor pools, and are, thus, more likely to develop sustainable competitive advantages." "
Tags: business, performance, competitive, market, place
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses that with rising fuel prices and terrorism as a backdrop, many of the world's major commercial airlines have filed bankruptcy, blaming the additional costs of fuel and security measures for their demise. The writer notes however, that this is not the case with every airline, which leads to interesting subject matter to validate an issue position. In this paper, the researcher validates the issue position that the economic collapse of many major airlines has not been caused by fuel and security, but rather by flaws in the typical commercial aviation business model. This position is justified by the citation of relevant literature and logical conclusions drawn from the research of same. The writer concludes that the aviation industry needs to continually strive for excellence if it is to avoid its own self-fulfilling prophecy.
Outline:
Presentation of Position
Commercial Aviation Still Holds Potential for Success
Modern Success Stories Exist
Current Events in Commercial Aviation
Bankruptcies are commonplace
Bankruptcies are Caused by Several Common Factors
Success Stories in Commercial Aviation
India's Aviation Renaissance
Low Cost Aviation Model
Proof of Position
Closing Thoughts
From the Paper "The commercial aviation industry is chock full of an inordinate number of bankruptcies, with hundreds occurring over the past several decades. These events had been blamed on a wide variety of factors over the years. Over the last 6 months, there has been another rash of bankruptcies, which are currently being blamed on the excess costs of the security measures needed to protect commercial flights from terrorist infiltration and the rising cost of fuel, with sources reporting that the industry can only realistically pass 10% of the additional expenses on to the consumer for a variety of reasons."
Abstract This paper describes commercial construction as "building projects exclusive of residential construction," and discusses commercial construction from both an economic point of view and from the point of view of the community. The paper discusses why commercial construction is a boon to the construction business, providing stable work even when residential construction is at a lull. The paper also discusses the complexities of managing commercial construction.
From the Paper "Commercial construction is defined as "building projects exclusive of residential [single- or two-family home] construction". It is one of the biggest segments of the entire construction industry and is believed to have strengthened the industry in recent years due to rapid and steady growth. The commercial sector has been growing steady for some time now as is evident from market research and reports. Back in 2000, Sinderman wrote: "...the state of the commercial real estate market is strong. The demand for office, industrial and retail buildings remains high, and, as Internet-based companies continue to grow, specialized facilities have become more popular than ever." In 2005, a construction report by McGraw-Hill supported that claim: "The commercial and infrastructure construction segments are providing a lift to the overall construction industry, marking a role reversal from most of the past two or three years. According to October 2004 figures for future construction contracts calculated by McGraw-Hill Construction, Lexington, Mass., overall new construction starts increased 4 percent in October versus September (on a seasonally adjusted basis), with nonresidential and infrastructure construction gaining while the residential sector fell slightly." (Late Rebound)"
Tags:commercial, construction, residential, business, office, hotel
Abstract This paper explains that three types of commercials, aired during "CSI: Miami" on September 19, 2005, were aimed at selling female products, male products and the TV station itself. The author points out that these commercials were structured to appeal specifically to either males or females. The paper relates that commercials geared to attracting women are more populist in that they appeal to the female drive to visually fit in with the expectations of American society. The author states that commercials geared to attracting men are more elitist in that they are based on the motivation to have the bigger and better product so they will be the source of envy for others. The author underscores that both methods do not attempt to sell a product that the viewer may necessarily need, but rather sells the social implications that come with the acquisition of the product.
From the Paper "The clothing commercials flaunt women that are single digit sizes strutting around while men check them out in their brand new attractive JCPenny and Marshalls Fall wear. They are always smiling and laughing as they dance around looking very comfortable and self confident. The colors used in these commercials complement the models. Since it is an autumn line, the ad is filled with earth-tones. For example, a red haired model is wearing a red scarf and a brunette is wearing a brown sweater. The colors support the models to show them in their best light, thus amplifying the attractiveness of the clothing being sold."
Abstract This paper proposes a thesis that will show that Saudi Arabia is not an ideal destination for international commercial arbitration. To establish this claim, the writer explains that, using comparative law, the research will come up with reasonable arguments to show that in comparison to other countries, Saudi Arabia does not offer a viable environment for solving international commercial disputes. The political, cultural and religious factors that impact on arbitration laws are considered in the research to establish Saudi Arabia's viability to international arbitration. The study also aims at providing suggestions that will help improve Saudi Arabia to make it suitable for solving international commercial disputes as an arbitration seat.
Outline:
Introduction
International Commercial Arbitration
Saudi Arabia Law on Arbitration
Significance of the Study
Aim and Context of Study
Approach and Methodology
Contribution to Knowledge
From the Paper "Saudi Arabia has made quite a considerable advancement in the use of arbitration law since its inception in 1983. It is however questionable whether the provisions of this law can effectively solve disputes from outside the border. This is a consideration made following the rising need for international commercial arbitration services as the world turns into a global village (Lew, Mistelis and Kroll, 2003). Interaction between laws, culture and religion continue to limit the ability of Saudi Arabia in providing such services. As a result, there is a need to make improvements so as minimize the shortcomings which will make it more suitable for international commercial arbitration."
Tags: culture tradition Islamic UNCITRAL Shari'a oil blockage, Gulf State, Quran Muslim
Abstract This paper explains that the political/governmental complex ensures the press will cast it in a favorable light through interlocking spheres of influence; economically, the press needs the government as it once needed the citizenry. The author points out that high-powered and celebrity journalists are the current go-betweens for the political powers and the market. The paper concludes that if the media owners put public service above profits, and if the political marketplace were not a single-product company, profits might happen both for the owners and for the stakeholders in the political process.
Table of Contents
The Situation Today
Good Old Days
Back to the Future
From the Paper "By the time of the Civil War, the relationship between the politicians, the press and the populace had begun to change, and again, economics was the crux. Mainstream political interests were motivated to suppress anti-slavery publications. For economic reason, it was important for both Northern Whigs and Northern Democrats to demonstrate to their Southern copartisans that they were not harboring those opposed to slavery. And, since getting elected required appealing to all parts of the nation, as now, it was necessary for politicians to pander to political sensitivities of influential regions out of proportion to numbers of voters found there."
Abstract This paper examines the functioning of competition in the marketplace. The focus is on production Cartel effects. The paper considers market structure in relation to competition on a general level, and then on the cartel.
From the Paper "This paper reviews the functioning of competition in the marketplace. Competition can affect market prices, product innovation, the number of participants in a market, product quality and other factors. To a great extent such effects are functions of the structure of a market. This paper considers market structure in relation to competition at a general level. Then a closer examination is made of the functioning of competition in a specific type of market structure ..."
Abstract This paper argues for the institution of commercial pilots carrying arms. It shows that since the 9/11 attacks, people willing to fly on commercial airlines have drastically decreased. It argues that in order for the airline industry to be able to regain these figures and ensure passengers and crew that the skies are indeed friendly, commercial airline pilots need to be able to carry weapons, or have access to a weapon within the cockpit.
From the Paper "Airlines have undertaken various methods to ensure the cockpit is safe from any hijacker. These measures have included barring the cockpit and making it impenetrable to a terrorist on-board. While this is a positive first step, it does not relieve travelers of their worries, and in fact, alienates crew and passengers from the pilots. This kind of alienation does not increase the likelihood of someone choosing to fly over taking the train. It only sends out a subliminal message to passengers that flying is still dangerous because of the probability of a terrorist attack on a plane."
Abstract This paper analyzes the increasing commercialization of public broadcasting. In recent years, public broadcasters have significantly expanded the scope of donor and underwriting acknowledgments. This expanded scope means that promotional slogans and even corporate logos may be aired. The result is that many of public broadcasting's underwriting announcements are virtually indistinguishable from commercials. The paper rejects suggestions that allowing limited commercial advertisements to penetrate public broadcasting might alleviate the serious funding strains public broadcasting faces.
From the Paper "The controversy surrounding American public broadcasting's increasing commercialization has reached deafening proportions in recent years. Although the Federal Communications Act of 1934 uniformly prohibits noncommercial broadcasters from airing advertisements promoting any specific product or service, the interpretation of that guideline has over many years been stretched significantly as a result of several Federal Communication Commission (FCC) rulings. Public broadcasting's enhanced underwriter announcements increasingly mimic commercial broadcast advertisements. However, allowing public broadcast stations to sell traditional commercial advertisements in any way would greatly undermine the goals and spirit of the American public broadcasting system. While some funding alternatives have been suggested, a concrete and sustainable remedy for the long-term financial health of the U.S. public broadcasting system has yet to be realized."
Tags: advertising, commercials, communications, corporation, cpb, marketing, pbs, television
