Abstract This paper describes commercialconstruction as "building projects exclusive of residential construction," and discusses commercialconstruction from both an economic point of view and from the point of view of the community. The paper discusses why commercialconstruction is a boon to the construction business, providing stable work even when residential construction is at a lull. The paper also discusses the complexities of managing commercialconstruction.
From the Paper "Commercial construction is defined as "building projects exclusive of residential [single- or two-family home] construction". It is one of the biggest segments of the entire construction industry and is believed to have strengthened the industry in recent years due to rapid and steady growth. The commercial sector has been growing steady for some time now as is evident from market research and reports. Back in 2000, Sinderman wrote: "...the state of the commercial real estate market is strong. The demand for office, industrial and retail buildings remains high, and, as Internet-based companies continue to grow, specialized facilities have become more popular than ever." In 2005, a construction report by McGraw-Hill supported that claim: "The commercial and infrastructure construction segments are providing a lift to the overall construction industry, marking a role reversal from most of the past two or three years. According to October 2004 figures for future construction contracts calculated by McGraw-Hill Construction, Lexington, Mass., overall new construction starts increased 4 percent in October versus September (on a seasonally adjusted basis), with nonresidential and infrastructure construction gaining while the residential sector fell slightly." (Late Rebound)"
Tags:commercial, construction, residential, business, office, hotel
Abstract The purpose of this study is to provide a general overview of the discipline of commercial art. To do so, a number of topics will be touched upon so that readers can gain a broad understanding of the importance of commercial art in contemporary culture, as well as some of the means by which commercial art is produced.
From the Paper "The importance of commercial art and the artists who create it cannot be overemphasized. Western, capitalist societies depend upon the skills that commercial artists possess. Quite simply, "commercial artists create a moving record of social moods and public perceptions ... because art, emotion, and business interests converge in advertising" ("Area of Study" par. 2). Put another way, capitalism is built on advertising. Without advertising, producers would not be able to convince consumers that they have an artificial need for a given product. Commercial art is the medium through which advertising operates and the proverbial glue that holds together the economic systems of Western nations. The purpose of this study is to provide a general overview of the discipline of commercial art. "
Abstract This paper discusses one of the central themes of the internal politics of sports, as being the conflict between commercial professional ethos and amateur elite ethos. The paper discusses the growing commercialism in British sports since 1945 and explores and analyzes the different perspectives of amateur elitism and commercial professionalism.
From the Paper "It is also worth noting that even during the peak of the amateur ideal, professionalism and commercialism were not eradicated, nor always treated with hostility . They were instead, bounded and subordinated for the most part. Arguably, distinctions between the amateur and professional sportsman remained crucial in that they "helped maintain a pre-existing set of social relations" and "often served to preclude or circumscribe class competition in sport" Though by the 1950s with the foundations of Britain's 'New Jerusalem' firmly laid ideas that the gentlemanly amateur should outrank the paid professional became unfashionable. Social change and a "less deferential spirit" provided the impetus for challenging traditional hierarchies of power in sports. Indeed the 1950s is often seen as the decade "when a set of crucial changes were set in train which were set to usher in the 'modern' game" of professionalized sports."
Abstract This paper contends that commercials are far less sexist and less racist now than they were 50 years ago or even a generation ago. The writer discusses that subtle sexism is as dangerous as the more explicit varieties, because it is harder to identify and therefore to fight against. In this article, the writer explores sexism in the world of the television commercial.
From the Paper "Most of us try to avoid thinking about commercials. We reach for our remote to mute them, wander out of the room during them, talk to our roommates, do some homework on our laptops. And because we try to ignore commercials much of the time, we believe that their influence on us is minimized. We are not really paying attention so we do not think that they are affecting us. But the average American is exposed to thousands of ads and commercials every year and even if we are ... '
Abstract The paper discusses surveys which study the effect of TV commercials on children. The paper relates that the food industry has increased its advertising to all ages, including children, which is having a negative impact on their health. The paper suggests that companies should be held responsible for their influence on children, or at least present a more rounded view of food and nutrition. The paper also states that children have been bombarded by food marketing, which has resulted in higher rates of obesity. The paper ,after referring to various situations, concludes that a relationship has been found between television commercials and eating.
From the Paper "A similar study was conducted in Europe, where children do not eat enough fruit and vegetables and where exposure to TV is negatively associated with the intake of these foods. This study by Klepp et. al. (2007) explored exposure to food commercials on TV in nine European countries with approximately 12, 750 children to determine the association between this exposure and attitudes toward eating fruits and vegetables. The authors state that the children report exposure more to more unhealthy foods than healthy ones such as fruits and vegetables. However, those who were exposed to fruit and vegetable TV ads were much more positively disposed toward eating these foods. These findings point to the important, and more positive, role that TV could play in supporting healthy eating messages."
Abstract Federal contracts for construction, while similar in many respects to other types of federal contracts, have some unique aspects that have caused the federal government to create a system of rules within the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) specific to construction contracts. The federal government has been justified in creating these rules separate from those that apply specifically to supply and service contracts. This paper focuses on some of the unique rules and regulations that apply to federal construction contracts, including those related to contract types, labor laws, specifications, payments, delays, and differing site conditions.
Abstract
Overview
Contract Types
Federal Construction Contracting Laws
Contract Performance and Specifications
Payment Financing
Delays
Differing Site Conditions
References
From the Paper "The federal government is the largest owner of real property in the world (Bastianelli, et. al., 1998), so it stands to reason that they spend an enormous amount of money on construction and maintenance of that property. It is difficult to gauge exactly how much the federal government spends on construction annually, but it is noteworthy that the Department of Defense alone planned to award over $10 billion on construction contracts in 2002 (Bush, 2001). Because of this significant amount of construction outsourcing, and the intricacies that go along with construction contracting, the federal government has been justified in developing unique regulations and rules for construction contracts. The federal government, in the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR), defines construction as, ?"construction, alteration, or repair (including dredging, excavating, and painting) of buildings, structures, or other real property"? (FAR 2.101). Determining whether or not something is considered a building or a structure is general straightforward, although there are always exceptions. However, the line defining whether or not something is real property can, at times, be somewhat unclear. The FAR does not provide a definition for real property, but in federal contracts the common legal definition is used, that real property is, ?"land and all things that are attached to it"? (Lectric Law Library, 2003). Though many of the clauses, terms and conditions, and rules applicable to federal construction contracts are the same, or similar, to those that are used on federal contracts for supplies, there are a number of differences in the nature of contracting for construction that have caused the federal government to create separate laws that deal specifically with federal construction contracts. One of the major differences is that construction contracts are performed on Government property. Because of this, construction contractors are subject to a great deal more in the area of inspections and general surveillance on their contracts (Abernathy and Kelleher, 1976). Construction contracts typically have much more paperwork than federal supply contracts. On construction contracts, a contractor is required to file daily reports showing that they complied with all the unique construction regulations, including safety, schedules, and submittals of material samples (Arnavas, 2001, ?? 27.4.a.). Construction contracts are subject to much greater scrutiny on performance than supply contracts, as detailed analysis and explanation of any deficiencies are reported to contractors and contractors have the right to respond. Past performance information is also kept on construction contracts for six years, where the norm on supply contracts is three years (Arnavas, 2001, ?? 27.4.a). Other differences that will be the focus of this paper include contract types, labor laws, specifications, payments, delays, and differing site conditions."
Abstract This article serves as a defense of the claim that race is a social construct, rather than a biological fact. The writer discusses the view that genetic inequalities are not inborn, but rather created by society. In this paper, the writer looks at inequality in society caused by differences in race that appear to have been constructed by society.
From the Paper "The argument that race is a genetic predisposition is an old one and certainly an important one as it has been practiced among governments and other such institutions for centuries. This argument however leads to unwanted implications of genetic inequality between the races that we have learned is simply not the case. There are no inherent differences between individual races that are not arbitrarily constructed by society. In fact, it seems apparent that there are more variations in appearance and personality within a single race ... "
Abstract This paper describes the history of race as a distinctly Western idea. Through this process, the writer shows how and when the concept of "race" was invented or socially constructed. It then emphasizes the point that race has no biological reality by focusing on genetics and human variation, among other factors that repudiate the notion that race is biologically real. Finally, it looks at how the concept of race is, indeed, as Hacking states, "quite bad as it is," and puts forth a new archetype, one that does away with the concept of race altogether and focuses on the uniqueness of individual human beings.
From the Paper "What does it mean to say that race is "socially constructed"? In fact, what do we mean when we say that anything is socially constructed? Ian Hacking, after researching many books on social construction, stated that in order for something - he called it "X" - to be socially constructed, it must adhere to the following two premises: (0) In the present state of affairs, X is taken for granted; X appears to be inevitable. (1) X need not have existed, or need not be at all as it is. X, or X as it is at present, is not determined by the nature of things; it is not inevitable. Hacking goes on to state that these next two claims are also usually, though not always, implied by the use of the phrase "social construction": (2) X is quite bad as it is. (3) We would be much better off if X were done away with, or at least radically transformed."
Abstract This essay is about residential sprinklers in modern construction. It considers the effects of residential sprinklers on consumers, the government, and businesses and evaluates whether the overall effects has been positive or negative.
From the Paper "Using sprinklers to irrigate residential landscaping has become so commonplace that few people give the matter much consideration Homeowners consider sprinklers a boon since it eliminates watering ..."
Abstract This paper examines external factors that can cause problems in construction projects.
From the Paper "Construction projects are often used to describe the project management process because of the many interrelated tasks that must be accomplished in order for the project to be completed on time and within budget. Construction projects are also used to demonstrate risk management and risk aversion principles because of the many external factors that can have a detrimental effect on the project. If a task is not accomplished early in the process it can put the entire project offtrack and may cause ..."
Abstract This paper deals with the basic history of the residential construction market and the current market. It looks at several factors, current and past which lead the industry to where it is today.
From the Paper "Throughout the last century many aspects of our economy and way of life were permanently altered as a result of governmental involvement and the development of finance options, never before seen in the residential construction industry. In the beginning of the 20th century, what seemed unattainable by homebuyers became a common expectation by that century's close. These expectations dealt with a consumer not only being able to build his own home but more importantly being able to possess personal property, which represented, "comfort, convenience and quality of life unknown to previous generations" ("A Century of Progress", 2003). The catalyst of change began in 1949 when the U.S. government established the "Housing Act of 1949". At this point it became a national goal to improve living standards for all American families and provide them with the opportunity to own their own home. "
Abstract In this article, the writer looks at Florida, that has a high concentration of migrant labor in all industries involving manual labor. The writer notes that this concentration of migrant, or otherwise largely Hispanic, workforce is readily apparent in the construction industry where large numbers of Hispanic workers are regularly employed. The writer looks at the problems faced by the U.S. in order to ensure the safety and care of such employees. Further the writer discusses related U.S. welfare and social policies, in comparison to Canada.
From the Paper The United States has long resisted using government programs to reduce inequalities to the degree that Canada has, and the result is predictable in that the problems in the U.S. are much greater. At the same time, Canada has been reconsidering some aspects of its social policies. The assumption made by this statement is common, that capitalism does not cover certain types of social program, certain types of human needs, while the welfare state does cover these elements. Between Canada and the United States, this has been illustrated most starkly over the past couple of decades by the difference in terms of health care. Canada offers a comprehensive and centralized health care system, a so-called single payer system, while the United States does not and has been embroiled in controversy for years as a result.
Abstract The paper examines Section 107 of the Housing Grants Construction and Regeneration Act, passed by the United Kingdom Parliament in 1996. Specifically the paper looks at the interpretation of section 107, which deals with matters of adjudication, and how it was affected by a series of United Kingdom court cases between the years 2002 - 2007.
Outline:
Introduction
Body
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper "The Court stated that the broad interpretation of the section 107 of the HGCRA 1996 was wrong and that the Section 107 was intended by Parliament to be interpreted as meaning that the whole agreement has to be in writing, not only the basic terms. This was underlined by the fact that the time in adjudication is tight, therefore the adjudicator should not have to spend time deciding what contract terms may or may not apply. As not all terms of contract were in writing, The Court found that in the case of RJT v DM there was no right to adjudicate.
"This whole issue remains a real concern within the industry particularly given the apparently restrictive interpretation of section 107 of the Act by the Court of Appeal in the RJT case, which may mean that many industry contracts, particularly those involving small and medium-sized enterprises, will fall outside of the scope of the legislation."
