Abstract
In this article, the writer examines how far practices associated with funerals and commemoration changed in early modern England. The writer notes that by comparing practices surrounding death, both before and after the Reformation, the essay points to the need to differentiate between religious attitudes, on the one hand, and social and political necessity, on the other, as a way of arriving at a more precise and mutually-inclusive understanding of what constitutes change.

From the Paper
"By implication, much of the reason why preparation for death, the Final Moments, and funeral arrangements proved so arduous as well extravagant was because all these were geared toward helping the dying and the deceased attain salvation. More specifically, the Catholic practice of preparing for death involved the profession of faith and the confession of sins; it saw the dying receive absolution and, if physically able, take part in the Holy Eucharist; it involved priests anointing eyes, ears, nose, lips, hands and feet with the sacraments which were accompanied by psalms and collects and the sprinkling of holy water; and it also bore witness to the dying express devotion to the crucifix. All of these were designed to prepare the dying for the trials and tribulations of a stint in purgatory where the fate of the deceased hung tantalizingly in the balance. Even after death, the dead were, in many ways, still very much "alive". By leaving behind wills, which provided endowments to family, church and poor, testators could oblige the living to intercede for them. For without the prayers of the living the deceased would not be able to withstand the rigours of purgatory."

Tags:rituals, mourning, spirit, deceased

Abstract
Throughout the world, nations have used their history to help form a national identity. History has been manipulated by presenters and politicians to promote perceived societal ideals, to orientate political ideologies, and to build a power base. The paper examines how this ability is clearly seen in Japan and the Yasukuni Shrine. The paper shows that the shrine, founded in 1869, is the resting place of roughly 2.5 million Japanese who gave their lives in the service of their country dating from the Meiji Restoration period.

From the Paper
"Since the end of the Pacific War, Japan has been rife with debate over the position of government with respect to the shrine. In 1979, the two sides became more divided with the enshrinement of fourteen class A war criminals at Yasukuni. Yet much of the controversy lies in the rhetoric used by the Japanese government and in the shrine. Far from admitting to the crimes of its kami and appeasing the progressives, the Yasukuni website claims that "there were also 1,068 'Martyrs of Showa' who were cruelly and unjustly tried as war criminals by a sham-like tribunal of the Allied forces (United States, England, the Netherlands, China and others)."

Tags:commemoration, koizumi, shinto, kami

Abstract
The papers contained here are: "A National Memorial Commemorating the Dead", "Euthanasia", "The Role of Humor in Death", "Day of the Dead", "Acculturation and the Sociology of Death and Dying", and "Organ Donation".

Abstract
In this article, the writes examines "Monuments to the Lost Cause--Women, Arts and the Landscapes of Southern Memory" which consists of a series of fourteen scholarly essays regarding commemorative Civil War monuments. The writer discusses the authors' interest in historians giving a multifaceted perspective to the monuments, including a history of their creation, why women so often lead the charge for commemoration and the African-American response to the statues. The writer concludes that the book persuasively suggests that through collective associations such as The Daughters of the Confederacy, women found a voice in the public discourse, albeit one that was socially acceptable because it was in the name of a dead cause.

From the Paper
"Of course, one of the reasons for the devotion of artistic critiques to Northern sculptures is that many of the most important sculptors were working primarily in the North following the war, because the North was the winning side and had the greater financial resources. However, Simpson and Mills note that the South still has abundant public commemorative sculptures despite this. The authors suggest that perhaps, as a chronicle of the losing side, these sculptures not only pose features of interest, but perhaps even of greater interest, as they help the gazer understand the appeal of the Confederate cause amongst many Southern whites today. Diversity and speculation are thus the themes of the book, rather than drawing a singular conclusion."

Tags:sculptures, memorials, soldiers, stone

Abstract
The paper describes how, before the Spaniards arrived in North America, there were flourishing communities of Mayans and Aztecs, with a thriving tradition of sun worship. The paper examines how Halloween and the Day of the Dead share a common origin in the Christian commemoration of the dead on All Saints' and All Souls' Day. The paper further examines how Catholic tradition is partly based upon Celtic Pagan rituals.

From the Paper
"On the second day, the celebration is directed toward the adult deceased. They are thanked for their protection, and respectfully asked to continue bringing prosperity and grace to the family. The family welcomes the souls of the deceased into their homes to visit. Small alters, called offrendas, are constructed and all kinds of lovely things decorate them, including tiny sugar favors made in animal shapes, happy skulls, skeletons, bouquets of flowers and family photographs."

Tags:Mexican, Dia, de, los, Muertos, Conquistadors, gravesite, Latino

Abstract
This paper explains that "Eucharist", "Communion", the "Last Supper" and the "Lord's Supper" are synonymous terms referring to the ongoing celebration and commemoration of the time Jesus spent with his disciples prior to his crucifixion and his finished work on the cross. The author points out that much of Luther and Zwingli's debate centered on the meaning of the bread and the wine, integral elements of Communion. The paper concludes that the result of this unresolved dispute, which led to the fragmentation of Protestantism, may not be as negative as various scholars imply because it is perfectly possible that God needs all the various Protestant churches to appeal to the unique needs and concerns of each person.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Martin Luther
Ulrich Zwingli
The Relationship of Luther and Zwingli
The Meeting at Marburg
Analysis
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Zwingli always seemed to temper his remarks. He and others were appalled at Luther's personal attacks and characterizations and accused him of lacking Christian charity. Tactically, Zwingli was on shaky ground. He needed to say that Luther could be wrong on some issues without defaming him. Luther was, after all, widely respected by those Zwingli was trying to enlist in his cause. Another reason for Zwingli's temperate tone was his humanist training. Because he was committed to modesty and temperance, he could not in good conscience counter Luther's attacks in an unrestrained manner."

Tags:humanist, supper, definitions, division, protestant

Abstract
The paper demonstrates how the three parts of the poem reflect the elegiac, apostrophe and poetic mimicry of Yeats' verse in Auden's "In Memory of William Butler Yeats." The paper discusses that while the poem immediately shows a traditional form of reflection and commemoration of Yeats's life and his death in the modern world, it is clear that Auden sought to idealize the naturalism and mythical mastery that Yeats beheld in poetical history.

From the Paper
"This study will examine the three parts of W.H. Auden's poem: "In Memory of William Butler Yeats." In the first part of the poem, Auden uses a reflective elegiac ideology to commemorate a poet that he held in high literary regard. After Auden describes the differing social perspectives of Yeats' influence on the world, the second part of the poem brings forth an apostrophe that speaks to Yeats as a brother in poetry. Finally, the third part of the poem is written in verse style of Yeats, as Auden brings to life the actual poetic talents that his hero had emulated in his lifetime. In essence, the three parts of the elegy will be examined within the context of the style that Auden has chosen to commemorate William Butler Yeats."

Tags:yeats, auden, poetry

Abstract
May 17, 1994, marks the fortieth anniversary of the Brown vs. Board of Education ruling, which was argued and won by Thurgood Marshall, whose passion and presence emboldened the Little Rock struggle. The paper examines Melba Patillo Beals commemoration of the milestone decision in her first-person account of the violent confrontation that helped shape the civil rights movement. In "Warriors Don't Cry" by Melba Patillo Beals, Beals' depiction of racism in Little Rock, Arkansas, reveals that she was not only a student during the Civil Rights Movement but also had to be a warrior who fought against segregation in the South. By examining Beals' memoirs, the paper shows how her real life experiences, particularly her experiences with desegregation, closely approximate the idea of a warrior.

From the Paper
"In the beginning, the element of the warrior in Beals is directly related to the desegregation of her high school in Little Rock, Arkansas. In the book, there were two things that saved Beal when she walked in Little Rock High. One was the landmark 1954 Supreme Court ruling, Brown v. Board of Education, which "brought the promise of integration to Little Rock, Arkansas"(55). Yet, the ruling only paved the way for integration, the real battle was hard-won for the nine black teenagers chosen to be the front line in the desegregation of Central High School in 1957. These teenagers had to fight a battle that was both civil and governmental, fighting against a rampaging mob and the heavily armed Arkansas National Guard, dispatched by Governor Orval Faubus to subvert federal law and bar them from entering the school. The second thing that saved her was when President Dwight D. Eisenhower responded, "by sending in soldiers of the 101st Airborne Division, the elite "Screaming Eagles,"(177) which transformed Melba Patillo Beals and her eight friends into reluctant warriors on the battlefield of civil rights."

Tags:Arkansas, National, Guard, racism, Central, High

Abstract
Questions whether celebration of Columbus Day should be changed to a different kind of commemoration as a means of making historical amends to Native Americans. Contends Columbus Day has lost its significance.

From the Paper
"The question of how to commemorate the European-American encounter that began in 1492 is controversial because it goes to the heart of the very nature of the country. Is the United States founded on the idealistic desire of Europeans to flee oppression ..."

Abstract
This paper explains that the most intimidating feature of the Holocaust was that people were mute to extremities of human pain, eking out their survival under the most discouraging conditions. Heroism is at the core of the Holocaust, an irredeemable section of it. The author points out that Israel, with the largest number of survivors, has had a large role in saving the reminiscences of the people of the Holocaust. The paper relates that, in Israel, the 27th of Nissan, which comes after Passover, is Yom Hashoah, the Israeli national day of mourning and commemoration of the victims of the Holocaust and other martyrs.

From the Paper
"For these survivors, marriages were seen to be a tough experience, and the task of raising children was even tougher. One among the most recurrent argument in favor of the survivors is that they wanted to become parents so as to ascertain themselves with a proper relationship. The most prevalent aspect of child survivors is the fight with their memories, whether there is abundance or a dearth of it. Nowadays for the child survivor, an even more confusing dilemma is the intervening parts of memory - most are emotionally virulent and sorrowful but make no clear sense. They seem to recur more and more in course of time and are set off by umpteen subconscious or unconscious memories."

Tags:children, hashoah, mourning, heroism, reminiscence