Abstract The president of the United States is known as the commander in chief, the chief of state, the chief administrator and the chief legislator. This paper explores how the presidents of the past and the present have carried out those duties, and what those duties mean. It also examines how the "chief" roles of the president have changed throughout history and how the presidency is much different now than it was in the past.
From the Paper "The President of the United States is a Chief. He is the head of several governmental areas and is seen as the responsible party for these areas. He is the Chief of State, Chief Administrator, Chief Legislator and Chief of the United States armed forces. His leadership in these areas has, over time, changed. The Presidency has evolved to a point where the President of the United States has more power than any other person or office in the United States. This power has at times been bestowed upon the office of the President and it has, at times been usurped by the President in office. Each time that the Presidency has gained power in the past it has not given up its gains. In law, there is a principle known as stare decisis. It means that every decision that is made by a judge is predicated on the decisions of judges past. It is rare that a judge breaks from the legal precedent. The same goes for the Presidency. Over the past 220 years the office has gained power and the "Chief" has become more and more involved in all aspects of governance."
A stream of consciousness essay which records personal feelings about the role of the President as commander in chief. Touches briefly on a number of topics from Hiroshima to Haiti.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, 1995, $ 47.95
From the Paper "The President as Commander.in.Chief
As long as there are war criminals running loose in Bosnia, whether they be Serbian, Croat, or Muslim, the United States can ill afford to withdraw troops. The Bosnian mission of US troops has successfully kept the peace in a land where these war criminals are still bent on destruction of their rivals. If the United States does pull out, it will appear that it abandoned European allies who share peacekeeping duties and will encourage these rival factions to renew the brutal civil war which killed hundreds of thousands of Bosnians.
If the United States and its allies are serious about a permanent peace in Bosnia as the right situation for withdrawing troops, there must be more pressure and actions to enforce the full compliance by all sides of the Dayton Accord. This includes ..."
Abstract This paper explains that the War Powers Act states that the president as the commander-in-chief has the power to introduce the armed forces into any hostilities or into an imminent introduction to hostilities; however, these powers must be exercised by the president only under certain specific circumstances, such as a terrorist attack. The author points out that the president is restricted by the War Powers Act because the president is not able to use military force without the proper congressional authority and other similar authorizations. The paper concludes that, although at times the president is indeed checked by the War Powers Act, for the most part, he is free to make emergency decisions for the welfare of the country.
From the Paper "Although it is also a fact that the Act as such dose not impose restrictions on the President with regard to authorizing military deployment in trouble ridden areas, and so on, the War Powers Act, 50 U.S.C. && 1541-1548 as such, has no purpose nor does it have the effect of modifying or changing the president's already existing powers. It does, however, impose certain restrictions with regard to procedure, that is, when issues of consultation and the presidential reporting of certain actions come into the picture. In fact, the War Powers Resolution also gives the President the power to terminate armed forces that have been deployed in foreign lands, but with the concurrent resolution of the Congress."
Abstract This paper discusses the importance of the Ten Commandments that the Jewish people received from God. It examines each commandment individually, discussing its importance. The author also discusses why the Jews, and no other people, were specifically chosen to receive these commandments.
From the Paper "The Decalogue is designed for only the Jews. These ten laws that they have to abide by are written to ultimately free the Jews from sin. God targeted the Jews because this would be able to prove his power; by taking a nation that had nothing, and turning them into something great. The whole world would know Gods glory. The Decalogue are divine laws, they come straight from God himself and let his will be known. The Decalogue was designed to control external actions, but cannot control the inner thoughts and desires of the Israelites."
Abstract Explains how Intention Awareness can improve Situation Awareness to the point where subordinate military commanders can function in the absence of direct control by senior commanders without compromising the potential for mission accomplishment.
From the Paper intent detection using adaptive learning techniques a conceptual paper The increasing fluidity of situation in military operations may beexpected to continue as emerging technologies and new military doctrinesconverge in zones of confrontation An axiom accepted widely in militaryestablishments around the work is that operational plans are valid onlyuntil the first shot is fired Following that point dynamic command andcontrol replaces plans as commanders act to counter operations of the enemythat threaten attainment of the organizational mission In the conduct of hostile operations
Tags: Intention, Awareness, Situation, Awareness, Command, and, Control
Abstract This paper explains why it is essential that members of the armed forces obey the orders of superior officers. It addresses the hierarchical nature of the military. The writer discusses the national command authority and looks at the chain of command. The writer examines the need for good order within the military. This article also discusses the duty to disobey unlawful orders and the concept of war crimes.
From the Paper "The U.S. military is a hierarchy. Constitutionally, the ultimate authority and responsibility for the national defense rests with the President of the United States and the Commander in Chief of the nation's armed forces. The President uses the Secretary of Defense as his principal assistant in all matters relating to the military and national defense. The Secretary of Defense has statutory authority and control over all branches of America's armed services. The Secretary is responsible for the effective and efficient operation of the U.S. military. "
Tags: U.s. Military, hierarchy, chain of command, commander in chief, secretary of defense, superior officer, lawful command, UCMJ, court martial, war crime
Abstract This paper, using as a guide Bob Woodward's book "The Commander?s", analyzes the actions of the President, the Joint Chiefs of Staff and several federal agencies responsible for managing National Security during the escalation towards hostilities in Panama and Southwest Asia. It includes an analysis of how effective the decision-makers were during the planning, execution and oversight periods of these operations and discusses whether they communicated visions, involved all available experts for consultation and whether they offered several options to aid in their critical decision making.
From the Paper "Before any public statement or initiative by the President, General Colin Powell asked General Norman Schwarzkopf, the Commander of Central Command, to draft a two-tiered plan for possible U.S. responses to any Iraqi move against Kuwait. The first tier was what U.S Forces could do to immediately retaliate against Iraq; the second was what the United States might do defensively to stop any further Iraqi movement. Simultaneously, coordination at the JCS-CINC level had already began while CENTCOM initiated the formal Crisis Planning process. As the diplomatic chess game ensued, the practical aspects of what was needed began to surface presenting the leadership with several challenges and decisions to make. For example, General Schwarzkopf said it would take 17 weeks to get the full deterrence piece of Plan 90-1002- totaling some 200,000 to 250,000 Army, Navy, Airforce, and Marines-into the region."
Abstract This paper discusses the flaws in General Joe Hooker as Command in Chief of the Army of the Potomac during the Battle of Chancellorsville. It covers his strategy, organization of the army, and his battle field tactics.
From the Paper "Joe Hooker was appointed Commander of the Army of the Potomac on January 25, 1863 after the disaster at Fredricksburg; he was 48 years olds at the time. Secretary of War Stanton, who preferred John Reynolds who didn?t want the job, openly opposed Hooker's appointed. General-in-Chief Henry W. Halleck also opposed the appointment of General Hooker. Other candidates for the job were General Meade and General Rosencrants. However, Hooker had friends in high places in Washington, which helped him attain the command."
This paper examines the Spanish American War from the perspective of two different writers, John Offor's ?Why Did the United States Fight Spain in 1898?? and Lewis Gould's "The Spanish American War and President McKinley".
Abstract This paper explains that both authors agree victory in the Spanish American War resulted in the image of the United States as a nation with global interests, acquiring Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippine Islands from Spain, and giving Cuba independence. The author stresses that Gould saw McKinley as a purposive and effective executive, but Offor described the president as a tentative man who did not want to go to war, but was pressured by the public to do so. The paper points out that McKinley, the first modern president, assumed a new role during this war, as McKinley led the nation's military effort, functioning directly as commander in chief, which had never been done before.
From the Paper "Thus, North American investment, particularly in plantations, mills, and mines, increased significantly in Cuba. By 1895, North American businessmen had invested up to 50 million dollars in Cuba, and by 1893, commerce exceeded 100 million dollars. According to Offor, ?For the United States, Cuba was an important market for industrial goods and a source of raw sugar, tobacco, and various minerals; for Cuba, the United States was the essential importer of over 90 percent of sugar produced on the island ?. Still, many North Americans were prejudiced against Spaniards and Cubans. The public viewed Spain as degenerate, with Catholic inquisition cruelties, a corrupt monarchy, and a backward economy. This view led to somewhat of a feeling of superiority."
Abstract This paper explains that, after Napoleon was commissioned as a second lieutenant and garrisoned at Valence in Burgundy, he developed the habit of voracious reading, which definitely affected all of his future endeavors; almost every subject was part of his reading, including law, political economy, geography, medicine, political science, the philosophies of Voltaire, and a great deal of history, especially ancient history with an emphasis on Alexander the Great. The author relates that, in October of 1795, as part of Comte de Barras's uprising in Paris against the Thermidorians, Napoleon so impressed Barras that Napoleon was named commander-in-chief of the Army of the Interior. The paper concludes that, having finished the Revolution, Bonaparte proclaimed himself emperor of France, an act that outraged most of Europe and infuriated Ludwig von Beethoven to the point that he tore up his 'Eroica symphony', which was written as a dedication to Napoleon.
From the Paper "By 1793, Napoleon, caught in the midst of the revolution, was in Paris when Louis XVI was dethroned. As a result, he joined the government troops who were attempting to capture Toulon, where anti-Revolutionary factions had turned over the great naval base to the British and Spanish fleets. And at Toulon, Bonaparte the artillery officer "accomplished that which he had been trained for in 1784, for he demonstrated himself as a formidable officer, a budding tactician and a born strategist" (Markham, 167). In this atmosphere, Bonaparte placed his batteries in position to bombard both the port and the British fleet, but above all, it was Napoleon's forcefulness and energy that impressed his superiors, which had played an all-important part in the recapture of Toulon. At the age of twenty-four, Napoleon was soon promoted to brigadier general which seemed to indicate that his future would be bright and magnificent."
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses that in addition to there being differences between the ways in which the position of Chief of Police is handled from one jurisdiction to the next, and between cities and county areas, there are also consistent differences between the functional role of the Chief of Police in a "big city" versus a "small town." The writer points out for example, that in a small town, the Chief of Police may be the only real police officer. In this case, a paid Chief of Police would have a staff of volunteers to help with paperwork and other duties. The writer notes that in contrast, in a big city, the Chief of Police is the boss of many thousands of sworn police officers that serve on the force, as well as thousands of other paid civil employees that work for the police department. In this paper the writer looks at the various roles of the Chief of Police.
From the Paper "According to Javert Wilkinson, a police officer that has served in both a Northern city and a Southern small town, there are very notable differences between the job roles of a Chief of Police in each environment. In a small town, the Chief of Police is like the captain of a larger police department, and he directly supervises the officers that are actually going out on the street. In a small town, the Chief of Police is also likely in charge of administrative decisions, such as what kinds of cars and guns to buy and in what quantity. The small town Chief of Police often also has to secure funding from the local government to run the police force. He would also probably have field supervisors report to him, but he would not spend much time out of the office or on the street, unless it was a very small town in which there very few or no other police officers. However, in a big city, the Chief of Police is more a politician than a street cop."
Abstract This paper examines the Ten Commandments from a Christian perspective. According to the paper, these Ten Commandments have long been held as a standard by which Christians are to live their lives. The paper further discusses how each of the commandments is reported to be a directive from God about things Christians need to be mindful of to show him love and the wish to obey his desires.
Contents:
Introduction
How They Were Given To Us
Why We Were Given the Commandments The Commandments Are Still Effective in Today's Modern World
Conclusion
From the Paper "Pastors have to work on Sundays, therefore many of them choose to honor the Sabbath with regards to stopping work on another day of the week. Laymen can follow that pattern and choose a different day of the week in which to honor the Sabbath by stopping all work.
The fifth commandment tells the world to honor our parents. This commandment applies to today as well. We can all do things that honor our parents. The world is more open today than it was in the past about abuse, alcohol problems and separated families. Even given these problems however, there are still ways to honor parents by not attacking them and that is in keeping with the commandments.
Do not murder is self explanatory. It is obviously something that fits with today's society for the most part, however there are problems when it comes to capital punishment. Do we have the right to murder if it is a convicted murderer? No. The commandment tells us not to murder therefore it is not up to us to carry out the death penalty. People today point to the bible verses about an eye for an eye, but there is nothing that condones the taking of one of God's children's lives."
Abstract The paper examines how Canada played a large part in the bomber command offensive missions of the Allies against Germany. The paper examines what prompted the Allies to bomb non-military targets and carry out what many consider to be immoral missions and then discusses the argument of many, that the bomber command offensive missions were necessary for the Allies to win the war. The paper also looks at the research regarding these attacks and asserts that one cannot prove that the bomber command missions were necessary for the Allies to win the war. The paper contends that since these missions were greatly immoral, Canada should have refused to take part and should have concentrated their efforts towards other areas of warfare.
From the Paper "During World War Two, the world witnessed the use of air warfare in numbers and consequence unlike any time before. The ideas of strategic air power started during the First World War. It was the Germans who thought of it first. British civilians were accustomed to being sheltered from the ravages of war as Britain was largely insulated by the English Channel. As a result the sight of German Zeppelin over London naturally frightened British civilians. The British made sure they were prepared when it came to the Second World War. They wanted to be ready to fight the battle in the air. Bomber Command was made up of groups of allied airmen who carried out a strategic bombing offensive on Germany in World War two. These Bomber Command attacks have become a highly debated topic of World War Two History. There are strong arguments to support both sides of the debate."
Abstract The position of the traditional R & D director has evolved into that of the chief technology officer, which is much more broad and encompassing. The paper shows that the primary role of the chief technology officer is to deliver the total value of technology for the corporation, to ensure that the firm has the technologies that it needs to achieve its goals and to facilitate technology transfer across business units. The paper looks at various issues on the subject, including the evolution of this role in the business world, areas of responsibility for the C.T.O. and the future of this field.
From the Paper "I believe that the chief technology officer is an important link between government laboratories and U.S. corporations, because one of the primary functions of the CTO is to assess the need to form partnerships with government institutions in order to exploit the total technology capacity of the organization. A government role is also vital in promoting technologies that are critical to economic growth, the creation of good jobs, and meeting the common needs of the nation, but that cannot attract adequate private investment?especially in the cases of high technical risks and long payback horizons.
Overall, it is clear that the CTO has a vital role in building a strong U.S. base of fundamental science, and developing a business environment that encourages innovation and investment."
Abstract A look at the leadership skills required for naval command. The author discusses the characteristics necessary for successful naval command: resilience, toughness, ruthlessness, and examines how these apply in case study examples.
From the Paper 'Leadership and command are dependent on a complex mixture of several factors that make any attempt to quantify the qualities as a concept elusive. In any situation, which is of itself a huge variable, the opportunities presented and the individual personality and capacity must be analyzed in conjunction with, and often juxtaposed against, the context. Thus in many respects leadership and command can only really be studied on a case by case basis. In terms of naval command the problem is compounded by the medium itself, the sea. When the entropy of war is the background to which the particular scenario is set the problem of quantification would seem to be even more difficult.'
