From the Paper
"The President as Commander.in.Chief

As long as there are war criminals running loose in Bosnia, whether they be Serbian, Croat, or Muslim, the United States can ill afford to withdraw troops. The Bosnian mission of US troops has successfully kept the peace in a land where these war criminals are still bent on destruction of their rivals. If the United States does pull out, it will appear that it abandoned European allies who share peacekeeping duties and will encourage these rival factions to renew the brutal civil war which killed hundreds of thousands of Bosnians.

If the United States and its allies are serious about a permanent peace in Bosnia as the right situation for withdrawing troops, there must be more pressure and actions to enforce the full compliance by all sides of the Dayton Accord. This includes ..."

Abstract
The president of the United States is known as the commander in chief, the chief of state, the chief administrator and the chief legislator. This paper explores how the presidents of the past and the present have carried out those duties, and what those duties mean. It also examines how the "chief" roles of the president have changed throughout history and how the presidency is much different now than it was in the past.

From the Paper
"The President of the United States is a Chief. He is the head of several governmental areas and is seen as the responsible party for these areas. He is the Chief of State, Chief Administrator, Chief Legislator and Chief of the United States armed forces. His leadership in these areas has, over time, changed. The Presidency has evolved to a point where the President of the United States has more power than any other person or office in the United States. This power has at times been bestowed upon the office of the President and it has, at times been usurped by the President in office. Each time that the Presidency has gained power in the past it has not given up its gains. In law, there is a principle known as stare decisis. It means that every decision that is made by a judge is predicated on the decisions of judges past. It is rare that a judge breaks from the legal precedent. The same goes for the Presidency. Over the past 220 years the office has gained power and the "Chief" has become more and more involved in all aspects of governance."

Tags:administrator, chief, commander, executive, history, presidency

From the Paper
" LINCOLN AS COMMANDER IN CHIEF IN THE EAST
This research paper discusses and assesses the impact of President Abraham Lincoln's military decisions in the East on the outcome of the Civil War. After a shaky beginning, Lincoln became an effective commander in chief and politico-military leader of the Union with respect to its campaigns in the East. Lincoln was handicapped during the first three years of the war in the East by a serious command problem which was not finally solved until 1864 with the appointment of Ulysses Grant to command all Union forces, including those in the East, but nevertheless his military decisions gradually moved into alignment with a more sensible military strategy and made a major contribution to the ultimate defeat of the Confederacy. "

Abstract
This paper explains why it is essential that members of the armed forces obey the orders of superior officers. It addresses the hierarchical nature of the military. The writer discusses the national command authority and looks at the chain of command. The writer examines the need for good order within the military. This article also discusses the duty to disobey unlawful orders and the concept of war crimes.

From the Paper
"The U.S. military is a hierarchy. Constitutionally, the ultimate authority and responsibility for the national defense rests with the President of the United States and the Commander in Chief of the nation's armed forces. The President uses the Secretary of Defense as his principal assistant in all matters relating to the military and national defense. The Secretary of Defense has statutory authority and control over all branches of America's armed services. The Secretary is responsible for the effective and efficient operation of the U.S. military. "

Tags:U.s. Military, hierarchy, chain of command, commander in chief, secretary of defense, superior officer, lawful command, UCMJ, court martial, war crime

Abstract
This paper, using as a guide Bob Woodward's book "The Commander's," analyzes the actions of the President, the Joint Chiefs of Staff and several federal agencies responsible for managing National Security during the escalation towards hostilities in Panama and Southwest Asia. It includes an analysis of how effective the decision-makers were during the planning, execution and oversight periods of these operations and discusses whether they communicated visions, involved all available experts for consultation and whether they offered several options to aid in their critical decision making.

From the Paper
"Before any public statement or initiative by the President, General Colin Powell asked General Norman Schwarzkopf, the Commander of Central Command, to draft a two-tiered plan for possible U.S. responses to any Iraqi move against Kuwait. The first tier was what U.S Forces could do to immediately retaliate against Iraq; the second was what the United States might do defensively to stop any further Iraqi movement. Simultaneously, coordination at the JCS-CINC level had already began while CENTCOM initiated the formal Crisis Planning process. As the diplomatic chess game ensued, the practical aspects of what was needed began to surface presenting the leadership with several challenges and decisions to make. For example, General Schwarzkopf said it would take 17 weeks to get the full deterrence piece of Plan 90-1002- totaling some 200,000 to 250,000 Army, Navy, Airforce, and Marines-into the region."

Tags:schwarzkopf, president, panama, southwest, asia, iraq, saddam, hussein

Abstract
This paper examines the congressional-executive relationship and distribution of power in the area of foreign policy. It discusses the George W. Bush administration as a case study to demonstrate the expansion of executive power at the expense of Congress. The paper begins with an overview of the relationship between Congress and the President in the realm of foreign policy. It then examines the presidency of George W. Bush and describes the role the Bush administration has played in expanding its own powers, as well as Congress' role in allowing the administration to do so.

Table of Contents:
The Two Presidencies Thesis
The Modern Era of the Strong Presidency
Explaining the Congressional-Executive Distribution of Power and the Decline of Congressional Power--Delegating Authority in International Affairs
Rise of Assertiveness by Congress in Foreign Affairs
President George W. Bush: A Case Study in the Expansion of Executive Power in Foreign Policy
The Importance of September 11 to the Bush Presidency and the Increase in Executive Power
An Increase in Executive Power through a Reduced Congressional Role and Reluctance of the Executive Branch to Work with Congress
The Iraq War and the War Powers Act Resolution-Congress Permitting an Increase in Executive Powers
Expansion of Presidential Powers by Ignoring and Bypassing Congress
Expansion in the President's Role as Commander in Chief
Spending Powers in the War Against Terror and Iraq

From the Paper
"For Wildavsky, the key to presidential power in foreign policy does not lie in constitutional foundations, but in changes that had taken place in the world since 1945. He cites the growth in the number of Third World nations, the existence of nuclear weapons and the threat of holocaust, and the cold war as reasons why foreign policy tends to drive out domestic concerns. Reasons for this are the speed of international events and their irreversibility. The presidential advantage in foreign affairs is derived from institutional and informational advantages, as the president has greater access to information that other actors and has greater control of expertise, as well as at times widespread public consensus on foreign policy that reflected the Cold War threat. The interconnectedness of foreign policy necessitates that presidents actively engage in all facets of international affairs. Unlike domestic policy, a single foreign policy failure could lead to an array of catastrophic disasters. Wildavsky also suggests that policy preferences are more varied in the domestic arena and therefore more likely to lead to conflict. Moreover, he argues that presidents are successful due to the weakness of other rivals. Rivals for power in foreign affairs not only have fewer resources at their disposal but are "weak, divided, or believe that they should not control foreign policy." The list of potential rivals he includes are: the public, special interest groups, the military, the military-industrial complex, the State Department, and of special interest here, Congress."

Tags:power, federalism, presidencies

Abstract
This paper explains that the War Powers Act states that the president as the commander-in-chief has the power to introduce the armed forces into any hostilities or into an imminent introduction to hostilities; however, these powers must be exercised by the president only under certain specific circumstances, such as a terrorist attack. The author points out that the president is restricted by the War Powers Act because the president is not able to use military force without the proper congressional authority and other similar authorizations. The paper concludes that, although at times the president is indeed checked by the War Powers Act, for the most part, he is free to make emergency decisions for the welfare of the country.

From the Paper
"Although it is also a fact that the Act as such dose not impose restrictions on the President with regard to authorizing military deployment in trouble ridden areas, and so on, the War Powers Act, 50 U.S.C. && 1541-1548 as such, has no purpose nor does it have the effect of modifying or changing the president's already existing powers. It does, however, impose certain restrictions with regard to procedure, that is, when issues of consultation and the presidential reporting of certain actions come into the picture. In fact, the War Powers Resolution also gives the President the power to terminate armed forces that have been deployed in foreign lands, but with the concurrent resolution of the Congress."

Tags:legislature, constitution, congress, emergency, commander-in-chief

Abstract
This paper explains that, after Napoleon was commissioned as a second lieutenant and garrisoned at Valence in Burgundy, he developed the habit of voracious reading, which definitely affected all of his future endeavors; almost every subject was part of his reading, including law, political economy, geography, medicine, political science, the philosophies of Voltaire, and a great deal of history, especially ancient history with an emphasis on Alexander the Great. The author relates that, in October of 1795, as part of Comte de Barras's uprising in Paris against the Thermidorians, Napoleon so impressed Barras that Napoleon was named commander-in-chief of the Army of the Interior. The paper concludes that, having finished the Revolution, Bonaparte proclaimed himself emperor of France, an act that outraged most of Europe and infuriated Ludwig von Beethoven to the point that he tore up his 'Eroica symphony', which was written as a dedication to Napoleon.

From the Paper
"By 1793, Napoleon, caught in the midst of the revolution, was in Paris when Louis XVI was dethroned. As a result, he joined the government troops who were attempting to capture Toulon, where anti-Revolutionary factions had turned over the great naval base to the British and Spanish fleets. And at Toulon, Bonaparte the artillery officer "accomplished that which he had been trained for in 1784, for he demonstrated himself as a formidable officer, a budding tactician and a born strategist" (Markham, 167). In this atmosphere, Bonaparte placed his batteries in position to bombard both the port and the British fleet, but above all, it was Napoleon's forcefulness and energy that impressed his superiors, which had played an all-important part in the recapture of Toulon. At the age of twenty-four, Napoleon was soon promoted to brigadier general which seemed to indicate that his future would be bright and magnificent."

Tags:reading, thermidorians, commander, emperor, italy

Abstract
This paper explains that, very simply defined, government is composed of the institutions, individuals, and processes that naturally develop within a society from the common rules formed within that society. The author points out that the president, in his capacity as both commander-in-chief and as chief diplomat, has overlapping responsibilities for national security, foreign policy issues, and domestic programs, which sometimes are in conflict with each other and with the Constitution. The paper stresses that recent resistance to change has flourished among grassroots movements with civil rights activists speaking up in support of constitutional rights that the newly passed security acts of Congress have made null and void.

Table of Contents
Statement of Thesis
Introduction
The Role of Local Government
Local Political Forces
Politics and Police Administration
Leadership
The Nature of Leadership
Leadership in Government
The Communication Process and Communication with Other Cultures
Change
Resistance to Change
Conclusion

From the Paper
"History tells that the politics in big cities has generally characterized urban policy and politics, with the practice of obtaining votes from immigrants and minorities through the promise of jobs or other benefits. City governments and administrators influence the power of a city with a mayor infused with power through his associations and business connections. However, within this form of government the mayoral position is shared with other elected city officials, party leaders and appointed officials keeping the government balanced. There are, even today, within some cities and towns, those mayors who use their position to build special interest groups that support their issues and agendas."

Tags:rules, roles, security, domestic, rights

Abstract
This paper examines the War Powers Act and the constitutional authority to make war. The author concludes that, while flawed, the War Powers Act is absolutely necessary to curb presidential war-making power.

From the paper:

"The president and Congress have often battled over foreign policy issues, especially those relating to war. Article II of the Constitution makes the president commander in chief, responsible for the operation of the military in the field. Article I places the responsibility for declaring war solely in the hands of the Congress. This should be seen not only as giving Congress the power to make war but the responsibility to prevent unnecessary conflict. This arrangement was rarely challenged until after World War II. In 1950, Harry Truman used a United Nations resolution as justification for sending American troops to Korea and began a half century of presidents side-stepping congressional power to prevent war."

Tags:act, constitution, international, intervention, law, powers, war