Abstract
This paper assesses the viability of the hydrogen fuel cell in comparison to the gasoline-fueled internal combustion engine both now and 100 years from now. The paper examines economics, environmental impact and safety. In particular, the paper discusses the economic comparison by looking at fuel costs, the cost of the vehicle and infrastructure costs. The environmental impact in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and the effect of those emissions on global warming are also discussed. Several figures are included with the paper.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)
Economics: Fuel Cost
Economics: Cost of Vehicle
Economics: Cost of Infrastructure
Environmental Impact
Safety
Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Economics: Fuel Cost
Economics: Cost of Vehicle
Economics: Infrastructure Costs
Environmental Impact
Safety
Conclusions

From the Paper
"With respect to vehicle cost, I was unable to get an accurate handle on the effect that the use of hydrogen fuel cells has on the price due to the fact that the purchase costs of the hydrogen vehicles clearly included development and infrastructure capital costs that have been extremely diluted for the diesel ICE bus. However, it can be said that the price of the fuel cell stacks is quite noticeable at $268/kW. For a standard 70 kW passenger car, this adds up to a cost of $18,760, which is very significant. 100 years from now, this is projected to have changed, as by 2020 the price of the fuel stacks is projected to have dropped to around $38/kW, corresponding to an engine cost of $2,660, which is much more reasonable. However, there are problems on the horizon with respect to the platinum reserves. If hydrogen fuel cell vehicles were to become the primary source of transportation for the entire world, the demand on the platinum reserves would exceed the supply. Fortunately, there has been progress with respect to the catalyst. QuantumSphere, Inc., as mentioned, developed a nanometal electrode formulation that drastically increases electrolysis efficiency, and considering that fuel cells are just the reverse of electrolysis, it is, in my opinion, very likely that we will manage a way to catalyze the reaction efficiently without the use of significant amounts of platinum."

Tags:ICE, gas, infrastructure, costs

Abstract
This paper examines spontaneous human combustion, the claim that human beings from time to time burst into flame and are consumed, usually without much damage to their surroundings, as if the heat from the flame came from inside their bodies. It looks at various claims over the years and evaluates whether such cases are simply a matter of false observation and do have external causes or if they have internal causes and if so what are the mechanisms which cause this to happen? It looks at how scientists have pursued both avenues in some degree and how they are certain that these cases are misreported and misunderstood and are not spontaneous at all.

From the Paper
"Cases that are believed to be spontaneous human combustion surface from time to time, such as the report from 1999 that the remains of Diarmuid Brosnan, a single man in his sixties, had been found in the village of Gneeveguilla, County Kerry, in Ireland. The body had been badly burned body when it was discovered in the living room, and the room itself was not itself badly damaged. Someone who saw the body stated, "It was most unusual in so far as there was very extensive damage to the center of the body but that's almost as far as it went" (Sieveking 21). A similar death had been reported the year before in Leytonstone High Road, east London, when the burnt body of a middle-aged woman was discovered in her first floor apartment."

Tags:flame, external, causes, burn, temperature, myth

Abstract
In this article, the writer disseminates the information found in a review of literature on firefighter fatalities, and then develops a research design for the collection and analysis of data relating to firefighter fatalities and, specifically, those related to exposure to toxic or combustible elements. This work seeks to positively identify causal factors that result in firefighter fatality, in the years following active-duty, caused by toxic exposure resulting in cancer or some other condition attributed to chemical or combustible toxins. The writer points out that the focus of this research is of the nature that may lend practicable measures of reducing the fatality deaths of firefighters through shielding the firefighters from being exposed to the toxic or combustible elements that cause death due to cancer and other like conditions.

Outline:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Research Questions
Importance of the Study
Definitions & Terms
Organization of the Study
Review of the Literature
Figure 1,2,3,4
Methodology
Limitations of the Study
Data Collection & Analysis
Bibliography

From the Paper
"The questions asked in this research will include the questions of: (1) How many deaths occur each year that are directly linked to exposure of the firefighter to some toxin that results in a health problem such as cancer? (2) How many firefighters have been fatalities in the last 10 years that were incorrectly labeled as a fatality? (3) What guidelines should be set out for future reliable statistics in firefighter fatality reports? And (4) What special precautions should be required under safety requirements in order to best protect firefighters from this type of exposure resulting in fatality?"

Tags:safety, toxic, exposure, illnesses

Abstract
This paper explains that, to reduce America's dependence on foreign oil, it is necessary to phase out the conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) gasoline engine; however, for now, gasoline must continue to be a widely used fuel in order to keep the gasoline industry of America strong. The author points out that, as oil prices continue to rise, hybrid automobiles (gas engine with electric motors complimenting them) seem to be the near-term solution. The paper relates that the next viable solution to the pollution problem posed by ICE is hydrogen (H2) and fuel cell technology; a fuel cell combines H2 and oxygen to create power through the by-product of this chemical reaction without the pollution problem.

From the Paper
"Another way to save fuel with out using new engine technology is described in Wald's work on pg.1-2, and was developed by the EPA. It uses current engines to pressurize a hydraulic tank to 5,00psi.. The built up pressure is then used to drive a turbine, which drives the wheels. Lab tests show a 60-70% gain in fuel efficiency. This technology is currently in use by John M. Hewitt of Memphis Tennessee. John is using a Chevy s-10 pickup engine (less than 100hp) to pressurize the tank and is getting better than 100mpg. Ford has said they are working with the EPA to make a SUV with this technology."

Tags:dependence, gasoline, prices, hydraulic, carbon-dioxide

Abstract
The paper explains how the carbon, nitrogen and water cycles work and how they affect the ocean environment. The paper then looks at how the carbon and nitrogen emissions affect global warming and illustrates the highly deleterious effect of the excess fossil fuels we are burning, and subsequently emitting into the atmosphere. The paper contends that for mankind to continue functioning on the earth, he must heed the cycles of nature, and take great care to ensure that his actions do not disrupt them.

Outline:
Carbon Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Water Cycle
Their Effect on the Ocean Environment
Their Effect on Global Warming

From the Paper
"The burning of coal, oil, and natural gas each year spews about 5.3 Billion tons of carbon into the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide. The carbon cycle is the process by which the atmosphere absorbs this waste, either converting through photosynthesis or merely acting as a sink, absorbing it. Oceans and land can only absorb a fraction of the gas, and thus 3.3 billion tons a year go up into the air, causing a buildup which has concerned the world. This buildup will be discussed in regards to its relation to global warming, as it is a leading cause. The scientific community has been confident for a long time about its knowledge in regards to the carbon cycle. It has been held that the oceans absorb roughly forty percent of the carbon dioxide from fossil-fuel combustion, accomplished through the process of the carbon cycle."

Tags:greenhouse, gases, gloabl, warming, ozone, climate, emissions

Abstract
This is a technical report on a laboratory experiment determining heating value of fuels. Test sample is naphthalene, and the calibrating substance is benzoic acid. The oxygen bomb calorimeter used is the Parr type.

From the Paper
"The experiment aims to determine the heat of combustion of naphthalene using data obtained from the Parr bomb calorimeter.
Three 1-g portions of naphthalene were weighed using the analytical balance. Benzoic acid is the calibrating substance used for the experiment. The heat capacity Csys of the system is calculated using the theoretical value of benzoic acid and the nickel fuse wire. This Csys is equivalent to the heat capacity Ccal of the calorimeter; this value will be used in determining the heat of combustion of naphthalene.
The heat of combustion of naphthalene is accepted at
?5156.95 KJ/mol. The experimental value ?3787.445097 KJ/mol has an error of 26.56%."

Tags:calorimetry, benzoic, acid

Abstract
The paper discusses the technologies needed to produce personal automobiles that are less fossil fuel dependant. The paper analyzes the current research in alternative fuel vehicles, specifically addressing three types of vehicles; the electric car, the hybrid/electric/combustion car and lastly the combustion engine car. The paper touches upon the issue of pollution, as it is a significant impetus for creating alternative fuel vehicles. The paper presents the hypothesis that the electric vehicle is the best practical option for consumers.

Outline:
Introduction to Problem
Review of Literature
Research Design
Data Analysis
Summary

From the Paper
"One of the most profound social questions of the modern day is the nature of the market addition on fossil fuel usage. Within the global economy the fossil fuel industry, and the worlds dependence on it has driven prices of fuel to enormous levels contributing to a global market situation where a very few hold a growing percentage of wealth and the rest must struggle to eek out an existence with what's left. "Today, more than half the world's population lives on less than $2 per day, and almost 1.1 billion people live in extreme poverty, defined as less than $1 per day." (Rice, 76) Though this may seem divergent of the topic at hand, which is global dependence on fossil fuel, the issues are interrelated."

Tags:oil, hybrid, combustion, engine, mass, transit

Abstract
This paper discusses safety and risk posed by liquefied natural gas (LNG) facilities. It specifically focuses on the safety of these facilities in that they are highly visible and make easy targets for terrorist attacks. The paper also discusses the safety standards and technology associated with LNG, particularly following a catastrophic event in 1944 in Cleveland. It describes the environmental effects of a disaster, as well as symptoms of exposure in an LNG accident. The paper concludes with a long-term risk assessment of the future of LNG.

Table of Contents:
The Infrastructure
Risks Associated with Spills
Cold Hazards
Pool Fires
Vapor Clouds
"A Cleaner Alternative"
By-Products of Combustion
Symptoms of Exposure in an LNG Accident
A Matter of Scale and Scope
Long Term Environmental Impact
Disaster Planning and Modeling
Evacuation
Contamination Control
Improving LNG Accident Response
How Real is the Risk?
Potential Scenario from an LNG Explosion in Boston Harbor
The Future of LNG Risk Assessment

From the Paper
"Up until this point, only one real world scenario of an LNG accident existed and it was long ago before recent developments in technology and safety protocol. Other assessments, such as those made by FERC and industry professionals are largely theoretical. They leave too many variables to chance. To accurately assess the real dangers of LNG, there is a critical need for credible, scenario based research. This is the next phase in the research cycle concerning the safety of LNG. If we are to remove the issue from the political battleground, we need more research-based evidence. In the case of LNG, valid research can be difficult due to the nature of the material."

Tags:catastrophy, combustion, hazard, environment

Abstract
In the form of a speech, this paper details the problems of smog, acid rain, and depletion of the ozone layer. The paper details major technology and regulations that have greatly reduced some of the pollution including, catalytic converters, alternative fuels, electrostatic precipitation, bag filtration, the Clean Air Act, fluidized bed combustion, and HCFCs. Discusses water problems, including lead and methyl mercury, and legislation like the Clean Water Act.

From the Paper
"Dear Congresswomen and Congressmen, Our environment is a pressing issue in our society today. Due to societies' demand on governmental organizations to improve the condition of our environment, I am submitting to you today a 25-year program that will be effective in reducing pollution in the air and water. I urge you to look into the issues presented and make an informed decision that will help to improve the quality of our environment."

Tags:acid, act, air, alternative, bag, bed, catalytic, clean, combustion, converters, depletion, electrostatic, filtration, fluidized, fuels, hcfcs, layer, lead, mercury, methyl, ozone, pollutiom, precipitation, rain, smog, water

Abstract
In this article, the writer presents the reasons why battery powered vehicles, or electric cars, are not a passing fad but are here to stay. The writer describes their advantage over traditional internal combustion engines.

From the Paper
"According to David Gauthier-Villars in an article published by Wall Street Journal people are interested in electric cars because of their potential to lower pollution and greenhouse-gas emissions that contribute to climate change. The widespread use of electric cars would also help reduce industrialized countries' reliance on fossil-fuel imports at a time of world-wide concern over oil supplies. Battery electric vehicles are vehicles whose main energy storage is in the chemical energy of batteries. The main stumbling block to the widespread use of electric vehicles involves ..."

Tags:battery electric vehicles, hybrid, internal combustions engine, compare and contrast, renewable energy