Abstract
In her article "Columbus's Ultimate Goal: Jerusalem," Delaney takes a fresh, unusual and insightful look at the motivations of Christopher Columbus, and at the reasons why, in her opinion, his motivations have been largely misunderstood and misrepresented by historians. Her key argument is that Columbus was largely motivated by religious reasons, and that if this was more widely understood it would fundamentally change the way in which we assess the man. Moreover, his nautical escapades cannot be separated from his eschatological beliefs. Delaney argues that this understanding has been largely missed because the way in which historians think and frame reality has failed to adequately take into account the social realities of Columbus's time.

From the Paper
Columbus: Greedy Imperialist or Zealous Millennialist? In her article "Columbus's Ultimate Goal: Jerusalem," Delaney takes a fresh, unusual and insightful look at the motivations of Christopher Columbus, and at the reasons why, in her opinion, his motivations have been largely misunderstood and misrepresented by historians. Her key argument is that Columbus was largely motivated by religious reasons, and that if this was more widely understood it would fundamentally change the way in which we assess the man. Moreover, his nautical escapades cannot be separated from his eschatological beliefs. Delaney argues that this understanding has been largely missed because the way in which historians

Tags:columbus, christianity, delaney

Abstract
This paper uses essay style in a creative format to describe how native American author Adrian Louis might respond to Christopher Columbus's plans to pillage the islands of India. The writer uses a letter Christopher Columbus wrote on his plans to return to the islands and what he found there, combined with present examples of short stories authored by Louis, to create this paper.

From the Paper
"In a letter to Lord Raphael Sanchez dated March 14, 1493, Christopher Columbus describes his most recent expedition. In this expedition, Columbus travels beyond the islands of India and discovers fertile lands containing healthy native Indians who are timid but kind and eager to trade gold for trinkets from the sailors. Columbus describes his future plans to return to the area to trade goods for gold, not so much as to take advantage of the naive Indians, but in order to convert them to Christianity (Columbus). In a series of short stories, author Adrian C. Louis, writes on behalf of..."

Tags:columbus, louis, indians

Abstract
This paper examines the emblematic figure of Pancho Villa in light of his raid on Columbus, New Mexico, focusing on the historic context and the consequences of this military action. The paper begins by summarizing the events of the Mexican Revolution up to the point of the raid. In particular, the paper considers how the US government responded to Pancho Villa's acts against its citizens and how that shaped American policy. The paper then details Pancho Villa's raid on Columbus, New Mexico and the crushing defeat of the Mexican forces. The paper also shows how this intervention by the US may have shaped future foreign policy. The paper concludes by discussing the controversial legacy of Pancho Villa, who is seen by some as a hero and by others as a bandit.

From the Paper
"As such, since 1910, Mexico was under the struggle between the revolutionaries and the elites who had supported former president Porfiro Diaz. With the revolutionaries closing in on Mexico City, several factions became obvious in the constitutional camp. These included Venutiano Carranza, as well as Pancho Villa, as the leader of the group of rebel forces in the north of the country, and E. Zapata from the south . As the capital was taken, the political agreement that was supposed to ensue under the leadership of V. Carranza involved the exclusion of both Villa and Zapata . However, at this point, the influence of Washington and the US played an important part in the conclusion of the Convention at Torreon, with a more radical program and the exclusion of Carranza from power."

Tags:Mexican Revolution, New Mexico, Columbus Raid, Woodrow Wilson

Abstract
In this article, the writer focuses on the moral implications of Columbus' voyage and the resulting European invasion and conquest of the Americas. The writer maintains that Columbus is not a moral villain.

From the Paper
"Wilson reports that traditionally America has celebrated Christopher Columbus as the man who heroically challenged the erroneous European notion of a flat earth and superstitious ideas about monsters lurking in uncharted ocean waters a man who suffered many terrible hardships during his long voyage but who in the end discovered America. Although Columbus never actually set foot on North American soil his voyage to the West Indies did make Europeans aware of the existence of ..."

Tags:Christopher, Columbus

Abstract
The paper examines Columbus' record - using Mr. Carew's presentation as a foundation - and argues that his relentless drive for riches created a situation wherein innocent people were brutally exploited. The paper notes how race and class became integral justifications for what took place in sixteenth century America and, indeed, abroad and discusses how the supposed racial and intellectual inferiority of Africans, Amerindians and other peoples of darker skin permitted white slave-traders, gold-hunters and colonizers to treat them far more shabbily than they would other Caucasians. The paper stands firmly behind Mr. Carew's negative depiction of Christopher Columbus and others of his "ilk".

From the Paper
"Jan Carew's videotaped presentation, "From Columbus to Castro - 500 Years of Race, Class and Culture Conflict in Our Americas", is one of the starker and troubling depictions one will ever encounter with regards to America's (European) founder and one of the world's most famous explorers. With this in mind, the following paper will examine Columbus' record - using Mr. Carew's presentation as a foundation - and argue that his relentless drive for riches (his capitalist zeal, in other words) created a situation wherein innocent people were brutally exploited. More than that, the next several pages will also note how race and class became integral..."

Tags:columbus, america, racism

Abstract
This paper examines how Samuel Morison turns a personal life interest into a passion as he studies the life and journeys of Christopher Columbus in his book, "Christopher Columbus, Mariner". It shows that, while the modern view of Columbus has been rewritten and disfigured by multiculturalists into that of a greedy, slave-mongering, tyrannical despot, Christopher Columbus's journey and his exploits arose from his deep convictions, and these actions qualify him as one of the greatest explorers of all time.

From the Paper
"His lack of actual empirical knowledge of the length of the journey, and not knowing about the continent which lay between Columbus and the Far East is one more of the factors which make his journey such a triumph of spirit and dedication to his chosen task. After long negotiations, Columbus was financed for his voyage by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, and in the fall of 1492, three ships were prepared in the harbor Palos (p. 35). On August 3, 1492, the fleet left Palos heading westward, parallel of Gomera. The weather was good; "like April in Andalusia," as Columbus wrote in his diary."

Tags:spain, ferdinand, isabella, hispaniola

Abstract
The name, early life, and family background of Christopher Columbus has always been a mysterious subject, one that has interested scholars almost since he first returned from the New World. However, it is only since the late 1800s that historians have seriously begun to investigate the hypothesis that Columbus was Jewish. This paper shows that their arguments range from cryptic, pseudo-scientific "proofs" to complex behavior analysis flavored with historical insights. As with many burgeoning theories, the search for Columbus' Jewish origins provides a wide array of enthusiastic mumbo-jumbo and a limited amount of compelling material which cannot be ignored.

From the Paper
"On a related note, de Madariaga points out this strange contrast of Columbus' personality: he was not at all shy about his humble birth, yet he never discussed having come from Genoa, which may have portrayed him as a Spanish-born Jew whose family had fled the pogroms of the 1300s. Thus, at a time when "the Jewish race was passing in Spain through a crisis never equaled in history till the days of Nazi Germany," Columbus' reticence about his Jewish background "becomes immediately explicable.""

Tags:Colon, conversos, anti-semitism

Abstract
This paper explains that Columbus was not an "enlightened" man, but a mere practitioner of his own medieval mind. The author points out that Columbus's motives were (1) exploring the regions to the West so that a new passageway to the Pacific would be found, (2) an overwhelming religious zeal to convert the Caribbean-based "heathens" and "heretics," and (3) the need for human labor in the form of slavery. The paper concludes that the terrible and inhumane actions undertaken by Columbus and his men, all of whom were supposed to be "Christian" benefactors sent by the Spanish monarchy of Ferdinand and Isabella, set the pattern for cruelty and destruction, which continued for hundreds of years in the "New World" and the continent of North America and set a precedent, which would, unfortunately, be copied by other explorers.

From the Paper
"Evidently, Columbus was soon reprimanded for his exportation of slaves, due to the fact that many of them did not survive the trip across the Atlantic Ocean. Bartolome de Las Casas writes that one Spaniard had told him that a compass was not needed to find one's way back to Spain because the sea was covered with the bodies of dead Indians that were simply tossed overboard. Thus, it is clear that Columbus was directly responsible for the deaths of thousands of native Indians, a reflection of his indoctrinated Catholic values and morality."

Tags:atrocities, slavery, religion, heathens, exploration

Abstract
This study argues that Christopher Columbus did not "discover" America, and that only by twisting reality can it be said that he or any European "discovered" a land which was already inhabited by other human beings. The writer argues that the basis of this twisting of reality is that the inhabitants of the "New World" were less than human beings, and therefore it cannot be said that the land was inhabited at all, but was instead populated by semi-humans, by near-animals, by non-Christian savages with no civilized qualities. In reality, however, the "Indians" Columbus "discovered" were indeed human beings with a subtle civilization and a fully developed religious belief system. The writer continues his argument that Columbus did not "discover America" because it had already been discovered and populated by human beings long before his arrival.

From the Paper
"William M. Davidson and Henry Noble Sherwood argue in separate articles that Columbus was indeed a great man who discovered America. Davidson calls Columbus "The Great Navigator" and says that in Columbus "passion for discovery rose to the dignity of an inspiration" (Davidson 248). Sherwood writes that Columbus and his men found "naked savages" in the new land and that Columbus treated them well (Sherwood 253). It is crucial to the argument that Columbus "discovered America" that the context be established first in which the beings which inhabited that land are thoroughly dehumanized. The more that dehumanization process can be carried out, the more easily Columbus and his fellow Europeans and descendants can argue that there were no truly human beings when Columbus arrived and therefore it has to be said that he did indeed "discover" that land. The more one sees the natives as animals, as savages with no concept of God, the more one can argue that Columbus discovered the land on which they live. Accordingly, whether the Europeans brutalized the natives of the "New World" or treated them well though condescendingly, in their own minds and to one another the Europeans in general sought to portray the natives as less than human."

Tags:indian, european, civilization, human, native

Abstract
This paper explains that, since the documentation on Columbus's voyages to the "New World" are so prevalent in the form of diaries, journal entries, and other documents, there are not too many unresolved questions that need to be addressed in this area. The author points out that some of the questions involve whether Columbus was truly born in the Republic of Genoa and what the status of his father, Domenico, was in relation to which class he belonged. The paper relates another question regarding Columbus's education at the University of Pavia for which there are no records.

From the Paper
"In 1479, Columbus married Dona Felipa Perestello, the daughter of Bartholomew Perestrello, the hereditary captain of Porto Santo. For a time, the young newlyweds lived in Lisbon with Felipa's mother; later on, they settled in Porto Santo where their only child Diego was born. In 1482, the little family moved to Funchal in Madeira and while there Columbus probably made two voyages to Sao Jorge de Mina, the fortified trading post which the Portuguese crown had established on the Gold Coast."

Tags:documentation, birthplace, education, class, genoa