Abstract
This paper looks at the Columbian Exchange, an accidental byproduct of the Old World coming together with the New World which provided a forum for the exchange of many things including plants, animals and disease. It further discusses how the Columbian Exchange provided a massive transformation of the world's eco-system which had a significant impact on mankind.

Outline:
Introduction
How the Process Began
The Not so Nice Side of the Exchange
Understanding the Environmental Impact
Significance
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The beginning of what is now referred to as the Columbian Exchange arrived during the second voyage to North America by Christopher Columbus and the 1,200 men he brought with him. It was at that time that Europeans arrived on North American soil. This event triggered a massive transformation of the global ecosystem because the arrival of the Europeans sparked the beginning of the two areas of the world sharing and trading flora, fauna and disease(Columbia pp). It was a time in which the Old World met with the New World and neither side was prepared ecologically for the onslaught that the introduction of eco-system elements to the environments would bring. "

Tags:christopher, columbus, disease, environment, eco-system

Abstract
This paper explains some of the similarities and differences between the Russian Mafia and the Columbian Cartels. It looks at the way that modern technology has seen organized crime groups entering and operating in the 21st century with vigor. It particularly looks at the similarities and differences between the two mafia groups with regards to structure, business and punishment.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
The Columbian Cartels and the Russian Mafia - An Analysis
Structure
Business
Murder and Punishment

From the Paper
"While some similarities between the Russian Mafia and the Columbian Cartels are evident, the differences between the operations and group ethics are stark. As technology continues to advance, Organized Crime groups such as the Russian Mafia and the Columbian Cartels will continue to prey on the innocent and exploit the vulnerable and weak. Knowing how these groups operate is an obvious advantage to citizens and law enforcement alike. For groups such as the Mafia families, traditional operations with the slow infiltration of technology, law enforcement have a frame of reference for the investigation and apprehension of mafia members. However, for the Columbian Cartels, infiltration and inside knowledge of how these groups operate is proving much more difficult and so to be the apprehension of Cartel members."

Tags:murder, exploitation, technology, members

Abstract
The paper relates that many people consider the Columbian exchange, which began with Columbus and others "discovering" the New World, as the single greatest event in world history. The reason, as explained here, is that there began an exchange of plants and animals that had been found only in specific local areas.

From the Paper
"Nature is strange. Here is one reason why that statement makes sense. For millions of years, the plants and flowers and animals in one region of the world remained there forever. Why? Because there was no travel. Even when Man appeared, he seldom went more than a few miles from his cave or home. What this localized nature developed, however, was some species of flower of plant that could not be found in other places. Even when the climate was the same, animals and plants were different. All that changed, as we will see, because of what is known as The Columbian Exchange. Here are some of the details:..."

Tags:new world, columbus, pl, ants and animals

Abstract
This paper reveals that American expenditures into the international drug war for the Colombian government appear imperialistic and encouraging of the drug trade in cocaine. The author points out that, although major cartels were overthrow from 1999 to 2002, a wider range of smaller to middle level cartels arose to take their places until 2004. The paper stress that, because of these actions, the drug trade appears to have taken on a far more profitable place in the Columbian, especially with some of the larger and medium sized cartels still having a great influence in the pro-American government of Colombia from 2002 to 2004.

From the Paper
"This case study examines the information surrounding the use of the Columbian drug trade to destabilize third world countries, such as Columbia, by the United States. By deregulating the international drug market, especially with cocaine, the United States helps create inner conflict through drug lords and militia groups. Through the use of drug cartels government agencies in Columbia became corrupt by the advent of the CIA and other United States organized operations to use Columbia as an illegal market for cocaine. In this manner, American imperialism helped forge a stronger drug center in South America that supported the Colombian government and the drug cartels. This imperialistic factor in American/Columbian relations is by far the most interesting aspect of the drug trade between the yeas 1994-2004."

Tags:drug, colombia, us

Abstract
The focus of the discussion is on how the introduction by the Europeans of a variety of domestic animals to the Americas impacted life across a number of areas.

From the Paper
"The movement of foods, animals, plants, diseases and people between Spain and Latin America, the so called old' and new' worlds, brought tremendous historical changes and is known as the Columbian Exchange. The Columbian Exchange represented a two-way movement of culture, foods, plants, animals and people in what would forever alter the societies of both Spain and Latin America. This analysis will focus on the introduction of animals wrought by the Columbian Exchange and its impact on the Americas."

Tags:agriculture, food, warfare, Indians, Columbus, Cortes, Mexico, pigs, sheep, cattle, horses

From the Paper
" There is existing evidence that dentistry was practiced in Mexico before and after the Conquest. This can be seen by studying the dental mutilations, consisting of skillfully executed filing and inlaying with a variety of different materials. This is confirmed by X-rays, taken of excavated skulls. These skulls are part of the Mexican collection of mutilated teeth, which is the largest in the world. There are also numerous documents that verify the use of medicinal plants in the practice of dentistry. The sophistication of this pharmacology and the intricate work found in the inlays and filings lends qualification to the theory that these native Mesoamericans were part of a very civilized culture. "

Tags:bodyart, maya, pharmacology, teeth, dentistry, mexico, dental, history

Abstract
This paper deals with the modern day world conflict in Columbia between the Columbian guerrillas and the Columbian government.

Abstract
The paper discusses the Columbian Exchange, the term used to refer to the transfer of various elements between the New World and Europe. The paper discusses the positive elements like the exchange of foodstuffs and agricultural products and methods as well as the negative elements, such as the introduction of disease.

From the Paper
"Columbus and his men introduced diseases into the New World which killed thousands of Indians who were not immune to organisms that had long since ceased to have any adverse effects on the Europeans. This as well is blamed on Columbus, though clearly he could not have known that this would be the result of his visit, even if he had known that he was arriving in a completely New World and not in India as he first believed. Europe was affected by such devastating illnesses as leprosy, ergotism, scurvy, cholera, smallpox, measles, diphtheria, typhus, tuberculosis, and influenza. These diseases were deadly on a scale it is difficult to imagine. There were some diseases in the New World before Columbus, and people did die from them."

Tags:illness, agricultural, techniques, foodstuffs, crops

Abstract
In 1999, Columbia negotiated a three-year stabilization agreement named "Plan Columbia" with the International Monetary Fund, which established certain policy targets that it had to achieve in order to borrow money. The paper examines that although this money was given to resolve the civil conflict, curb drug trafficking, modernize legal and military institutions and strengthen the economy, in fact most of the money goes to the military in order to fight the FARC rebels who control vast areas of the coca fields. The paper examines the reasons behind the United States' eagerness to aid the Columbian government, despite the fact that most of the money is obviously not being used for "anti-drug" programs.

From the Paper
"However, statistics show that Colombian police and military are not fighting a drug war but rather a civil war against leftwing rebels that are rapidly gaining strength. However, the U.S. is completely aware that the money is not going to drugs and actually has an interest in the civil war because Colombia is strategically located, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. In addition, it has plentiful oil and mineral reserves that multinational corporations have been exploiting for years, often under the armed guard of the Colombian military. Therefore, the U.S. is supplying aid in the name of drugs but the money is used to keep control of the territory of Colombia."

Tags:International, Monetary, Fund, IMF, FARC, Latin, America, Caribbean

Abstract
This paper briefly reviews the simmering feud between BC miners and management in the lucrative British Columbian coal industry of the late nineteenth to early twentieth century. The paper argues that the miners' frequent uprisings against Dunsmuir and his ilk were not only acts of rebellion against the prevailing status quo but illustrations of the underlying social tensions bedeviling BC society during this period.

From the Paper
"Any analysis of British Columbian history must also take into account the grim struggle for control between the workers and owners of BC's notorious nineteenth and early twentieth century mines. This paper will do precisely that, while suggesting that while the miners frequently fell short in their avowed goals, their courageous determined struggle against injustice illustrated the economic and workplace disparities and incongruities that typified nineteenth and early twentieth century British Columbian life. With that foremost in mind, it is to a discussion of British Columbia's most memorable and angst-ridden workplace relationship that this paper now turns. In her 1991 book, The West Beyond the West, Jean Barman does not fail to discuss the hard-scrabble existence of many BC miners under the rough hand of the Dunsmuir clan and others of their ilk. "

Tags:bc, labor, management