Abstract This paper looks at the Columbian Exchange, an accidental byproduct of the Old World coming together with the New World which provided a forum for the exchange of many things including plants, animals and disease. It further discusses how the Columbian Exchange provided a massive transformation of the world's eco-system which had a significant impact on mankind.
Outline:
Introduction
How the Process Began
The Not so Nice Side of the Exchange
Understanding the Environmental Impact
Significance
Conclusion
From the Paper "The beginning of what is now referred to as the Columbian Exchange arrived during the second voyage to North America by Christopher Columbus and the 1,200 men he brought with him. It was at that time that Europeans arrived on North American soil. This event triggered a massive transformation of the global ecosystem because the arrival of the Europeans sparked the beginning of the two areas of the world sharing and trading flora, fauna and disease(Columbia pp). It was a time in which the Old World met with the New World and neither side was prepared ecologically for the onslaught that the introduction of eco-system elements to the environments would bring. "
Abstract This paper explains some of the similarities and differences between the Russian Mafia and the Columbian Cartels. It looks at the way that modern technology has seen organized crime groups entering and operating in the 21st century with vigor. It particularly looks at the similarities and differences between the two mafia groups with regards to structure, business and punishment.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
The Columbian Cartels and the Russian Mafia - An Analysis
Structure
Business
Murder and Punishment
From the Paper "While some similarities between the Russian Mafia and the Columbian Cartels are evident, the differences between the operations and group ethics are stark. As technology continues to advance, Organized Crime groups such as the Russian Mafia and the Columbian Cartels will continue to prey on the innocent and exploit the vulnerable and weak. Knowing how these groups operate is an obvious advantage to citizens and law enforcement alike. For groups such as the Mafia families, traditional operations with the slow infiltration of technology, law enforcement have a frame of reference for the investigation and apprehension of mafia members. However, for the Columbian Cartels, infiltration and inside knowledge of how these groups operate is proving much more difficult and so to be the apprehension of Cartel members."
Abstract This paper presents the factors, including risk factors, that will affect the company's business plan and strategy in the U.S.. The paper explains the make-up of the Columbian government and economy. The paper reviews the life of the product and the U.S. market structure.
From the Paper "Caf Colombino is a Colombian coffee company that buys coffee beans from farmers in the country and manufactures and distributes both ground coffee and coffee beans within Colombia. The company has generated a strong reputation for quality and is considering international expansion to the United States, which is one of the dominant markets for coffee in the world. This research considers the factors that will affect the company's business plan and strategy within the United States such as the company structure and legal registration."
Abstract This paper reveals that American expenditures into the international drug war for the Colombian government appear imperialistic and encouraging of the drug trade in cocaine. The author points out that, although major cartels were overthrow from 1999 to 2002, a wider range of smaller to middle level cartels arose to take their places until 2004. The paper stress that, because of these actions, the drug trade appears to have taken on a far more profitable place in the Columbian, especially with some of the larger and medium sized cartels still having a great influence in the pro-American government of Colombia from 2002 to 2004.
From the Paper "This case study examines the information surrounding the use of the Columbian drug trade to destabilize third world countries, such as Columbia, by the United States. By deregulating the international drug market, especially with cocaine, the United States helps create inner conflict through drug lords and militia groups. Through the use of drug cartels government agencies in Columbia became corrupt by the advent of the CIA and other United States organized operations to use Columbia as an illegal market for cocaine. In this manner, American imperialism helped forge a stronger drug center in South America that supported the Colombian government and the drug cartels. This imperialistic factor in American/Columbian relations is by far the most interesting aspect of the drug trade between the yeas 1994-2004."
From the Paper " There is existing evidence that dentistry was practiced in Mexico before and after the Conquest. This can be seen by studying the dental mutilations, consisting of skillfully executed filing and inlaying with a variety of different materials. This is confirmed by X-rays, taken of excavated skulls. These skulls are part of the Mexican collection of mutilated teeth, which is the largest in the world. There are also numerous documents that verify the use of medicinal plants in the practice of dentistry. The sophistication of this pharmacology and the intricate work found in the inlays and filings lends qualification to the theory that these native Mesoamericans were part of a very civilized culture. "
Tags: bodyart, maya, pharmacology, teeth, dentistry, mexico, dental, history
An examination of the spread of diseases after Columbus (focusing on effects of smallpox), Pre-Columbian Indian health and medicine and diseases in Europe (focusing on the plague).
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 7 sources, 2000, $ 95.95
Abstract An examination of the spread of diseases after Columbus (focusing on effects of smallpox), Pre-Columbian Indian health and medicine and diseases in Europe (focusing on the plague).
From the Paper "Introduction
The 500th anniversary of the first voyage of Columbus to the New World came in 1992, and this event was an occasion for celebration in both Europe and the Americas. It was also the occasion for much bitterness and anger by revisionists who wanted to downgrade the achievement of Columbus because of a perception that his discovery of America in the long run caused more harm than good. One thing that is wrong with the revisionist view is that it holds Columbus personally responsible for all that followed his exploratory journey. In truth, the "discovery" of America was inevitable, and the subsequent events derived from the character of European culture at the time and from the personalities of the various participants, notably the Conquistadors who saw this as the occasion for looting more than..."
Abstract In 1999, Columbia negotiated a three-year stabilization agreement named "Plan Columbia" with the International Monetary Fund, which established certain policy targets that it had to achieve in order to borrow money. The paper examines that although this money was given to resolve the civil conflict, curb drug trafficking, modernize legal and military institutions and strengthen the economy, in fact most of the money goes to the military in order to fight the FARC rebels who control vast areas of the coca fields. The paper examines the reasons behind the United States' eagerness to aid the Columbian government, despite the fact that most of the money is obviously not being used for "anti-drug" programs.
From the Paper "However, statistics show that Colombian police and military are not fighting a drug war but rather a civil war against leftwing rebels that are rapidly gaining strength. However, the U.S. is completely aware that the money is not going to drugs and actually has an interest in the civil war because Colombia is strategically located, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. In addition, it has plentiful oil and mineral reserves that multinational corporations have been exploiting for years, often under the armed guard of the Colombian military. Therefore, the U.S. is supplying aid in the name of drugs but the money is used to keep control of the territory of Colombia."
A discussion of the discovery of the New World by Columbus with an emphasis on the exchange of diseases between the Native Americans and the Europeans.
Abstract This paper examines how the discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492 changed the the geography of the world with an entire new continent appearing on maps of what would soon be seen as a globe instead of a flat surface. In particular it looks at how the geography of known disease also changed as Old World diseases such as smallpox, measles and influenza found a new population with no immunity because it had had no exposure to these diseases before. It examines how this effect became known as the Columbian Exchange and evaluates the result of this exchange of diseases between the Native Americans and the Europeans.
From the Paper "To this day there are arguments among researchers about the presence or absence of some diseases in the population of the New world, such as tuberculosis and syphilis. These may or may not have been found among the population before Columbus. Recent research suggests that there was some sort of "tuberculosis-like pathology" in the population before 1492, though it was of a type not associated with pulmonary disease. There was also a relatively benign nonvenereal (meaning not sexually transmitted) treponemal infection that was related to syphilis. There is no evidence, however, that either disease was at all widespread in either North or South America. Recent studies conducted in great detail show that large-scale sedentary societies in the Americas, where such diseases could have taken hold, did not."
Abstract This paper is about the Kensington Rune Stone and the controversy surrounding it as a possible Pre-Columbian, Scandinavian relic. By looking at each individual line this paper shows how it is overwhelmingly possible that the tale told on the stone is authentic. The author discusses the controversy, the background of the stone, and examines the inscription line by line.
From the Paper "Since its discovery in 1898 by Olaf Ohman, the Kensington Rune Stone has been at the center of a heated controversy surrounding its authenticity. The general academic world's position on the authenticity of the stone began as almost overwhelmingly negative and remained that way until recent studies and findings have given it more credibility. The argument in favor of the stone's authenticity has recently become nearly un-opposable. The apparent credibility for the stone can be shown when one considers the facts concerning the inscription itself when studied as a whole and then line by line."
Discusses Columbian writer Gabriel Garcia Marquez's use of the literary technique known as "magic-realism" in his novel "One Hundred Years of Solitude".
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, 2002, $ 35.95
Abstract The term "magic realism" seems, at first glance, to be oxymoronic. How can anything real seem magical? How can magic be real? The interconnectedness, however, of the quotidian and the fantastical is a hallmark of Latin American literature and one of the greatest living practitioners of this literary technique is the Columbian writer, Gabriel Garcia Marquez. In his masterpiece, One Hundred Years of Solitude, the author creates what is probably the best known, and best loved, example of the magic-realist tale.
Abstract This paper focuses on disease as a catalyst, paying special attention to the role of smallpox in subjugating the Native American nations. The first part is an overview of how various diseases have affected North American Indians from the arrival of the first Europeans in the 1500s to the Spanish missionaries who first came to Mexico and California in the 18th century. The body of the paper focuses on the use of disease, particularly smallpox, as a biological weapon against the Native Americans during the Seven Year's War. Finally, the paper assesses the short-term and long-term effects that disease has had on both the Old and the New Worlds, which include the decimation of the Native American population as a whole.
Outline
The Columbian Exchange
Smallpox and Warfare
Effects of Smallpox on Native American Populations
Conclusion
From the Paper "The most immediate effect of the Columbian exchange, however, was seen in the massive decline of the Native American population. The European explorers were unwitting carriers of diseases such as smallpox and cholera, illnesses which were unknown in the New World. Because they lacked natural resistance, Native Americans quickly succumbed to the disease. They also transmitted the virus to other populations. In South America and the Caribbean, an estimated 8 to 20 million people died, many without even encountering a white man."
Abstract This paper discusses how Vigil's book is a detailed introduction into the Mexican-American experience in the United States. The book depicts Mexican-American history in four stages: the Pre-Columbian, Spanish Colonial, Mexican Independence and Nationalism and the Anglo-American period. It explains that through the discussion of these the author provides a view of the dynamics still at work in contemporary Chicano life.
From the Paper "The result is a sweeping and panoramic account of the Chicano experience. His work is pioneering in the sense that it is all-encompassing while being brief and readable, where other works on the subject often focus on specific eras, regions, topics or statistical categories. Vigil on the other hand is all-inclusive in providing an account of where the Mexican-American culture as it is known today stems from, as well as a speculation of where they are on their way to. From an academic point of view the book is thus useful both to beginners and advanced scholars. Beginners are furnished with a full account of Mexican history, which is easily understandable. Advanced scholars can use the book as a basis for further, more specified study. Subjects such as Mexican studies and United States-Mexico relations are well supplemented by this book, which also includes a review of relevant literature and a solid conceptualization of the topic. "
Abstract This paper examines how early in the fourteenth century, the Aztec people arrived in the Valley of Mexico and how they rose from squatters to mercenaries to become the dominant state in pre-Columbian Mexico. It also looks at how Tenochtitlan, their capital city, flourished until 1519, with the arrival of the Spaniards and how eventually, the entirety of Aztec civilization was brought to its knees by the Spanish invaders.
From the Paper "As the Aztec people rose to become a more successful state through military conquests, they also improved upon farming methods. They converted the highly fertile marsh lands into the largely successful chinampa system. They piled rows of mud and other materials, dug canals in between the raised piles, then planted willow trees around the perimeter to fortify their gardens. The results were long, rectangular patches of land, known as chinampas surrounded by marshy water which resembled floating gardens. The farmers would regularly apply soil from the bottom of the canals to the surface of the chinampas to rejuvenate the nutrients of the gardens. "
Abstract This paper briefly reviews the simmering feud between BC miners and management in the lucrative British Columbian coal industry of the late nineteenth to early twentieth century. The paper argues that the miners' frequent uprisings against Dunsmuir and his ilk were not only acts of rebellion against the prevailing status quo but illustrations of the underlying social tensions bedeviling BC society during this period.
From the Paper "Any analysis of British Columbian history must also take into account the grim struggle for control between the workers and owners of BC's notorious nineteenth and early twentieth century mines. This paper will do precisely that, while suggesting that while the miners frequently fell short in their avowed goals, their courageous determined struggle against injustice illustrated the economic and workplace disparities and incongruities that typified nineteenth and early twentieth century British Columbian life. With that foremost in mind, it is to a discussion of British Columbia's most memorable and angst-ridden workplace relationship that this paper now turns. In her 1991 book, The West Beyond the West, Jean Barman does not fail to discuss the hard-scrabble existence of many BC miners under the rough hand of the Dunsmuir clan and others of their ilk. "
