Abstract This paper examines how colorectal cancer is the third most frequent cause of cancer death behind lung and prostate cancer in men and the third behind lung and breast in women in the U.S and the U.K.. It reviews the current statistics of colorectal cancer and the basics for its development as well as the current status of a very significant factor of carcinogenesis a protein called MBD4. Tables and diagrams aer included.
From the Paper "Cancer is a malignant growth which results from uncontrolled cell proliferation and loss of cell differentiation and programmed apoptosis. The word "cancer" describes a group of diseases that can affect any part of the human body. Cancer is a problem of great importance, affecting millions of people around the world and owes its success partly to the ability to spread-metastasize to other areas of the body through the lymphatic system and blood stream. According to McDonald (1997), cancer begins when a single cell undergoes mutation. This mutation promotes cell growth and permits this cell to bypass normal controls of proliferation. Additional mutations will occur, producing tumours."
Tags: carcinogenesis, malignant, growth, tumour, protein
Abstract This paper researches the processes of colorectal cancer screening in African-American women and discusses serious issue of the the lack of utilization among African-American women aged 50 and older of colorectal screening implements.
Articles:
Colon Cancer Screening in African American Women
Elderly African American Women's Knowledge and Belief About Colorectal Cancer
Colon Cancer Screening Among Older Caregivers
From the Paper "The sample size selected represents the sample most relevant in this case, as comprehensive information was gathered from previous studies directing the researcher to the correct sample size and population demographics for this particular study. The researchers make logical conclusions and the study presents multiple implications for future research in the health care arena. The research conclusions may apply to multiple patients facing educational barriers to healthcare screening and treatment. This research suggests that nursing practice would benefit by understanding the needs of divergent populations and accommodating their educational and informational needs accordingly. Knowledge about a particularly groups beliefs and concerns that may prevent adequate treatment can help guide nursing protocols and patient delivery in the future. "
Abstract This paper examines lifestyle and dietary habits as contributing factors to the development or prevention of CRC. The paper also points to a number of contributing factors to the development of CRC such as a diet high in red and processed meats, smoking, obesity, heavy alcohol usage and physical inactivity. On the other hand, a diet high in fruits and vegetables, daily intakes of calcium, folate, magnesium and vitamin D and physical activity decrease risk. In light of these factors, the paper contends that a comprehensive screening program designed to detect early noncancerous growths, such as colonoscopy or fecal occult blood test products, should also include nutrition and lifestyle information.
Outline:
The Prevalence of Colorectal Cancer
Partners for the Prevention of Colorectal Cancer in Lycoming County
Evidence for Program Intervention:
Concurrent Screening and Lifestyle Counseling
Hypothetical Program for Lifestyle Counseling in the Prevention of CRC
From the Paper "Public health in Pennsylvania has evolved over several decades, and has come to understand the importance of the community's involvement in several health programs. Stakeholders for a CRC prevention program would include medical personnel such as gastroenterologists, oncologists, surgeons and primary care physicians. Not-for-profit organizations may include the local Office for the Aging, Department of Health, and patient advocacy groups such as the American Cancer Society (ACS) and Susquehanna Health in Lycoming County. Other stakeholders to be considered are university students who can be offered paid incentives to perform relevant research, and health insurance companies. Finally, concerned individuals and the general public should be invited to volunteer time and support (including alternative health practitioners, psychologists, health clubs and other interested professionals. To begin a constituent search, Lycoming County's directory for health advocacy is the Lycoming County Health Improvement Coalition (LCHIC), an excellent resource for health professionals as well as the public)."
Abstract This paper questions whether women who are vigilant in taking insoluble fiber on a daily basis, can help fight off or reduce the development of colorectal cancer. This paper reviews the peer-reviewed and scholarly literature about this topic and is followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion. A personal reaction to the analysis is also included.
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Conclusion
Reaction
Works Cited
From the Paper Heart disease, breast and colorectal cancer, and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women are the leading causes of death, disability, and frailty among older women of all races and socioeconomic backgrounds in the United States today (Bowen, Hunt, Kaplan et al. 1997:101). Further, a range of behavioral and lifestyle factors play a powerful role in each of these diseases, and behavioral interventions may be useful for their prevention. As noted above, after lung cancer, colorectal cancer is the second leading cancer killer in the United States Gaziano & Horowitz 2001) (other authorities, though, report colorectal cancer is third, after lung and breast cancer for women (Bowen, Hunt & Kaplan et al. 1997:114).
According to a recent report in the Journal of Environmental Health (2004), though, "Among white women, lung cancer is the second most common cancer, and colorectal is the third most common cancer. Among black and Asian/Pacific Islander women, colorectal cancer and lung cancer are the second and third most common cancers, respectively" ("U.S. Cancer Incidence: Prostate Cancer and Breast Cancer Are Most Common" 61). Interestingly, Rhode Island reported the highest incidence of colorectal cancer among men, and Alaska the highest incidence rate among women; by contrast, New Mexico reported the lowest incidence rate of colorectal cancer for both men and women in the United States (U.S. Cancer Incidence: Prostate Cancer and Breast Cancer Are Most Common" 61)."
Abstract The paper explores the risk factors for developing colorectal carcinoma, which include one's diet, hereditary factors and syndromes and having inflammatory bowel disease. The paper discusses the symptoms, findings of a physical examination, prognosis for patients and treatment options.
From the Paper "The gastrointestinal tract is our body's pathway where food travels from the mouth, through the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine within where the nutrients are extracted for the needs of the body. The first part of the pathway is the esophagus. It is the conduit that guides food from the mouth, where it is prepared by chewing, down to the stomach where it is stored. Then, the stomach, which is both a storage space and a secretory organ that produces the gastric acid necessary for digestion. Then the tract is followed by the duodenum when involuntary muscle contractions (peristalsis) empties the food gradually into it, the first part of the small intestine."
Abstract This paper presents a research proposal that hypothesizes that individuals at high risk for CRC will benefit from lifestyle counseling by possibly prevent a cancerous event. The paper relates that lifestyle choices are associated with colorectal cancer (CRC); therefore, preventive measures, which address this type of cancer are a realistic public health goal. The paper concludes with an explanation of the research methodology, including a sample of the questions and the funding position for the study.
Table of Contents:
Background
Study Purpose and Significance
A Literature Review
Research Methodology
Samples Questions
Benchmarks
Budget Proposal - Program Appropriations
Funded Positions
From the Paper "Preventive measures that address cancer of the colon and rectum are a realistic public health goal. The success of lifestyle counseling in addition to traditional treatment can be seen in Euroaction, the largest research project to be undertaken by the European Society of Cardiology. Euroaction is a cluster randomized controlled trial of six European countries, which has shown positive results utilizing interventions that focus on lifestyle counseling . Fifty five percent of the study participants who were in high risk categories for cardiovascular disease reduced their saturated fat intake, and 72% increased their fruit and vegetable consumption."
Abstract Cancer is a cause of alarm. And colorectal cancer like any other cancer is a cause of alarm because it kills more than 50,000 people each year, making it second only to lung cancer in cancer deaths each year. Yet it is highly preventable, through a healthy lifestyle, and regular screening to prevent the minor irregularity in the body to develop into some malignant growth. Regular medical examinations are very important, once the candles of the fortieth birthday are blown out. The following five-page undergraduate paper is a brief study about the causes, symptoms, and patterns of occurrence of the colorectal cancer, with specific reference to its occurrence among women at age 40 and above.
Abstract This research study examines the problem of how home visits should be carried out among patients with colorectal cancer in order to be beneficial to the patient being treated. The problem not only addresses whether home visits in themselves are of benefit to colorectal patients, but how such visits should be administered to affect the greatest benefit to these patients.
Table of Contents:
Problem
Research Question
Study Design
Subjects and Setting
Data Collection Methods
Data Analysis Procedures
Strengths/Limitation
Implications of Study Findings
From the Paper "The study findings could certainly be used in nursing practice to emphasize the importance of utilization of more personalized care in treating of colorectal cancer patients, and any cancer patients for that matter. The fact that most patients perceived home health care by professionals such as nurses as positively affecting their recovery and health is critical to note. Perhaps it may influence nurses to administer more personalized service in a hospital care setting, thereby increasing the recovery rates and health benefit for inpatient services. The findings could also be used in educational settings, for both nursing and physician settings. Nursing education and physician education would likely benefit from knowing the perceptions of patients receiving various kinds of care, including home health care in their expected outcome and recovery time. Likely such insights will have an impact on the manner in which students and interns approach treating similar patients in the future."
A research proposal for nursing students on the problem of how home visits should be carried out among patients with colorectal cancer in order to be beneficial to the patient being treated.
Abstract This paper outlines a research proposal for a study to analyze the efficacy of home visits for colorectal cancer patients, as well as determine the best method for approaching home health visits for such patients. Together with supporting literature, it states the objectives of the study, describes the study design, in this case a qualitative interview study and looks at subjects and setting as well as data collection methods. It discusses the data analysis procedures, evaluates its strengths and limitations and debates the implications of the study's findings.
From the Paper "The majority of subjects were interviewed in their home, which seems appropriate because the study revolves around patient care in the home, and the benefits and comforts attributed to being in the home as a personal place as opposed to being in a hospital or other formal and unfamiliar territory. It might be said that the subjects were influenced by the comfortable setting of their home to overly associate good benefits with home health care, but it might also be argued that home health care would be perceived with the same general good attitude and positive thought and emotional process. "
Abstract This paper reminds us that even though cancer causes many deaths throughout the world, most causes of this devastating disease are unknown. Current research is now looking at genetic causation, which may lead to cures. The author discusses in detail cancer classifications that have a genetic link: Breast cancer, colorectal, mutations in tumor suppressor genes, childhood carcinomas and many other cancers. The author comments that there appears to be a lack of a genetic link between minority and white populations; therefore, the higher rates of cancer among minorities may be due to familial causes: Environment, occupation or environment.
From the Paper "A gene mutation in BNC1 has been identified in glioma, a brain cancer; the inactivation of the gene may advance the malignant nature of tumors. Glioma is the leading killer of children with cancer. Brain tumors spread faster then other tumors. BNC1 may also be involved in the development of other tumors. An additional gene has been found that may be involved in multiple forms of cancer. The gene, MMAC1 or PTEN is found along chromosome 10. Two research teams working on separate cancer types found this gene. The brain tumor with involvement of this gene is glioblastoma multiforme, which is responsible for 5,000-6,000 deaths per year. As stated above, this gene is also seen in cases of breast cancer. The mutation was also found in melanoma, kidney and prostate cancer. The non-mutated form of the gene seems to act as a tumor suppressor, and the gene may determine malignancy in tumors as well. A rare genetic disorder called Bloom's syndrome combines chromosomal instability and a high rate of neoplasia. Increased recombination along with mutation may cause the increased rate of neoplasia. A study on twins gives information on genetic links to cancer. Results of this study suggest a genetic link for the following cancers: colon and rectum in males, female breast cancer and in situ cervical cancer, prostate cancer, and total cancer. The only cancer listed without a heritable link was lung cancer in both males and females."
Abstract This paper gives general information about colon cancer including its signs and symptoms, causes, risk factors, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. The paper defines colon cancer (also called colorectal or large bowel cancer) as cancerous growths in the colon and the rectum.
Outline:
Signs and Symptoms
Causes/ Risk Factors
Diagnosis
Prevention
Treatment
From the Paper "When colon cancer is suspected, barium enema x-ray or colonoscopy is usually performed to confirm the diagnosis and to find out the exact location of the tumor. For the barium enema x-ray, the patient is given an enema with white chalky liquid containing barium; it helps to outline the large intestine, and the tumors are then detectable as dark shadows on the x-rays. Colonoscopy consists of a procedure in which a long flexible tube is inserted via the rectum for inspecting the inside of the colon. If colon polyps are found, they are removed through the colonoscope and examined in the lab for cancer and for pre-cancerous growth ("Colon Cancer" Mayo Clinic, 2008). "
Abstract This paper discusses how colon cancer is the second leading cause of cancer related deaths in the US and Canada and how it is vital to alert ourselves to this problem, so that we can help all those effected and prevent future generations from suffering and dying from the disease. In particular, the paper contends that the key to avoiding this cancer may be the person's lifestyle, and their nutritional intake. It looks at how the main nutrients that seem to be getting the headlines in relation to colon cancer are red meat, fibre, and folic acid, and as such, this paper focuses mainly on these headlines.
Outline:
Exercise
Healthy Diet
Red Meat
Fibre
Folate
Calcium, Vitamin D & Antioxidants
Lifestyle
Education & Screening
Looking to the Future
From the Paper "Another important nutrient, or more accurately vitamin, is folate [22,23]. Folate, and its synthetic form, folic acid, play critical roles in the synthesis of DNA and RNA, in addition to aiding many areas of our metabolism [22,23]. Since cancer is almost always caused by some sort of damage to the cells genetic material, it is easy to understand that reduced intakes of folate can increase the risk of colorectal cancers, and experimental research seems to demonstrate it as well [22-24]. Conversely, increased intakes of folate are associated with reducing the risk of colorectal cancer by 50-60%, especially in people who consumed above the recommended intakes of alcohol [23,24]. There is still the matter of further human medical investigations to be done, as currently much of the positive folate outcomes detailed, are from researches done with animals [23]."
From the Paper "Colorectal Cancer: A Review From a Nursing Perspective
Introduction
This research reviews, from a nursing perspective, the literature related to colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer is the combined designation for both colon cancers and rectal cancers. The incidence of the disease, it etiology, and management are addressed.
Colorectal Cancer Incidence
Colorectal cancer is the second most common malignancy experienced by the adult population in the United States (Cirocchi, Cagini, Covarelli, Mazieri, Severini, Rossi, Pacifici, and Mosci, 1994, pp. 242-252). Malignancies of the colon and rectum are responsible for approximately 12 percent of all adult cancer deaths in..."
Abstract This paper examines the role of radiographers within the radiology department focusing on the provision of a barium enema. This paper provides a retrospective review of the data currently available regarding the use of radiographers within the health system, the efficiency of this practice, safety outcomes and the quality of the studies.
Contents:
Abstract
Statement of the Problem (Introduction)
Hypothesis
Current Scope of Practice of Radiographers
Literature Review
Methods
Evaluation
Ethical Considerations
Dissemination
Budget
Discussion
Appendix
From the Paper "We are seeing a loss of physician radiologists from our health care system as they move on to a setting which is more financially lucrative as well as under their own control in regard to schedule management, etc. This does not mean that the number of patients will reduce, and these patients still require high quality healthcare. There has been a worldwide move to the use of midlevel or allied health care providers who can practice within a certain scope under the supervision of a physician and offer medical management and evaluation of patients. We will seek to evaluate the efficacy of the use of radiographers within the radiology department in the management of patients who seek barium enemas. In specific, we will study the radiographer's degree of comfort and accuracy in the provision of the studies. We will examine the different types of training which radiographers learn their skills, and which type of consultation with the radiologist in general. Finally we will examine the degree of job satisfaction of radiographers who provide Barium Enemas as well as the satisfaction of patients who undergo the procedure under the supervision of a radiographer."
Abstract This paper outlines why the human genome project will reduce the cost of treatment for at least some types of illnesses and diseases - most notably colorectal cancer and breast cancer. The paper details some of the objections historically raised against the project and then delves into the conclusions of others who staunchly insist that it is a worthwhile expenditure of time and money. After reviewing the evidence, the paper concludes that, while the project may not be without its flaws, it is still adding to our basic knowledge about genetic diseases and ie still going to save us lives and save patients and their families money - and that makes it important.
From the Paper "One of the chief concerns that opponents of the Human Genome Project have is that medical research will be adversely affected by the Project because of the massive diversion of time and funds towards something that, in their view, is utterly superfluous. In an April, 1990, correspondence to colleagues, Michael Syvanen of the University of California at Davis (the email was actually posted online by a close associate, Paul R. Chernoff of Berkeley, though it appears to be essentially Syvanen's words and thoughts) outlines this position. Specifically, Syvanen (the letter is co-signed by several colleagues but the top of the letter suggests that Syvanen was the chief writer of the correspondence) insists that most genes involved in disease can be located and accurately sequenced without resorting to the drastic step of sequencing the entire genome; in fact, as early as 1990, promising steps were being undertaken in the battle against disease through genetic research that did not entail the expensive sequencing of the human genome in its entirety. Proceeding onward, Syvanen notes that the rush to sequence the human genome has sparked a scientific environment wherein peer review boards that balk at uncertain and even downright questionable human genome proposals are being muscled aside in favor of appointed administrative bodies seduced by the notoriety of possibly sequencing the human genome - and not by the actual validity of the science appearing before them (Syvanen et al, 1990). For Syvanen and others like him, both in 1990 and surely today, the Human Genome Project is nothing more than a costly "play thing" of scientists who conveniently forget that 95 to 98 percent of the human genome consists of useless, "junk" DNA that simply serves no function at all and has no bearing on whether someone acquires a disease or not (Syvanen et al, 1990)."
