Abstract Since the fifteenth century, when explorers first began to discover Africa's wealth of natural resources, European nations conquered and colonized African territories. The imperialists exploited resources while putting little back into the country in terms of industrial development, health and educational facilities, or stable political systems. Believing their ways superior and fearing cultures and religions they did not understand, they brought missionaries to spread Christianity and rescue Africans from traditional beliefs they considered ignorant and superstitious. As a result of European intervention, with Africans forced to accept Westernization, much of the native religion and culture has been lost forever.
Abstract A paper comparing and contrasting the colonization of Brazil, Indonesia and Kenya. Several historical accounts in books are used as well as some journal articles for background information. The paper focuses on the assimilation of the colonists into new lands.
Abstract The paper begins by listing the objectives of various countries in the colonization of the Americas. It gives a history of England at the time of the discovery of the "New World", concentrating on the area of colonization. The paper looks at Spain's colonization of South America in the light of its religious motivations and discusses the conquering of the Aztecs. It studies the French and Dutch desire to find the Northwest Passage, their failure to do so and their subsequent colonization of North America. The paper also gives a picture of the relationships between these colonizing countries. The paper concludes by stating that the original motivations of the colonizing countries differed from their final motivations for colonization of the Americas.
From the Paper "The promise of new riches and the potential discovery of the fabled Northwest Passage were the primary objectives, which fueled the exploration of the New World. Yet these goals were not practical enough when the European nations decided to colonize the Americas. Of all the reasons for the colonization of America, "none perhaps was more important than the desire of the centralized national state to be economically self-sufficing and politically independent" (Carman & Syrett 19). This would prevent an autocratic and rigidly controlled colony in which everything was to benefit the parent country. The degree of success in colonizing the Americas would be measured by this fact. As long as a country could quickly populate its colonies and establish a self-sufficient economy, it would be ahead in the race to colonize the New World. Although the new riches and the Northwest Passage were still sought after, they weren't the final motivations for colonization any longer."
Abstract This paper begins by explaining what colonization is and which areas France, England, and Spain had colonized up until the 1800s. The paper explains how colonization leaves a lasting effect on the place, even once the conquering nation has left, evidenced by the architecture and language of the modern-day people and land. Specifically, the paper compares the Eurocentric perspective on colonization to that of the Revisionist perspective. The writer also provides a commentary on each of the references used and their relevance to the topic.
From the Paper "French colonization like all other colonization brought about significant changes in the settlements where French people made colonies. These changes that the process of colonization brought and the way the French colonization made amendments in the varying cultures of the colonies that were later formed and the way this process of colonization contributed towards the history of economic development and paved way for the concept of capitalism is explained by two absolutely different schools of thought namely The Eurocentric historians and the Revisionist or the anti-Eurocentric historians. The Eurocentric historians strongly uphold the "cultural arrogance" associated with "the real-or-alleged centrality of Europe in preparing the explosion of economic development, science and technology, the Enlightenment and the expansion of the role of the individual-as well as intensified exploitation and colonial conquest-that heralded the modem world" and thereby indirectly establishing a link of the above with capitalism."
Abstract In ?Heart of Darkness,? Joseph Conrad reveals the way that racial "others" are dominated by European colonizers who have consumed their territory, resulting in the assimilation and mistreatment of African natives. The paper explains how the novel begins with Marlow, the leading character, telling his shipmates the story of the Romans and their conquest of Britain many years ago. This acts as an introduction to the story of Marlow's unforgettable experience in the Congo, in which we are shown the causes and effects of colonization, both on those who are colonized and on those who colonize.
From the Paper "The novel begins on the Nellie, a cruising yawl situated on the Thames River near London, England. Aboard the vessel, Marlow, an experienced seaman, is about to share an intense story of his experience in the Congo, which he refers to as ?the heart of an immense darkness ?(Conrad 252). However, before he recalls this tale to his four shipmates, he tells the story of the Romans who ruthlessly invaded England. Marlow starts his story by saying, "the conquest of the earth.....is not a pretty thing when you look into it too much" (Conrad 141). This is a fitting way for Marlow to introduce his story about the Roman invasion, and as he later reveals his first-hand experience in the heart of darkness, this point becomes reinforced. Marlow claims that the actions of the Romans were ruthless and selfish and were motivated only by their lust for the accumulation of power. It is likely that this same form of greed drove European settlers into Africa to consume their land and resources without regard for the native peoples. Marlow goes on to describe the Roman's conquest in England by saying that, ?it was just robbery with violence, aggravated murder on a great scale.....? (Conrad 140). As an English man, Marlow seems appalled by the way the Roman colonizers treated his ancestors, and he views their actions as being nothing short of a massacre, with the Romans acting as Gods and selfishly taking whatever they so please. Marlow may have thought that this story was an appropriate one to share before beginning his story of his experience in Africa because it is a perfect example of how powerful political forces can easily colonize and assimilate less powerful races, which is precisely what the Europeans were doing to the African natives while Marlow journeyed through the Congo."
Abstract This paper discusses colon cancer, with emphasis on the difficulties of diagnosis and the wide range of options available for early detection. It considers family history and genetic factors and looks at the pros and cons of the various diagnostic tests available, including a few still in development. It covers ways to detect a genetic predisposition to the disease. Since colon cancer often does not give early symptoms, it emphasizes the need for careful monitoring, especially in people particularly susceptible to this disease. The paper describes how colon cancer is treated once diagnosed.
From the Paper "Colon cancer is the second-highest occurring cancer in the United States, beaten out for first place only by lung cancer. In medical terms, the colon includes the entire large intestine (Columbia Ency, 2004).
Colon cancer can have several contributing causes. Diets too high in fat and not high in fiber sources, such as fruit, vegetables and whole grain, correlates with a higher incidence of colon cancer. However, it is also more common in anyone with a family history of colon cancer, and even a history of cancer in the female reproduction system. Polyps in the colon and a medical history of ulcerative colitis are risk factors."
Abstract This paper is an examination of the mechanisms of colon tumorigenesis involving the mutation cluster region of the APC gene. There is an explanation of colon carcinogenesis including an analysis of the Wnt signaling pathway, the roles of the APC gene's different domains, "Knudon's two- hit hypothesis and the "just right" level of signaling theory. The paper also includes a critical discussion about the scientific arguments and research evidence that exists to challenge current understanding of the underlying mechanisms of colon tumorigenesis. One illustration is included which depicts the varying domains of the APC gene.
From the Paper "Colorectal cancer is the third most common form of cancer and the second leading cause of death in the western world. Nearly 34,900 people are diagnosed with it in the U.K each year and about 16,000 of these die. About 15% of colorectal cancers are hereditary. Hereditary conditions are divided into two categories: the polyposis and the non polyposis types. Two hereditary conditions that have been identified are Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (FAP) and Hereditary Non Polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC). The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene is known to be mutated in all cases of FAP but this condition only accounts for less than 1% of colorectal cancer cases. The condition HNPCC results when mutation occurs in the DNA mismatch repair genes MSH2 and MLH-1 leading to microsatellite instability and defective DNA repair. Non inherited mutations of the APC gene have been detected in over 85% of the remaining sporadic colorectal cancers. "
Abstract This paper gives general information about colon cancer including its signs and symptoms, causes, risk factors, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. The paper defines colon cancer (also called colorectal or large bowel cancer) as cancerous growths in the colon and the rectum.
Outline:
Signs and Symptoms
Causes/ Risk Factors
Diagnosis
Prevention
Treatment
From the Paper "When colon cancer is suspected, barium enema x-ray or colonoscopy is usually performed to confirm the diagnosis and to find out the exact location of the tumor. For the barium enema x-ray, the patient is given an enema with white chalky liquid containing barium; it helps to outline the large intestine, and the tumors are then detectable as dark shadows on the x-rays. Colonoscopy consists of a procedure in which a long flexible tube is inserted via the rectum for inspecting the inside of the colon. If colon polyps are found, they are removed through the colonoscope and examined in the lab for cancer and for pre-cancerous growth ("Colon Cancer" Mayo Clinic, 2008). "
Abstract This paper briefly discusses the types of governing system both of these European powers used when taking control of Africa countries. It looks at the similarities between both systems and their flaws.
From the Paper "The colonization in Africa resulted in trouble times for many Africans. The French colonized much of the Western border, while the British colonized parts of South Africa. The British and the French both wanted to conquer as much land as possible. As a result colonization began, and Africans fell under French or British rule. Despite African resistance these powers took over land in Africa, and the African values were ignored. France had control over Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Ivory Coast, Mauritania, Mali, Niger, and Benin, whereas Britain controlled Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Gambia, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Kenya."
Abstract This paper examines the differences in colonization styles in the world in the fifteenth and nineteenth centuries. The paper begins by looking at the way that the Portuguese and Spanish conquerors took control of certain regions. It then discusses how the British and French did the same in the nineteenth century, but in a different manner. The paper concludes that while the style of colonization might have been different the outcome was always the same - the nations were oppressed.
From the Paper "One must remember that Columbus sailed from Spain not to find a New World, but to find a better route to India for Spanish fleets and their commercial patrons. The reason for this was so that "Arab merchants, who owned land trade routes, were not able to make a profit off of the European trade merchants." (Koeller, p. 1) It was clear that once Columbus returned from his discovery voyages, there would be conflict between the two strong sea powers of the time, namely Spain and Portugal. In particular, the Portuguese wanted to protect their monopoly on the trade routes to Africa, and felt that they were now threatened. As rivals, neither Spain nor Portugal was willing to cede any territory they had or would find and claim as their own. So, in 1493 Pope Alexander VI took action to clear up any confusion that may have arisen over which country laid claim to which territory. "
Tags: spain, portugal, oppression, france, King, Leopold, colonialism
Abstract The writer explains that the classic, "Heart of Darkness", is important primarily as an art form. The paper shows that it also serves a significant historical purpose in that the novel reflects the surroundings and circumstances in the Belgian Congo in 1902. The paper examines the account of the colonization of the Belgian Congo related in Conrad's novel. The writer reviews traditional historical sources showing factual accounts of the same era. The writer assesses the overall relevance of "Heart of Darkness" to the body of historical documentation of European imperialism in the Belgian Congo. In conclusion, the writer states that any thorough investigation of the European colonization of the Congo can be greatly enriched when supplemented by a reading of Conrad's "Heart of Darkness".
From the Paper "Joseph Conrad's 1902 novel Heart of Darkness is invaluable for its frank portrayal of European colonialism in the Belgian Congo. Although Heart of Darkness is undoubtedly a work of fiction and a product of Conrad's imagination, the fact that Conrad's own experiences of 1889-90 mirror those laid out in the novel serves to increase the credibility of the historical framework of the text. Historical investigations and the posthumous publication of Conrad's personal papers have confirmed that Conrad endured a series of incidents remarkably similar to that recounted by Marlow, as a Belgian agent inextricably torn "between colonizing Europe and exploited Africa" (Gurko 115). In this context, Heart of Darkness transcends the confines usually placed upon a work of art and becomes a valuable narrative recording a dismal, largely undocumented period in the history of European imperialism."
Abstract The paper discusses colon cancer, a specific type of cancer that has been shown to be influenced by both genetic elements and lifestyle factors. The paper examines how the risk of cancer to the individual may be affected by both, and while nothing can be done about the existence of family history or genetic factors in the make-up of the individual, much can be done to address those lifestyle factors that may contribute to the development of this type of cancer. The paper concludes that an increase in physical activity and changes in diet can dramatically lower a person's predisposition to colon cancer.
Outline:
Physical Activity
Diet
Recommendations
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper "Overweight, and a lack of activity, is believed to be one of the major reasons for the increase in an overweight condition in the U.S., with increased TV watching linked to excessive weight. Both men and women are at risk for colon cancer, with African-Americans more at risk than whites. Regular screenings are essential because there are no symptoms in the early stages of the disease."
Abstract The paper examines the adenoma to carcinoma sequence proposed by B. Volgenstein and E.R. Fearon. The paper explains how this model acts as a basis for understanding the mechanisms which are thought to cause eighty per cent of sporadic colon cancers and cases of familial adenematous polyposis. The paper also describes an alternative pathway resulting in microsatellite instability and thought to underlie cases of hereditary non polyposis colon cancer. In addition, the paper looks at the molecular events involving mutated mismatch repair enzymes.
From the Paper "Colorectal cancer causes approximately 15,000 deaths per year in the U.K and about 30,000 individuals are diagnosed with it each year making it the second most common cause of death from cancer. Of these, about 70% are colon cancers which affect men and women and are much more prevalent in the Western World than India or Asia. About 25% of colon cancers occur where there's a family history of it but only 5% are due to known familial syndromes. These include Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP); a mendelian dominant disorder which sees a germline mutation of APC and hereditary non polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC); a disorder in which germline mutations in mismatch repair enzymes are caused. The other 20% of clusters of colon cancer in families are unexplained but postulated risks are "mild" APC and mismatch repair gene mutations or polymorphisms of genes involved in nutrient or carcinogen metabolism and also non genetic factors. The main proportion of colon cancer though arises from sporadic adenomatous polyps (75%)."
Abstract This paper takes a look at how the roles of First Nations Women have changed due to colonization. While women in Western cultures have traditionally held certain roles throughout history, ones that modern feminism makes attempts to equalize, these roles were not kept by Aboriginals, for example, in Canada. With the advent of Western infiltration, Western cultural values became instilled into native culture, disrupting their sense of identity. This paper aims to look at causes behind this change, the negative consequences that have ensued, and how to restore the gender balanced feminism and the esteemed role of women in the First Nations community.
Outline:
Statement of the Problem
Affects of Colonization How Do We Repair the Hoop?
From the Paper "Colonialism's main goal was to tear down the structure of the native communities and replace it with a new social order. The public school system was used a tool to meet this goal (Millroy, 1999). In this destruction of native life and culture, the balance between gender roles was replaced with a decidedly patriarchal society. One of the key examples of this is in naming practices. Naming practices in the Catholic church dictated that the first names be chosen by the church, rather than left up to chance with the parents (Devine, 2004). Colonization abolished the spiritually based naming practices of First Nations people.
"Women were stripped of their roles and their purpose in life. They were forced to take on a position similar to white women, and the role simply did not fit them. They found themselves between two worlds, longing for the one that they left behind and not belonging fully to the new one."
Abstract Why did England and Spain come out as the colonial superpowers - as opposed to other colonizing nations in their era? This paper argues that the predominant historical evidence suggests that the reason for this dominance was twofold - Spanish and the English dominated the seas and the land, militarily, in the way that other European nations such as the French did not; and British and Spanish nations were both more unified.
From the Paper "Ultimately, their stronger unified cultural need to establish their dominance in another land is the most important reasons for the foothold established by the English and the Spanish in the New World. It is true that a plethora of different races, ethnic groups, nationalities, and cultures arrived on the North American soil prior to 1776, the year that America began its process of embarking upon its independence, of officially becoming the independent country of United States of America. This begs the question of why did the Spanish (and Spanish Americans) and later primarily the English (and English Americans) become the dominant ethnic groups in the New World, and not the other nations that established settlements, for instance, perchance, the Dutch?"
