Abstract
This paper discusses whether collective security is a way for nations to protect themselves against common enemies, or whether it is just colonialism repackaged to look appealing. The paper attempts to examines this concept through two perspectives - through historical exploration and future speculation. It concludes that collective security agreements do not pose a threat to sovereignty, although future collective security strategies may not be able to claim this feat.

Outline:
Identification of the Term Collective Security
Collective Security and Sovereignty in History
Collective Security and State Sovereignty in the Future
Conclusion

From the Paper
"According to Stromberg (2008), collective security "may be defined as a plan for maintaining peace through an organization of sovereign states, whose members pledge themselves to defend each other against attack" (para 1). Thus, by definition, collective security is a conglomeration of "sovereign states," or states who perpetuate their own governance. Collective security agreements are probably the most famous examples of hard power multinational conflict management in recent history. While states often use soft power methods of multinational conflict management, such as forming informal alliances, launching media campaigns to increase a state's popularity within a region, and arranging meetings among sovereign leaders, collective security agreements, which are formal and legally binding, are most often relied upon as a means of hard power exertion. "

Tags:peace, government, conflict

Abstract
The paper shows that historians have used mercantilism to measure the fairness of the mother country toward the American colonies. Surprisingly, the word was unknown prior to the late eighteenth century and the phrase "mercantile system" first become commonplace in the writings of Adam Smith. This paper explains how, in Smith's view, mercantilism was a "commercial minority's scheme to gain a monopoly of the home market for manufacturers by regulation, trade and ostensibly to secure a favorable balance in the national interest." The paper traces how mercantilism acquired popular usage and has since been widely disagreed upon between nineteenth and twentieth century writers.

From the Paper
"An entire generation of Americans formed their ideas of the British mercantilist system on the basis of Bancroft's writings. Before he wrote, few mentioned the Navigation Acts in connection with the Revolution. But Bancroft insisted that British economic restriction had caused the break between the colonies and mother country. Indeed, in his second volume he stated, "American Independence, like the great rivers of the country, had many sources; but the head-spring which colored all the streams was the Navigation Act.""

Tags:George, Bancroft, Navigation, Acts, John, Nicholson, Puritan, Revolution, Woolen, Act, Staple

Abstract
The following paper will discuss the root of African under-development: colonialism. To start with, the paper will highlight how European colonial elites used corruption and intimidation to secure their power - thereby setting an example and a precedent of "modern" leadership from which African leaders in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries have not retreated.

From the Paper
Colonialism: The Root of African Under-Development The following paper will discuss the root of African under-development: colonialism. To start with, the paper will highlight how European colonial elites used corruption and intimidation to secure their power - thereby setting an example and a precedent of "modern" leadership from which African leaders in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries have not retreated. As well, one cannot pass over the grim fact that colonialism turned Africa's emerging modern economies into resource-based, extractive economies characterized by poor diversification and by even weaker technological or logistical infrastructure; not surprisingly, the end

Tags:colonialism, african, development

Abstract
This paper discusses the events that took place in colonial America in the late 18th century. The paper claims that a closer analysis of Georgia's history reveals that the events of 1793-94 were motivated more by a need to secure local interests than by any desire to subvert the federal government.

From the Paper
"Local interests often conflict with national interests in the affairs of men and government. However, whenever such conflicts take place, patriotism and civic duty are expected to lead to national interests superceding local ones. Viewed from such a perspective, it would indeed be possible to call into question Georgia's patriotism and loyalty to the newly formed United States of America. However, as Bertram Wyatt-Brown points out in his 1986 work, Honor and Violence in the Old South, the southern idea of patriotism was vested more in a place, a people, and a past, rather than upon abstract concepts of democracy and freedom (Morris, 2003). Thus, perhaps the events of 1793-94 are best analyzed by first examining the implications, if any, of Wyatt-Brown's observation."

Tags:georgia, southerners, oglethorpe

Abstract
This paper explains that power in the English colonies was accomplished by the English elite, government officials, landowners and slave owners. The paper then points out the three ways in which power was exerted by the elite included extracting resources, legalizing slave ownership and the writing of laws. The paper concludes that slaves, indentured servants, Indians and women lacked the benefit of power.

From the Paper
"First of all, the English elite, government officials, landowners, and slave owners held power in the English colonies. To begin with, the English elite and government officials held power the most amount of power than any other group of people. These were the wealthiest individuals of all. The English elite and government officials made all the decisions in the New World from laws to war, because of their power. Money was a factor in determining power. The more money a person had, the more power he obtained. Power also came in the form of landownership."

Tags:elite, indian, women, landownership, tobacco

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that many developing countries around the world are faced with the dual-edged sword of a "brain-drain" of their healthcare professionals who seek better economic opportunities in other countries as well as healthcare infrastructures that require substantive improvements to bring them up to date. The writer points out that the Republic of Ghana is faced with this precise set of circumstances as it struggles to overcome the historic legacy of colonialism and the same economic and social developmental issues that have confronted many sub-Saharan African nations in recent years. One technique that has proven effective in recent years in facilitating the delivery of quality healthcare services to a wide range of consumers is the use of so-called "smart cards." The purpose of the proposed study is to consider the introduction of so-called smart cards in public and private health service delivery in the Republic of Ghana today. To this end, a critical review of the relevant peer-reviewed and scholarly literature is presented, followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Scope of Study
Rationale of Study
Overview of Study
Methodology
Preliminary Review of the Literature
Background and Overview
Healthcare Issues Confronting Developing Nations Today
Smart Cards and Healthcare Delivery
Privacy Considerations
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Many developing nations are faced with some enormous challenges and obstacles to development, particularly when it comes to the delivery of effective healthcare services. For instance, healthcare professionals have long emigrated from developing to developed countries in search of better professional and personal opportunities; in recent years, though, this trend has become even more pronounced. Chronic shortages of nurses, physicians, pharmacists, and other healthcare practitioners around the world have fueled the migration from less affluent to more affluent countries, but also between poor countries and between wealthy ones as well. As a result, there is a growing global labor market for all types of professionals in health care today. Moreover, the globalization of the health-care labor market has had a profound effect on the ability of many national health-care systems to deliver vital services to their citizens. The most dramatic impact is being felt in the least developed nations, where there has been a tremendous increase in emigration."

Tags:colonialism, healthcare, services, developing, nations

Abstract
The following paper will argue that, while there may have been a general tendency in some quarters to believe that western civilization was the apogee of "civilization" - in other words, if it was not "western" it was not truly civilized - the reality is that many Asian elites, particularly those animated by racist and highly nationalistic thoughts - were only prepared to accept Asian civilization to the extent that it benefited their nations, or the Asian peninsula, to do so. In that sense, individuals who felt threatened by the west's military and industrial prowess were selective in how they embraced the strange foreign world that came knocking loudly at Asia's door in the latter-half of the nineteenth century. The thesis outlined above will be discussed and expanded upon using the following steps. Firstly, the paper will look at the country of Korea, a struggling nation at the turn of the twentieth century that seemed to think that its salvation lay in uncritically accepting the features of western society. From there, the paper will look at Japan and then at China, two nations that were ostensibly more culturally secure (this was certainly true of Japan) and thus were disinclined to accept the notion that western civilization constituted the height of human advancement; in the case of these two nations, the west was most likely only useful (this seems to be especially true in the case of Japan) to the extent that it offered an entree into technological ideas that would allow these nations to become more powerful and more secure.

From the Paper
Civilization, Racism and Colonialism: The Tense Relationship between Asian Nationalism, Jingoism and Racism and "Universalistic" Conceptions of Civilization The following paper will argue that, while there may have been a general tendency in some quarters to believe that western civilization was the apogee of "civilization" - in other words, if it was not "western" it was not truly civilized - the reality is that many Asian elites, particularly those animated by racist and highly nationalistic thoughts - were only prepared to accept Asian civilization to the extent that it benefited their nations, or the Asian peninsula, to do so. In that sense,

Tags:civilization, jingoism, asia

Abstract
This paper examines the presence of the British Army on Staten Island, New York throughout most of the Revolutionary War, which reflected the strategic and logistical importance of New York. The paper shows that military control of New York enabled the British Army to cut off the northern colonies of New England from the Mid-Atlantic and Southern colonies, securing a major port through which supplies and reinforcements could flow.

Tags:british, new, york

Abstract
This paper explains that the American Revolution secured America's freedom, and the Louisiana Purchase led to the great Westward Expansion and Lewis and Clark's expedition, giving enough room for the country to grow and to expand the economy with agriculture and natural resources found in the West. The author points out that the Civil War eventually ended slavery and was the catalyst for bringing the country back together after the South succeeded from the North. The paper relates that the fourth most important event of this period was the continued immigration of foreigners, which created the melting pot culture of America.

From the Paper
"The American Revolution showed that a young, vibrant people could take their destiny into their own hands, and indicated that the dictator type of monarchy was outmoded. The American Revolution helped the French create their own revolution, but more, it created a new and very different government "for the people, by the people." While that government has certainly altered throughout the years, the basic foundation is still there, and is still ruled predominately by the people, who enjoy freedoms that many in the world still do not. If the American Revolution had not occurred, then the American people might still be living under the rule of Great Britain, or we may have faced war with another imperialistic country bent on taking over the great promise that the country provides."

Tags:melting-pot, slavery, government, expansion, unique

Abstract
This paper give a detailed account of correspondence conducted by Silas Deane as one of the three American commissioners sent to France during the American Revolution. Deane was sent for the purpose of securing official political recognition of the independence and sovereignty of the colonies.

From the Paper
"In the narrative of American history the figure of Silas Deane is marginalized and tangential at best. However, in the diplomatic correspondence of the early American Revolutionary period the figure of Deane looms somewhat larger. Deane was one of three commissioners sent by the Continental Congress to France for the purpose of securing official political recognition of the independency and sovereignty of the colonies. The other two were Benjamin Franklin and Arthur Lee. Obviously the figure of Franklin dominates the narrative with his personality famously engaged in..."

Tags:Diplomatic correspondence, colonies, American Revolution, Silas Deane, Silas Deane