Abstract
This paper explains that patriarchal culture often has preconceived
notions of superiority and ideas of backwardness about the colony, which evidenced in the European colonialist's fear of slipping into a pre-industrial state in which nature is left uncontrolled. The author points out that women were expected to take up roles of Christian missionaries and other colonial interventionists and that the central gender and societal concern was the amount of male violence used to control the colonial society. The paper relates that the Euro-centric gender
standard was enforced on the native culture, which, in many cases, were matriarchal societies.

From the Paper
"In looking at gender and the interaction of masculine and feminine roles in the colonial setting, material culture perspectives generally (and not in all cases) tend to see the progress of culture and mass media within colonial outlets in terms of the way they have developed in a unitizing and progressive historical perspective. Although feminist perspectives may focus on historical change within these portrayals, they are more likely to also focus on the things that haven't changed. "Not surprisingly, much of the racism or paternalism found in memoirs of colonial women focuses upon servants and substantiates this aspect of the charge leveled at them as destructive women. Yet colonial men expressed the same racism through their own work as administrators, business owners, or settlers." This perspective is displayed variously in relevant literature, in terms of masculine and feminine roles which perpetuated various aspects of the dominant culture in its tools of oppression."

Tags:propaganda, myth, racism, violence, missionary

Abstract
Hong Kong has been, for most of its history, something of an anomaly. For most of the territory's history it was a British colony, but it had almost no British colonialists in residence, with its population in the 1970s being 98% Chinese. Moreover, although it was a British territory for 140 years, its "significant history" dates from 1949 when the Communist Revolution in China utterly transformed its political, social and economic character. This anomalous aspect of Hong Kong will be highlighted in this essay, which will explore the economic transformation of Hong Kong in the modern period. The thesis will be argued that this anomalous aspect of Hong Kong played a critical role in its economic transformation in the critical post-war period as it allowed the Crown Colony/city-state to neatly straddle the primary ideological, territorial, cultural, political and economic demarcation lines in Asia. In this regard, it was not only able to draw upon diverse sources for its development, but its value to all major players in the region was such that everyone had an interest in Hong Kong's continuing success and development. In this regard, its anomalous character represents Hong Kong's critical strategic advantage in its modern economic transformation.

From the Paper
The Transformations of the Hong Kong Economy In the Post-War Era Introduction Hong Kong has been, for most of its history, something of an anomaly. For most of the territory's history it was a British colony, but it had almost no British colonialists in residence, with its population in the 1970s being 98% Chinese. Moreover, although it was a British territory for 140 years, its "significant history" dates from 1949 when the Communist Revolution in China utterly transformed its political, social and economic character. This anomalous aspect of Hong Kong will be highlighted in this

Tags:hong kong, economy, growth

Abstract
The paper shows how the four stories of travel emulated in this study of British colonialism reveal the technologically crucial aspect of shipbuilding that enables these travelers to move about the world. The paper explains that with Great Britain being on of the great naval powers in the world when these stories were written, they all reflect an escapist tendency on the part of the travelers to seek adventure and new opportunities to establish colonies away from their homeland.

Tags:more, literature, art

Abstract
A review of Indian history between 1875-1947 and a discussion of rebellion and revolutionary movements that arose during this period. Explained are how the ruling British forces created the perfect atmosphere for rebellion and resentment and how their administrative policies actually assisted the creation of these movements.

From the Paper
"Bourgeois or elite nationalists movement though, as Guha observed, barely worthy of investigation yet, significantly the peasant insurgencies is conceived more of a conscious attempt that marks certain kind of innocence, a certain virginity before male penetration creates new histories. Peasant revolution in India during pre and post-independent shared similar outbreaks in Europe and Latin America; and as Guha observed that it encapsulated under this are the ideas of inversion, of the world turned upside down, indeed of the acquisition of one's identity through someone else; the other is the negation of the self, not an ontological category. Rebelled violence ensuing since 1875-1947 and later on expresses itself in "essentially political acts" that often turned the world upside down; crime was aimed at transferring property from victims to protagonists of acts. The hegemony of colonial rule was such that a "thoroughgoing critique of the political order that might have informed a sustained, collective resistance to the Raj" could not have developed thus in an arena of ritual; but as the nationalist movement grew in strength, it contributed to 'symbolic substitutions'- marked by the extreme limits, of what nationalists could have hoped."

Tags:rebellion, colony, ghandi

Abstract
This paper discusses how the desire for change was the primary cause for migration to the New World and how Colonial America was shaped by the need for independence as well as religious and political freedom. It looks at how diverse cultures, coupled with the need to survive, created the American spirit we have today: one of determination based on self-reliance and the strength to change. It examines how the need for independence fostered our current election process and how the desire for freedom created a country tolerant of individual freedoms.

From the Paper
"Problems always present challenges and pave the way for new ideas. New ideas are what the colonists had in mind when they set sail toward America. Taxation problems served as a motivating factor for leaving England. Because England didn't have the money to help the colonies, many of the colonies created their own system of rule. As they grew and adjusted to their own needs, they felt more and more independent from Britain. In fact, they governed themselves for more than one hundred years with very little resistance from the British. However, they were left out of any discussions or decisions made by Parliament, and any laws made concerning the colonists took weeks to reach the colonists. When Parliament imposed unreasonable taxes, voices of dissent demanded to be heard."

Tags:freedom, culture, religion, england, independence

Abstract
The paper explains the difficulties faced by the Southeastern Indians and the Powhatan of Virginia as they attempted to integrate with the European colonists. The writer discusses how the failure of the Indians to emerge victorious in the struggle for integration was also to the decentralization of their cultures, as opposed to the highly organized and united cultures of the Europeans. The paper brings historical examples to back up this claim.

From the Paper
"Despite European hegemony, "Powhatan culture remained more or less intact until well into the eighteenth century," because the Indians "were tenacious of their ancient way of life" (Rountree 144). Even when they lost much of their land, they were still able to maintain their culture (Rountree 144). However, that very tenacity and way of life were the main reasons they were ultimately overwhelmed by the Europeans. Only by becoming brutal and organized like the Europeans could they have longer sustained their culture, but in doing so they would have earlier lost the roots of that culture."

Tags:colonialism, trade, culture, hegemony, European

Abstract
In "Dislocating Cultures", Uma Narayan discusses the critique that exists in terms of "the colonialist stance" in feminist inquiry. She argues that one does not have to be a colonizer, nor a Western feminist, to perpetrate "the colonialist stance." It is a question, instead, of an approach that "replicates problematic aspects of Western representations of Third World nations and communities, aspects that have their roots in the history of colonization." In other words, Third World women who think that they are denouncing and repudiating "Westernization" are often actually perpetuating the colonization of themselves, as well as of all other women in their society.

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that slavery developed in North America during Colonial times. The writer notes that a year before the Mayflower landed in Massachusetts, English colonialists brought slaves to Virginia. The writer points out that they came because during this age of mercantilism, Europeans believed that the best way for countries to acquire wealth was to colonize and exploit the colonized country for its resources, such as gold, silver, furs, fish, timber, tobacco, sugar and rice. The writer notes that all of these resources required labor and industry, and often colonialists enslaved the indigenous people in the country they were exploiting. The writer then looks at the issue of slavery as it relates to the Civil War.

From the Paper
"As time went on, the focus of American justification shifted from the religion of the person to the color of the person. At first, slaves had a chance to become free if they converted to Christianity, gave particularly meritorious service to the master, or were able to buy themselves out. But as the religious reasons for enslaving them faded over time, race became the deciding factor for who could be a slave. Black Africans were slaves. White people owned them as chattel, and blacks were property. The slaves' whole life was about work. That was their reason for existing in the slave-owner's point of view. They did all the dirty work, the nasty jobs, and everything that was dangerous. This was particularly true in the South where the whole economy rested on free labor."

Tags:blacks, south, enslaved, racist

Abstract
This paper discusses forced labor in Colonial North America. It discusses how African slaves were transported to the continent from the very early 16th century. Native Indians, however, served as the first slave laborers for colonialists, as European landowners in colonial North America originally met their need for forced labor by enslaving Natives. The paper focuses on the brutality and exploitation that were prevalent in the system at large.

Abstract
The March First Movement saw many rallies staged in Korea during a two-month period in March 1919 for Korean independence. The Movement technically started on March 1, 1919, when 33 nationalist leaders declared the country's independence from Japan at a park in central Seoul. The declaration sparked protests by ordinary Koreans across the country. The Japanese colonialists oppressed the uprising by brutal force. Consequently, the March First movement failed to achieve its objective of Korean independence.

Tags:march, first, movement