Abstract
This paper discusses how the writings describe different methods used by foreign or colonial powers to break the spirit of colonized peoples. It examines what these methods are and also looks at their effects. It tells how colonizers have often attempted to control and subjugate their colonies, but in the end, their dominance usually backfires, and the subjugated rise up to fight for their freedom and their own culture.

From the Paper
"Colonialism is an antiquated idea that has nearly disappeared, but not so long ago it was still an accepted and even celebrated way for strong countries to vanquish the weak. Author Aime Cesaire called the practice "a receptacle into which there flow all the dirty waters of history" (Cesaire 45), and his description is quite apt, considering the sufferings most colonized subjects discuss after they have gained their freedom, and their sufferings were certainly not centered only on violence. The colonization of unwilling subjects, such as Japan's colonization of Korea certainly entails violence, but there are much more subtle ways to bend the colonials to the whims of the aggressors, as Kim's book poignantly illustrates. For example, the Japanese begin indoctrinating the young Koreans early by hanging the Japanese flag and propaganda slogans in their elementary school classrooms (Kim 31). Later, the Japanese break the spirit of the Koreans by taking what is theirs, and leaving them with little."

Tags:korea, colony, japanese, foreign

Abstract
This paper discusses Dutch and British Colonial rule in South Africa. It argues that, to a large extent, British colonial rulers allowed greater autonomy to Africans than did the Dutch. This did not mean, however, that they were more humanitarian. Although there were elements of British rule that were certainly less racist and oppressive, the British adopted many of the same attitudes and policies towards black people as did their predecessors. Nonetheless, the more liberal attitudes, despite their contradictions, provided a foundation for future changes.

Abstract
This paper explains that Derek Gregory, in "The Colonial Present", spends much of the book describing the actions of Britain and the U.S. in trying to impose control over the peoples of the region. The author points out that former colonial regions of the world are virtually all encumbered today by tensions and state failures because of the condition these regions were left in when the colonial powers withdrew. The paper states that the Middle East, which has been of strategic importance to both countries for some time, often served as a staging ground for conflicts with the Soviet Union; however, the way the West has related to the Middle East has changed since 9-11. The author criticizes that Gregory, a geographer, does not delve deeply into the internal divisions now causing the factional war in Iraq.

From the Paper
"Many of the states in the Middle East are marked by repressive policies, violations of human rights, and non-democratic cultures. The irony is that most of these regimes were set up or propped up by Britain, France, and the United States in decades past, a fact which Gregory says means that the U.S. and the other nations area not innocent, which also helps explain the anger now directed at the West by the Arab world. Gregory notes how many people are asking questions about the guilt of the West and the response of the Middle East, and he says he does not intend to decide which view is correct but only to note the dichotomy they produce."

Tags:orientalism, israel, concepts, rhetoric, spatializations

Abstract
The paper shows how tracing the history of the Philippines until the pre-colonial days depends upon the author and his or her own viewpoints of the Philippines. The paper studies the writings of Scott, Junker and Constantino to illustrate that no one has a totally accurate picture of these days. The paper compares and contrasts these writers to show differences in the economy, power, and social stratification.

From the Paper
"Compare and contrast the portraits of the pre-colonial Philippines, up through the time of the early Spanish voyages, presented by Scott ("Filipino-Spanish Face to Face Contacts"), Junker, and Constantino. In particular, explain the ways in which these scholars agree or disagree about the complexity of the pre-colonial economy and the character for social stratification and slavery. Evaluate their use of evidence and reasoning. Which author(s) do you find most convincing? Explain why. Tracing the history of the Philippines until the pre-colonial days depends upon the author and his or her own viewpoints of the Philippines. Studying

Tags:philippines, pre, colonial, historians

Abstract
This paper analyzes post colonial Africa in a critical way, using contemporary thought in African politics. The role of the state in a state-led, as opposed to a liberalized economic entity and one where the state is expected to be partner, facilitator and mediator, yet to an extent still interventionist, is examined. Problems of democratization and development on the African continent, the epidemic of AIDS, other health disorders and lack of the state power to control some problems in ethnic clashes is thoroughly discussed.

From the Paper
"After years of colonial rule, especially up to the 1960s and 1970s the concept of the state has been critically reviewed in order to appraise its function within the context of the operation of government and politics in Africa. It is one argument to suppose that within the post-colonial era " which is the period just after the so-called "end" of colonial rule up to the pre and post-independence periods between the early 1950s throughout the 1960s and even onward to present " the state lost or is losing its effectiveness. It is another argument to consider that with the establishment of multiparty regimes, the state's role was in fact consolidated. However, conceptually as well as practically, the role of the state and how Africans view the legitimacy of such an entity was much influenced by the fact that it was used by dominant groups within different African territories for individual domestic reasons. Different political cultures of some territories such as Ghana, Kenya, Burkina Faso, Mali and even to an extent Uganda, Nigeria and Sub-Saharan Africa generally, have only partially allowed democracies to flourish. This caused limited political, economic and social development in Africa as a whole."

Tags:africa, aids, botswana, cameroon, colonial, conflict, congo, nigeria

Abstract
The paper examines and compares European colonial policies and systems during the twentieth century, with an emphasis on various measures the European powers used to exploit, extract, or "modernize" their territories in Africa. The paper analyzes the formation and execution of high administrative policies, and the differences or similarities between the Belgian, British, French, German and Portuguese policies and systems. The paper discusses colonial economic policies and their effects, the policy of forced labor, the expropriation of traditional communal lands, and education policies. The paper concludes that colonial conquest and administration certainly reconfigured pre-colonial African societies as part of the Western model of political modernization.

Outline:
Introduction
The European Conquest
European Colonial Administrative Policies
Colonial Economic Policies
Forced Labor as Policy and System
The Land Tenure System
Colonial Education Policies
Conclusion

From the Paper
"There are two schools of thought concerning the reasons or benefits for colonial policies and systems during the twentieth century. Some scholars are of the view that colonialism was part of the civilizing mission that began in the late nineteenth century, with the ultimate goal of modernizing African infrastructures, people, and resources. These scholars argue that colonialism was beneficial, and that Africans needed such a transition in their development. The second view rejects the altruistic argument partly because they hold that"modernization" does not have to be Westernization; they maintain that Africans did not need colonialism to modernize. Furthermore, this second argument suggests that European colonization and colonial policies were mainly carried out for the purpose of exploiting the untapped natural resources in different parts of Africa for European industrial needs. The untapped resources, they argued, fueled European factories, and at the same time the modernization of African societies created a vast market for the distribution of finished products from Europe to Africa."

Tags:conquest, exploitation, modernization, dependency, forced, labor, land, tenure, assimilation

Abstract
The paper explains that both Cuba and Barbados became important sources of agricultural products for their respective colonial powers, Spain and Britain, and both developed a plantation system which included the use of African slaves. The paper then compares the economy of two of those colonies, and shows how the British colony of Barbados differed in many economic factors from the Spanish colony of Cuba.

Outline:
The Beginning of a Spanish Colony: Cuba
An English Colony - Barbados

From the Paper
"The Spanish explored and established colonies in many places in the New World beginning at a very early date. Christopher Columbus first stopped in Cuba on his second voyage. Cuba's settlement began in 1511 when Diego Velasquez and 300 men were sent from Hispaniola."
"The island was home to many Tainos tribesmen, who resisted Spanish rule, but were easily and quickly conquered. By 1517 Cuba was divided into municipal divisions, each of which was run by a council that reported to a royal council back in Spain."

Tags:plantation, slaves, mercantilism, paternalism, settlers

Abstract
The paper looks at the economies of Cuba and Barbados in the 16th and 17th centuries to provide a comparison of British and Spanish policies in the Caribbean region. This paper focuses on the economy of these two colonies, particularly as it relates to the trade policies of these colonial powers and the social and economic systems which developed on each island as a result.

From the Paper
"Spain and Britain were two of the most important colonial powers to own colonies in the Caribbean during the 16th to 18th centuries. Both would own several colonies. This report will compare the economy of two of those colonies, Cuba and Barbados. These two were selected because the two islands both became important sources of agricultural products for their respective colonial powers, both became sources of similar agricultural products and both developed a plantation system, which included the use of African slaves."

Tags:barbados, cuba, mercantilism

Abstract
This paper argues in support of John Isbister's premise in his book "Promises not Kept" that colonialism has destructive effects on colonized countries. Next, using several sources, the author analyzes the complex and unique behavior of France toward its former colony Algeria as a representative case of post-colonial relations. This paper concludes that the only way to ensure more egalitarian post-colonial relations is for the former imperialist power to consider to what extent it is responsible for its former colony's present underdevelopment. However, the concept of responsibility should be used carefully to avoid neo-colonialism as what happened in the case of the Franco-Algerian relationship. The bibliography is listed as footnotes.

Table of Contents:
After De-Colonization: Which Role for France on the Algerian Economy?
Balance of Algerian Economy After the Decolonization, and Effects of French Colonization
The Basis of the French Economic Policy in Algeria: The Evian Accords (1962)
Which Justifications for the Post-Colonial French Influence on Algeria Economy ?
Official Justifications
Which Real Motivations?
The Specifities of the French Neocolonialism in Algeria
Algeria within the Francafrique
Which are the Specificities of this Cooperation Exemplaire ?
What is the Nature of these Relations, and their Evolution?
Critical Balance of the French Policy in Algeria
Why is the French Post Colonial Policy in Algeria a Failure?
What Should be the Future French Policy with Algeria ?
Conclusion
What are the Franco-Algerian Case's Teachings?

From the Paper
"The most common argument defended by French politicians to justify the economic presence of France in Algeria is the existence of historical, cultural, and even sentimental links. France, as a historic friend and partner, should keep providing advices and aid to its long-term partner. This argument is for me, totally naive and unrealistic. Firstly, because given the huge cost of French presence in Algeria (financial, logistic, and institutional), the benefits for France are certainly much more economically profitable than an alleged sentimental attachment. "

Tags:partnership, evian accords, independence market aid

Abstract
This research paper discusses the power of subordinate people over their lives and society during the colonial period and the changes in that power which were brought about by the changes in governance during the Revolutionary War and Constitutional eras. For most people in the colonies, life was hard during the colonial period which lasted almost as long as the life of the Republic since its founding in 1787.

From the Paper
"POWER OF SUBORDINATE PEOPLE IN COLONIAL, REVOLUTIONARY AND CONSTITUTIONAL ERAS

This research paper discusses the power of subordinate people over their lives and society during the colonial period and the changes in that power which were brought about by the changes in governance during the Revolutionary War and Constitutional eras. For most people in the colonies, life was hard during the colonial period which lasted almost as long as the life of the Republic since its founding in 1787. The great mass of people had little control over their lives or society, but substantial autonomy was enjoyed by the colonies and their legislatures from their colonial overlords which was a function of distances and different conditions in the harsh wilderness. A burgeoning middle class characterized all but the plantation ..."