Abstract
This paper discusses colon cancer, with emphasis on the difficulties of diagnosis and the wide range of options available for early detection. It considers family history and genetic factors and looks at the pros and cons of the various diagnostic tests available, including a few still in development. It covers ways to detect a genetic predisposition to the disease. Since colon cancer often does not give early symptoms, it emphasizes the need for careful monitoring, especially in people particularly susceptible to this disease. The paper describes how colon cancer is treated once diagnosed.

From the Paper
"Colon cancer is the second-highest occurring cancer in the United States, beaten out for first place only by lung cancer. In medical terms, the colon includes the entire large intestine (Columbia Ency, 2004).
Colon cancer can have several contributing causes. Diets too high in fat and not high in fiber sources, such as fruit, vegetables and whole grain, correlates with a higher incidence of colon cancer. However, it is also more common in anyone with a family history of colon cancer, and even a history of cancer in the female reproduction system. Polyps in the colon and a medical history of ulcerative colitis are risk factors."

Tags:polyps, colitis, colonoscopy

Abstract
This paper gives general information about colon cancer including its signs and symptoms, causes, risk factors, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. The paper defines colon cancer (also called colorectal or large bowel cancer) as cancerous growths in the colon and the rectum.

Outline:
Signs and Symptoms
Causes/ Risk Factors
Diagnosis
Prevention
Treatment

From the Paper
"When colon cancer is suspected, barium enema x-ray or colonoscopy is usually performed to confirm the diagnosis and to find out the exact location of the tumor. For the barium enema x-ray, the patient is given an enema with white chalky liquid containing barium; it helps to outline the large intestine, and the tumors are then detectable as dark shadows on the x-rays. Colonoscopy consists of a procedure in which a long flexible tube is inserted via the rectum for inspecting the inside of the colon. If colon polyps are found, they are removed through the colonoscope and examined in the lab for cancer and for pre-cancerous growth ("Colon Cancer" Mayo Clinic, 2008). "

Tags:colorectal, bowel

Abstract
The paper examines the adenoma to carcinoma sequence proposed by B. Volgenstein and E.R. Fearon. The paper explains how this model acts as a basis for understanding the mechanisms which are thought to cause eighty per cent of sporadic colon cancers and cases of familial adenematous polyposis. The paper also describes an alternative pathway resulting in microsatellite instability and thought to underlie cases of hereditary non polyposis colon cancer. In addition, the paper looks at the molecular events involving mutated mismatch repair enzymes.

From the Paper
"Colorectal cancer causes approximately 15,000 deaths per year in the U.K and about 30,000 individuals are diagnosed with it each year making it the second most common cause of death from cancer. Of these, about 70% are colon cancers which affect men and women and are much more prevalent in the Western World than India or Asia. About 25% of colon cancers occur where there's a family history of it but only 5% are due to known familial syndromes. These include Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP); a mendelian dominant disorder which sees a germline mutation of APC and hereditary non polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC); a disorder in which germline mutations in mismatch repair enzymes are caused. The other 20% of clusters of colon cancer in families are unexplained but postulated risks are "mild" APC and mismatch repair gene mutations or polymorphisms of genes involved in nutrient or carcinogen metabolism and also non genetic factors. The main proportion of colon cancer though arises from sporadic adenomatous polyps (75%)."

Tags:mismatch, repair, genes, enzymes, germline, mutation, adenoma, carcinoma

Abstract
The paper discusses colon cancer, a specific type of cancer that has been shown to be influenced by both genetic elements and lifestyle factors. The paper examines how the risk of cancer to the individual may be affected by both, and while nothing can be done about the existence of family history or genetic factors in the make-up of the individual, much can be done to address those lifestyle factors that may contribute to the development of this type of cancer. The paper concludes that an increase in physical activity and changes in diet can dramatically lower a person's predisposition to colon cancer.

Outline:
Physical Activity
Diet
Recommendations
Conclusion
Works Cited

From the Paper
"Overweight, and a lack of activity, is believed to be one of the major reasons for the increase in an overweight condition in the U.S., with increased TV watching linked to excessive weight. Both men and women are at risk for colon cancer, with African-Americans more at risk than whites. Regular screenings are essential because there are no symptoms in the early stages of the disease."

Tags:carcinogens, obesity, low-fat, processed, food

Abstract
This paper describes what colon cancer is and looks at its etiology. Symptoms and treatments are then discussed, followed by a study of the prognosis of the disease. Screening methods and early detection methods are then presented.

From the Paper
"As a malignant neoplastic disease, colorectal cancer affects the large intestine and is characterized by melena, a change in bowel habits and the passing of blood. Malignant tumors of the large bowel usually occur after the age of fifty and are slightly more frequent in women than in men. The high incidence of colorectal cancer in the United States suggests that a diet high in refined carbohydrates and beef and low in roughage may be a causative factor. The risk of large bowel cancer is increased in chronic ulcerative colitis and especially in familial polyposis of the colon, meaning that it can be inherited."

Tags:etiology, disease, treatment

Abstract
Cancer is a cause of alarm. And colorectal cancer like any other cancer is a cause of alarm because it kills more than 50,000 people each year, making it second only to lung cancer in cancer deaths each year. Yet it is highly preventable, through a healthy lifestyle, and regular screening to prevent the minor irregularity in the body to develop into some malignant growth. Regular medical examinations are very important, once the candles of the fortieth birthday are blown out. The following five-page undergraduate paper is a brief study about the causes, symptoms, and patterns of occurrence of the colorectal cancer, with specific reference to its occurrence among women at age 40 and above.

From the Paper
"COLON CANCER: ETIOLOGY, SYMPTOMS, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT
Colon cancer is the second most prevalent cancer in the United States, lung cancer being the first. It is also second to lung cancer in mortality rate (19:816). In 1990 there were about 155,000 new cases of colorectal cancer reported, and 61,000 deaths. The incidence in the general population is 5% (15:80). Although the number of cases is increasing, the rate is proportional to the population increase (8:301).
Yet in spite of the high incidence of colon cancer, we still do not have a sound basis for delineating the causes and mechanism of colon carcinoma growth (15:80). Nor do we have a means of curing the disease in every case. The five-year survival rate is about 50% (10:241). Nevertheless considerable advances have been made within the last 10 years in confirming the.."

Abstract
In this article, the writer looks Greek colonization and the development of the mother city-states in Greece. The writer discusses events that led up to this period of colonization. The writer maintains that this colonization was probably caused by a combination of the decline of urbanization in Greece due to a combination of economic collapse and pressure from northern barbarian migrations. "

From the Paper
"Between the eighth and sixth centuries BC, a large number of cities were founded along the coasts of the Black Seas and the Mediterranean Seas. This was part of a major Greek colonization movement promoted by the mother city-states that already existed in Greece. Much led up to this period of colonization such as events during the Dark Ages. During the period known as the Greek Dark Ages, individuals lived in small tribal units; some sedentary and some agricultural, while others were nomadic. Between 1200 and 1100 BC, it appears many abandoned their cities because of a ferocious invasion of northern Greek barbarians, the Dorians, who had wiped out the Mycenean population."

Tags:ancient, colonization

Abstract
The paper discusses the standard view of the conquest and colonization of Latin America that pervades most explanations of the subject. The paper explains that this standard view holds that the Europeans were able to conquer and colonize Latin America (and much of the rest of the world) because they had superior fire power. The paper discusses how while they certainly did have superior fire power, Crosby (2006) turns accepted thinking on its head when he suggests that there was more to it than merely guns.

From the Paper
"There is a standard view of the conquest and colonization of Latin America that pervades most explanations of the subject. This standard view basically holds that the Europeans were able to conquer and colonize Latin America (and much of the rest of the world) because they had superior fire power. While they certainly did have superior fire power, Crosby (2006) turns accepted thinking on its head when he suggests that there was more to it than merely guns. He makes the interesting and radical suggestion that perhaps biology played a role - a decisive role. In this way, Crosby (2006) changes our view of the conquest and colonization by portraying it..."

Tags:colonization, latin, america

Abstract
Since the fifteenth century, when explorers first began to discover Africa's wealth of natural resources, European nations conquered and colonized African territories. The imperialists exploited resources while putting little back into the country in terms of industrial development, health and educational facilities, or stable political systems. Believing their ways superior and fearing cultures and religions they did not understand, they brought missionaries to spread Christianity and rescue Africans from traditional beliefs they considered ignorant and superstitious. As a result of European intervention, with Africans forced to accept Westernization, much of the native religion and culture has been lost forever.

Tags:colonization, african, culture