Abstract This paper studies the theory that chemical reactions are the result of the collision between molecules. Also known as the collision model, the author explains how these collisions, when strong enough and with ambient environments, can cause kinetic energy. The paper also introduces the Arrhenius equation and explains how this equation measures the activation energy of a particular reaction and quantifies the collision model in a way that can be useful for scientists conducting experiments. Like any other equation, the paper describes the different experimental parameters that will have an impact on the product of the Arrhenius equation. The paper also demonstrates how the Arrhenius equation can be applied to other disciplines.
From the Paper "Not every collision between molecules will create new products. In fact, the vast majority of collisions do not because they are not strong enough to break the existing bonds, which are often quite strong between molecules. For the collision to be successful, the molecules have to be oriented in such a way that the activation energy is sufficient to generate a reaction in the substance in question. Temperature, the presence of catalysts, the concentration of the substance, and other factors affect activation energy. Also, the molecules within molecular bonds are also held together with different degrees of strength which affect the potential and kinetic energy released from collisions."
Abstract On April 1, 2001, what began as a minor training exercise turned into a post-Cold War confrontation between two of the world's nuclear powers. On this date, a collision of a U.S. spy plane and a Chinese fighter jet resulted in a tense - but not hostile - political confrontation between the two nations. This paper examines how although the actual details of the spy plane collision in April 2001 differed substantially in their respective accounts in the Chinese and U.S. media, these differences were not so important to many observers as how important the role they played in shaping public opinion as the events unfolded. It provides a side-by-side comparison of the accounts from China and the U.S. to show how the "New York Times" and the "People's Daily" seem to be covering two completely separate incidents. It also defines and discusses the media framing functions that were categorized into three dimensions: visual framing, contextual framing and operational framing.
Outline:
Introduction
Background and Overview
Differences in Media Accounts
Categorization of Framing Functions in Media Accounts
Review of the Literature
Role of the Media in News Presentation
Gatekeeping and Presentation of News Reports
Additional Factors Influencing Presentation of News Reports
The American Position as Reflected in "The New York Times"
The Chinese Position as Reflected in "The People's Daily"
The International Community's Position
Method
Data Analysis and Findings
"People's Daily": April 2-April 27, 2001
"New York Times" Analysis
Validity and Reliability
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "From a subjective perspective, one can almost envision the Chinese leadership hunkered down in the Forbidden City formulating a cogent but forceful response to the spy plane incident that would show the world that they still meant business militarily, but one which would not go so far as to jeopardize what was really important: the American markets. However, from an international perspective, the evolution of the Sino-American trade bloc may be thwarted by future recurrences of this level of hostility, and in the post-Cold War globe, former allies may become potential enemies. "
Abstract Uses social theory to analyze the crisis caused by the mid-air collision of a U.S spy plane and a Chinese fighter jet on April 1, 2001. Examines the conflict theory of Karl Marx and interaction theory of Georg Simmel. Discusses economics as a driving force (Marx) and human interaction (Simmel). Explores issues of who caused the crash; sovreign aerial territory, political ideology, personal and international interaction.
From the Paper "This study will examine the crisis following the mid-air collision of a U.S. spy plane and a Chinese fighter jet over international waters off the coast of China. The crisis, with its many ambiguities, uncertainties and ramifications, lends itself to analysis based on the ideas of conflict theorist Karl Marx and interaction theorist Georg Simmel.
The crisis is a fascinating subject for inquiry based on social theory because it involved not only the individuals on the two planes (including the deceased Chinese pilot who apparently caused the collision--if we are to believe the American version), but also the two powerful nations of the United States and China. The crisis had a number of factors which are wide open to controversy, from the cause of the collision to the question of international territory to the issue of intelligence gathering."
Abstract This study examines the crisis following the mid-air collision of a U.S. spy plane and a Chinese fighter jet over international waters off the coast of China. The paper shows how the crisis, with its many ambiguities, uncertainties and ramifications, lends itself to analysis based on the ideas of conflict theorist Karl Marx and interaction theorist Georg Simmel.
From the Paper "The crisis is a fascinating subject for inquiry based on social theory because it involved not only the individuals on the two planes (including the deceased Chinese pilot who apparently caused the collision--if we are to believe the American version), but also the two powerful nations of the United States and China. The crisis had a number of factors which are wide open to controversy, from the cause of the collision to the question of international territory to the issue of intelligence gathering. From the point of view of Simmel's, the crisis involves the essential factor of interaction on many levels--including the personal and the international. From the Marxist perspective, the conflicts abound, from political ideology to economics to questions of class."
Abstract A look at Immanuel Velikovsky's theories of the justification of 'miraculous' events which he claimed had been caused by major astronomical event. The author focuses mainly on the claims outlined in his popular book, "Worlds in Collision".
From the Paper "Immanuel Velikovsky, author of Worlds in Collision, was very well read when it came to the texts of ancient cultures. In his book he argues that our solar system has changed dramatically within the last few millennia, impacting considerably on the course of history on Earth. I will attempt to show that his statement, based on these ancient writings, is flawed. He does not question the veracity of the texts and takes everything said as literal, leaving them greatly open to interpretation. I will also illustrate how Velikovsky's theory is disproved by geographic evidence, which he fails to investigate."
Abstract This paper presents an examination of the effectiveness of red light cameras at intersections. It explains how their purpose is to photograph errant drivers breaking the laws of the road so that the offender can be ticketed through the mail. It provides various statistics on the use of these cameras in different States and on accidents that are primarily caused by running a red light. It reviews various pieces of literaure on the topic and proposes a study to determine whether there is a direct correlation between the use of red light cameras and the reduction of incidences of major injury collisions at intersections.
From the Paper "Currently red light runners are on the increase. Recently the characteristics of a driver who will run a red light have been determined. Statistically they are younger in age than those who do not run red lights and they have a higher incidence of poor driver incidences. In addition the drivers who are prone to running red lights are more often than their non red light peers have a history of alcohol abuse in the past. Drivers who run red lights cause 260,000 crashes a year."
Abstract This paper examines the physics of elastic and inelastic collisions and applies this theory to the design of motorcycle helmets. The author discusses the essential features of motorcycle helmets and compares a good design and a bad design.. The paper relates the way motorcycle helmets protect the brain.
From the Paper "The laws of momentum and energy govern collisions between two objects. A collision occurring in an isolated system conserves the total momentum of the system and so the total momentum of the system after the collision is the same as it was before the ..."
Tags: motorcycle helmets, elastic and inelastic collisions
An examination of colliding cultures in "Master Harold... and the Boys" by Athol Fugard, "Dream on Monkey Mountain" by Derek Walcott, and "No Sugar" by Jack Davis.
Abstract This paper explores the concept of colliding cultures and competing ideologies as well as the related theme of identity in the three plays; "Master Harold... and the Boys" by Athol Fugard, "Dream on Monkey Mountain" by Derek Walcott, and "No Sugar" by Jack Davis. The paper also analyzes the strategies used in the plays such as symbolism, irony, and contrast in their elucidation of colliding cultures. The paper explains that contrast in use of language serves a significant purpose in relation to evolving identity for the oppressed. The paper also notes that colliding cultures can be reduced to the values of white dominant culture in opposition to the other - whether they happen to be black, aboriginal people, or some minority ethnic group. In conclusion, the paper shows that because all the other variables such as identity never are static, the concept of collision is also fluid and appears where it would be least expected.
From the Paper "Davis' No Sugar is similar to Fugard's play in how it demonstrates the immediacy and perennial nature of colonialism. Mitchell (18-20) expresses this reality by stating that "the rhetoric of postcolonialism assumes that anti-colonialism has either overthrown imperialism or exhausted itself in the attempt". The fact is such a goal has not nearly been achieved; we continue to live in a colonial world. Walcott demonstrates class struggle and collision in his play through the ability of his Odysseus who is able to undermine the totalitarian power of the Cyclops (Giannopoulou 13)."
Tags: symbolism, irony, mimeticism, reactionary, nativism, drama
Abstract This paper looks at four cases involving accidents on ski slopes and the determination of who is responsible - the skiers or the resort owners. It summarizes the four cases, analyzes them and compares and contrasts the findings. The cases involved a collision between two skiers, a collision between a skier and a ski instructor, a collision between a skier and a snowboarder, and a skier who fell into a half-pipe in a terrain area.
From the Paper "In the first case a skier was skiing on an intermediate slope when a ski instructor collided with her allegedly due to negligence. Her federal suit certified two questions to the state court: Does a skier assume the risk of ..."
Abstract This paper discusses the asteroid which scientists believe caused the extinction of dinosaurs and the probability of another event such as this occurring. It also discuss the measurements government has taken to prevent a damaging impact and the different methods they will use to deter such an asteroid if one should come too near the Earth.
From the Paper "Luckily for us, impacts that would cause massive destruction occur on Earth only about once ever 100,000 years (NASA Ames Space Science Division). According to NASA, these dangerous asteroids capable of wreaking global havoc are extremely rare."
Abstract This paper takes a detailed look at the accident that took place between the American submarine, the USS Greenville, and the Japanese fishing boat sending it to the bottom of the ocean within minutes and in its aftermath the impact on relations between the U.S. and Japan.
Table of Contents
The Search Begins
The Investigation
The U.S. Apology
U.S.-Japan Security Relations
What's Next
Bibliography
From the Paper ?All of a sudden there was a violent shock and noise ? it felt like the stern of the ship was being pushed up. There were two loud cracking sounds? the Captain of the Japanese fishing trawler Ehime Maru, Hisao Onishi, recounts[1]. In an instant, an American submarine, the USS Greenville, performing emergency maneuvers off the coast of Honolulu sliced through the bottom of the Japanese fishing boat sending it to the bottom of the ocean within minutes. The crew of the Ehime Maru didn?t even have time to radio an SOS, as the power was out immediately. Some of the 26 on board the Ehime Maru told of water and fuel immediately flooding the stairwells, as they rushed to higher levels. One crew member said that the engine room was immediately flooded to the ceiling ? he was "able to take two breathes before being flooded out"[2]. The Captain frantically screamed for everyone to make their way to the bridge and the life rafts, though in the end, most were washed overboard without a raft at all. Luckily, the ship was equipped with life rafts that deploy automatically in the event of a sinking, so those thrown overboard were at least able to swim to the nearest one. Those already in a raft tried their hardest to help the others aboard, though the 6-foot waves and oil-slicked waters made swimming difficult. Three life rafts finally assembled, though it was difficult to count how many were in each raft. The Captain said, ?we tried looking for the others, since there was a lot of floating debris. However, we were unable to find anyone else.?[3] In the end, nine of the twenty-six aboard that day were not rescued and are presumed dead. Of those still missing, four are 17-year old fisheries students, two are teachers, and three are crewmembers of the Ehime Maru."
Abstract This creative writing essay presents an accounting of a scenario in which a meteor hits the planet Earth, destroying all living things. Hundreds of years after the collision, someone stumbles across what used to be a home, and tries to figure out what the artifacts left in the house were used for before the meteor crash.
From the Paper "We arrived on planet Earth this morning and began our expedition with little hope of finding anything useful for our research. Earth has been a dead planet for hundreds of years and we know that there is no life form existing on it. As we begin to disembark however our scout conveyed that he found what appears to be a dwelling form the structure people. The structure people are those who lived here on Earth hundreds of years ago. We so named them the structure people because of the structures that they used to live in. The structures are long gone because the elements on Earth have destroyed them but the scout found a location of a former structure in which some things have been preserved."
Abstract This paper describes the physical process of the World Trade Center collapse. It examines the building's structure and components and analyzes the impact of the collision with the aircraft. It gives an engineer's analysis of the collapse and several reasons for it. It concludes that the exact reason for the collapse of the skyscraper is still unknown and will continue to be studied in the future.
From the Paper "The World Trade Center, erected as "a living symbol of man's dedication to world peace," (Wetxstein- 2001) was the most valuable commercial property in the history of New York City until terrorist attacks reduced it to rubble. The buildings towered over lower Manhattan for nearly thirty years; an icon of financial power.The buildings contained more than 200,000 tons of steel, 425,000 cubic yards of concrete and 600,000 square feet of glass in 43,000 windows. Each floor, a reinforced concrete pad on a metal deck supported by steel cross beams, was about one acre and weighed about 4.8 million pounds. The building was designed to withstand the impact of a 707 commercial airliner. It was the largest commercial airliner built at the time the World Trade Center was designed. This was a factor considered due to the accident in 1945, where a B-25 crashed into the Empire State building."
Tags: New, York, World, Trade, Center, steel, buildings, terrorists, commercial
Abstract This paper presents a clear and concise argument against the use of cell phones while operating a motor vehicle. The author uses an extensive biography to present the case for regulation of cell phone use. This includes the discussion of legislation in Europe and other parts of the world that requires the use of a hands-free device if a person wants to talk on their cell phone while driving. There is extensive discussion of proposed legislation in several states, which is backed up by many different studies that illustrate the dangers involved with increased cell phone use by drivers of motor vehicles. The author makes the argument that the increase in cell phone use and the dangers that have presented themselves from this use, need to be matched by legislation designed to protect the public from the dangers of this wireless phenomenon.
From the Paper "One of the most infamous studies was that of 699 collisions involving vehicles that had cell phones that was published in the New England Journal of Medicine. Researchers concluded ?the risk of a collision when using a cell phone was four times higher than the risk when a cell phone was not being used.? (Moore p. 30-32, Redelmeier). It was also shown that dialing and answering a phone provide the same impairment as driving while intoxicated. (Moore p. 30-32, Redelmeier). The report found no distinction in safety between hand-held cell phone devices and hands-free devices. (Moore p. 30-32, Redelmeier)."
Abstract The paper discusses Bertolt Brecht's political opera, "The Threepenny Opera" which was first performed in 1928. The paper shows that during this period of time, three distinct and separate political and economical philosophies were on a collision course in Germany: fascism, socialism and communism. It shows that while Brecht was struggling to write this opera, Hitler's first attempt attempt to grab control of the government occurred in 1923 and communism was becoming popular. The paper discusses how communism is reflected in two ways: Brecht mocks both class differences and belief in God.
From the Paper "Brecht reflects elements of both socialism and communism in some points in the play, such as when Peachum is giving out licenses to beg. That the needs of the poor could be so easily corrupted seems to be a condemnation of a government that would allow people to survive by begging. Peachum uses Filch's need to be allowed to bed as a platform to criticize society's apathy toward the poor. He describes five types of human misery. Each example is a beggar harmed by something the middle and upper classes view as progress in one way or another: one is in an auto accident while another is wounded in war."
