Abstract
This paper studies the theory that chemical reactions are the result of the collision between molecules. Also known as the collision model, the author explains how these collisions, when strong enough and with ambient environments, can cause kinetic energy. The paper also introduces the Arrhenius equation and explains how this equation measures the activation energy of a particular reaction and quantifies the collision model in a way that can be useful for scientists conducting experiments. Like any other equation, the paper describes the different experimental parameters that will have an impact on the product of the Arrhenius equation. The paper also demonstrates how the Arrhenius equation can be applied to other disciplines.

From the Paper
"Not every collision between molecules will create new products. In fact, the vast majority of collisions do not because they are not strong enough to break the existing bonds, which are often quite strong between molecules. For the collision to be successful, the molecules have to be oriented in such a way that the activation energy is sufficient to generate a reaction in the substance in question. Temperature, the presence of catalysts, the concentration of the substance, and other factors affect activation energy. Also, the molecules within molecular bonds are also held together with different degrees of strength which affect the potential and kinetic energy released from collisions."

Tags:molecular reactions, kinetic energy, catalysts

Abstract
On April 1, 2001, what began as a minor training exercise turned into a post-Cold War confrontation between two of the world's nuclear powers. On this date, a collision of a U.S. spy plane and a Chinese fighter jet resulted in a tense - but not hostile - political confrontation between the two nations. This paper examines how although the actual details of the spy plane collision in April 2001 differed substantially in their respective accounts in the Chinese and U.S. media, these differences were not so important to many observers as how important the role they played in shaping public opinion as the events unfolded. It provides a side-by-side comparison of the accounts from China and the U.S. to show how the "New York Times" and the "People's Daily" seem to be covering two completely separate incidents. It also defines and discusses the media framing functions that were categorized into three dimensions: visual framing, contextual framing and operational framing.

Outline:
Introduction
Background and Overview
Differences in Media Accounts
Categorization of Framing Functions in Media Accounts
Review of the Literature
Role of the Media in News Presentation
Gatekeeping and Presentation of News Reports
Additional Factors Influencing Presentation of News Reports
The American Position as Reflected in "The New York Times"
The Chinese Position as Reflected in "The People's Daily"
The International Community's Position
Method
Data Analysis and Findings
"People's Daily": April 2-April 27, 2001
"New York Times" Analysis
Validity and Reliability
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"From a subjective perspective, one can almost envision the Chinese leadership hunkered down in the Forbidden City formulating a cogent but forceful response to the spy plane incident that would show the world that they still meant business militarily, but one which would not go so far as to jeopardize what was really important: the American markets. However, from an international perspective, the evolution of the Sino-American trade bloc may be thwarted by future recurrences of this level of hostility, and in the post-Cold War globe, former allies may become potential enemies. "

Tags:trade, demonizing, mass, media, agenda, setting, gatekeeping

Abstract
This study examines the crisis following the mid-air collision of a U.S. spy plane and a Chinese fighter jet over international waters off the coast of China. The paper shows how the crisis, with its many ambiguities, uncertainties and ramifications, lends itself to analysis based on the ideas of conflict theorist Karl Marx and interaction theorist Georg Simmel.

From the Paper
"The crisis is a fascinating subject for inquiry based on social theory because it involved not only the individuals on the two planes (including the deceased Chinese pilot who apparently caused the collision--if we are to believe the American version), but also the two powerful nations of the United States and China. The crisis had a number of factors which are wide open to controversy, from the cause of the collision to the question of international territory to the issue of intelligence gathering. From the point of view of Simmel's, the crisis involves the essential factor of interaction on many levels--including the personal and the international. From the Marxist perspective, the conflicts abound, from political ideology to economics to questions of class."

Tags:marx, karl, georg, simmel

Abstract
Uses social theory to analyze the crisis caused by the mid-air collision of a U.S spy plane and a Chinese fighter jet on April 1, 2001. Examines the conflict theory of Karl Marx and interaction theory of Georg Simmel. Discusses economics as a driving force (Marx) and human interaction (Simmel). Explores issues of who caused the crash; sovreign aerial territory, political ideology, personal and international interaction.

From the Paper
"This study will examine the crisis following the mid-air collision of a U.S. spy plane and a Chinese fighter jet over international waters off the coast of China. The crisis, with its many ambiguities, uncertainties and ramifications, lends itself to analysis based on the ideas of conflict theorist Karl Marx and interaction theorist Georg Simmel.

The crisis is a fascinating subject for inquiry based on social theory because it involved not only the individuals on the two planes (including the deceased Chinese pilot who apparently caused the collision--if we are to believe the American version), but also the two powerful nations of the United States and China. The crisis had a number of factors which are wide open to controversy, from the cause of the collision to the question of international territory to the issue of intelligence gathering."

Abstract
This paper explores the concept of colliding cultures and competing ideologies as well as the related theme of identity in the three plays; "Master Harold... and the Boys" by Athol Fugard, "Dream on Monkey Mountain" by Derek Walcott, and "No Sugar" by Jack Davis. The paper also analyzes the strategies used in the plays such as symbolism, irony, and contrast in their elucidation of colliding cultures. The paper explains that contrast in use of language serves a significant purpose in relation to evolving identity for the oppressed. The paper also notes that colliding cultures can be reduced to the values of white dominant culture in opposition to the other - whether they happen to be black, aboriginal people, or some minority ethnic group. In conclusion, the paper shows that because all the other variables such as identity never are static, the concept of collision is also fluid and appears where it would be least expected.

From the Paper
"Davis' No Sugar is similar to Fugard's play in how it demonstrates the immediacy and perennial nature of colonialism. Mitchell (18-20) expresses this reality by stating that "the rhetoric of postcolonialism assumes that anti-colonialism has either overthrown imperialism or exhausted itself in the attempt". The fact is such a goal has not nearly been achieved; we continue to live in a colonial world. Walcott demonstrates class struggle and collision in his play through the ability of his Odysseus who is able to undermine the totalitarian power of the Cyclops (Giannopoulou 13)."

Tags:symbolism, irony, mimeticism, reactionary, nativism, drama

Abstract
The following paper will look at heathenism and at its collision in the twentieth century with the "new-age" Christianity of Sun Myung Moon. The paper will specifically explore the history of "heathenism" within Korea during the pre-modern period (and right up to the dawn of the twentieth century) and the impact that heathenism had upon the culture of that land - to say nothing of the obvious religious effects. From there, the paper will take time to examine the unification church of Sun Myung Moon and its impact upon Korea and the world at large. In the final analysis, Christianity - like the "heathen" religions which preceded it - exercised a powerful influence upon Korean history and Mr. Myung Moon has, in some important respects, come to be the "second coming" of the old Christian missionaries.

From the Paper
Christian heterodoxy: Heathenism and Sun Myung Moon The following paper will look at heathenism and at its collision in the twentieth century with the "new-age" Christianity of Sun Myung Moon. The paper will specifically explore the history of "heathenism" within Korea during the pre-modern period (and right up to the dawn of the twentieth century) and the impact that heathenism had upon the culture of that land - to say nothing of the obvious religious effects. From there, the paper will take time to examine the unification church of Sun Myung Moon and its impact upon Korea and the world at large. In the final analysis, Christianity - like the "heathen" religions which preceded it - exercised

Tags:christian, heterodoxy, heathenism

Abstract
This paper discusses the role of ethnocentrism in the book. "Ethnocentrism" is the belief that your culture is "better" or "superior" to other cultures and that cultural standards are universal. It is often the wedge that keeps people from many cultures from blending into a cohesive unit, and in "The Spirit Catches You," it is quite common to see how the Hmong, with their culture of beliefs and superstitions, and American doctors, with their medicines and science, would clash and never see eye to eye.

From the Paper
""The Spirit Catches You" is the story of a Hmong family, the Lees, and their young daughter Lia. Lia is diagnosed with epilepsy, which the Hmong call "the spirit catches you and you fall down" disease. The story graphically illustrates two cultures that meet head on - with each one having absolutely no understanding of the other. The Hmong's entire culture is built on a series of beliefs and superstitions that they use nearly everyday to combat illness and appearance. For example, the author notes early in the book, "Although the Hmong believe that illness can be caused by a variety of sources - [...] by far the most common cause of illness is soul loss" (Fadiman 10). Thus, the Hmong use spiritual and holistic approaches to their daughter's health problems because it is all they know. The American doctors, on the other hand, want the Hmong to use American medicines and treatments, and the Hmong have no idea what these treatments are, or how they will benefit their daughter. What happens as the two cultures collide is a comedy of errors and misunderstanding, except that it is not funny, and Lia pays the price in the end."

Tags:lia, hmong, medicine

From the Paper
"In the year 1600, what we now call the scientific revolution was in some respects already well underway. Over a century had passed since Columbus' voyages had demonstrated that entire continents existed of which the ancients knew nothing. More than half a century had passed since the publication of Copernicus' great work, De Revolutionibus, in 1543, challenged the traditional view that the Earth was in the center of the Universe. An equal time had passed since Veselius combined dissection of human cadavers with Renaissance draftsmanship to revolutionize the study of anatomy, and demonstrate that much of the received wisdom of the ancients on the subject was in error. The year 1600 itself saw the publication of William Gilbert's De Magnete, which began the scientific analysis of magnetic and electrical phenomena (and which thus, ultimately, began to ... "

Abstract
This paper discusses the asteroid which scientists believe caused the extinction of dinosaurs and the probability of another event such as this occurring. It also discuss the measurements government has taken to prevent a damaging impact and the different methods they will use to deter such an asteroid if one should come too near the Earth.

From the Paper
"Luckily for us, impacts that would cause massive destruction occur on Earth only about once ever 100,000 years (NASA Ames Space Science Division). According to NASA, these dangerous asteroids capable of wreaking global havoc are extremely rare."

Tags:asteroid, barringercrater, global, impact, nasa, torino, yucatan

Abstract
Space weather is a normal bombardment of the earth by particles and emissions from the sun interacting with the magnetic field of the earth. This process produces collisions in the atmosphere leading to colorful displays in the atmosphere known as aurora, the best known of which is the aurora Borealis. Aurora can occur on the day and the night sides of the earth, and they can take different forms depending on the source of the particles, the type of particles involved, and other elements that may vary from case to case.

From the Paper
Abstract Space weather is a normal bombardment of the earth by particles and emissions from the sun interacting with the magnetic field of the earth. This process produces collisions in the atmosphere leading to colorful displays in th atmosphere known as aurora, the best known of which is the aurora Borealis. Aurora can occur on the day and the night sides of the earth, and they can take different forms depending on the source of the particles, the type of particles involved, and other elements that may vary from case to case. The basics of space weather and aurora ar explained.

Tags:space, weatehr, aurora