Abstract
This paper explains that Carl Jung's collective unconscious theory basically states that there are many layers to the conscious mind. The author points out that Jung embraced a Darwin style belief and attributed Jung's archetypes to a biological base, which were inherited much in the same manner that having blue eyes is inherited. The paper relates that this theory, in later years, was ridiculed by many in the profession; however, modern investigations into false memories, memories from post traumatic stress syndrome and biological components of the brain lend credibility to this theory of collective unconscious. The paper includes two charts.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
What Is It
Collective Unconscious
Biological Aspect
His Background
Evidence
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Taking the step one level further, the world of mental health has uncovered something that is referred to as false memory syndrome. This is where someone has a memory and it comes forth and the therapist and the person begin to work on it as if it is a memory of an actual event. Medical science has decided that sometimes they are false memories that are being brought forth and there is a definite biological component to their existence. This helps provide evidence of the biological factor or archtypes that are referred to in Jung's theory."

Tags:memories, stress, darwin, critics, archetypes

Abstract
This paper explores Emile Durkheim's impression of the law and how and why the manifestation of law helps the individual explore the social consciousness.

Abstract
This paper discusses Colombian situation by mentioning Benedict Anderson's work, "Imagined Communities". It then examines how Gabriel Garcia Marquez's "One Hundred Years of Solitude" creates a myth of Colombian history and how its magical realism expresses Latin American collective consciousness.

From the Paper
"Marquez has long expressed an aim to write what he refers to as 'the true history of Colombia'. One Hundred Years of Solitude may not have any factual basis, although it does contain fictionalized versions of actual historical events, but it is a response to the inadequacy of official history and a myth of the history of Colombia. It begins with the founding of an Eden-like Macondo in an innocent and 'magical' time and follows its progression through the stories of various generations of the Buendias till its eventual destruction by a great wind. It is a myth of evolution, of progress, and of the loss of innocence of a whole society. It begins in an era where magic is possible, and follows the loss of this magic to science and technology. "

Tags:realism, solitude, hundred, years

Abstract
This paper explains that Slavenka Drakulic, in "How We Survived Communism and Even Laughed", tells of her experiences and her friends' everyday lives and political experiences living in communist Yugoslavia from a woman's perspective. The author points out that the reason for the collapse of communism, according to Drakulic's book, is the failure of communism to provide the basic necessities for the female half of the Yugoslavian population. The paper concludes that Drakulic believes that communism is more than an ideology or a method of government but rather a state of mind and habit, which has yet to be erased from the collective consciousness of those who have lived under it.

From the Paper
"Communism failed to provide freedom of expression and speech. Journalists who go astray and write negatively about the system are often given "tender persuasion" by the government. These persuasions cause journalists to self-censor themselves and cause paranoia and distrust for other journalists.
"The book also mentions on how Drakulic was in amazed bewilderment regarding the homeless people in New York and how she sees the injustices because of the "communist eye" that sticks to people who lived under communist systems."

Tags:feminist shortages, double standards, censorship, collective consciousness

Abstract
Using the Durkheimian paradigm, the author explains this debate in terms of its symbolic meaning to the parties involved, opponents, and proponents of same-sex marriage. Further, this paper postulates that the debate regarding this issue is a symbolic debate between two competing world views and elaborates on these world views, describing the sociological context of each side of the debate, providing compelling examples and evidence to suggest that socioeconomic factors, educational background, and geographical location are reliable predictors of individual opinion with regard to the issue of same-sex marriage. Main paper points address the legal debate concerning the limitation of governmental involvement, which, however, is merely a legal rationalization for two competing ideologies struggling to become the predominant collective consciousness in American culture and politics. The world views of both parties are largely affected by external social facts, such as economics, race, education, location, and religion. Key words include Durkheim, collective consciousness, world view, mechanical solidarity, organic solidarity, and functionalism.

From the Paper
"The question of whether or not to permit the recognition of same-sex unions has faced over half of the state legislatures in the United States in the past 5 years. Perhaps the most highly publicized case involves three gay couples who filed suit against the state of Hawaii as a result of the state's refusal to issue marriage licenses to the couples. The couples alleged that the state's prohibition of gay marriage was a result of gender discrimination and thus violated the state's Equal Rights Amendment. A trial court ruled against the group, but in a 1993 appeal, the state's Supreme Court overturned the earlier court's ruling and ordered the state to distribute marriage licenses to gay couples, but delayed the order pending appeal. In 1999, the state's Supreme Court rendered the campaign for gay marriage in Hawaii moot by citing a 1998 amendment to the Hawaii Constitution, which stated that the lawmakers of Hawaii have the authority to limit the recognition of marriage to opposite-sex partners."

Tags:civil, collective, consciousness, durkheim, gay, lesbian, mechanical, organic, rights, sociology, solidarity

Abstract
This paper explains that the overall theme of "The Colossus and Other Poems by Sylvia Plath" seems to be rebellion by the author against the world, against her life; there are death and dying images throughout the book. The author points out that Plath has many believable voices in these poems, which is one of the strengths of the book; because of the depth of her intellect and her skill at manipulating imagery, readers are brought into her consciousness, and there is nothing to do but believe her. The paper relates that it doesn't appear that these poems all have relevance to each other, but they were written at about the same time, so, for the poet, there is a unifying theme, a window of time in her life.

Table of Contents
Thesis
What Reaction Did I Have after Reading the Book?
Why Did I React That Way?
How Did I Feel about "The Colossus"?
Was There an Overall Theme to the Book of Poems?
What Kind of Voice Does the Poet have?
Was the Voice Believable?
What are Underlying Themes of the Book?
Are there Secondary Themes?
Were the Poems Unified by the Fact That They All Appeared in this Book?

From the Paper
"Are there secondary themes? Some of the poems feature shadows and echoes, and mirrors - but it also seems a secondary theme is her father, and his memory and legacy in terms of her life and times. An interesting theme in "Frog Autumn" is the passing of summer into fall, with the advent of "scant, skinny" insects and even the spider "drops" from the effect of the frost. This poem could be a metaphor for getting old, "thin Lamentably." And "The Burnt-Out Spa" is laden with insects again, crickets this time, and the "little weeds" are "soft suede tongues between his bones." In "I Want, I Want," the "wasp, wolf and shark" (all potentially dangerous to humans) are set to work, and there are barbs on the "crown of the gilded wire.""

Tags:theme, relevance, death, consciousness, rebellion

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that in any situation of social or indeed personal upheaval, artists and writers play a central role in shaping the collective consciousness of their environment. Langston Hughes and Adrienne Rich are no exceptions. The writer maintains that while Hughes takes a less angry position than Rich, both poets in their own way call people to political action, and to an awareness of issues that need to be addressed in the society from which they emerge. Another interesting fact about these poets is that they do not write only about social problems, but also do so from an intensely personal viewpoint. The writer discusses that as a black man, Hughes focuses his work mainly on African Americans, while Rich's work revolves mainly around feminism and women's issues. The writer concludes that as such, both poets use their own experience and feelings about the respective lives and issues facing blacks and women in the society of their time.

From the Paper
"Hughes therefore acted as an inspirational force not only to poets, but also to readers, to reshape the familiar into something new and sparkling. He did this not only via the words his used in his work, but also through the innovative and exciting forms he used. In this, he particularly targeted the black community in calling them from cultural complacency. Like he challenged established forms of poetry, Hughes also challenged the complacency that would keep the black community from achieving equality and freedom in society.
"Hughes used his art as a platform for cultivating cultural pride. His emphasis on the lower-class black situation in his work however earned him little respect from the black press, who criticized him harshly for this. Still, this poetry also led to the poet's establishment as an important figure in the Harlem Renaissance. By emphasizing the situations both he and many others suffered in their daily lives, one of Hughes' aims can be seen as calling the black culture towards a type of rebellion against such a situation in a country that prides itself on its orientation towards opportunity."

Tags:blacks, community, equality, frredom

Abstract
This paper essay examines how the study of the sign and semiotic theory may be applied to mass media texts and, in particular, to television. The paper argues that, while there exist two distinct textual forms in television media - advertising and programming - a semiotic analysis reveals the ways in which these forms structurally reinforce each other in creating a semiotics of consumption for the mass media audience. The paper explains that the particular signs, signifiers and referents may change over time as television mythologies evolve, but a constant through this entire evolutionary process has been the "language of consumption". The paper looks at how semiotics allows us to understand how the medium of television operates in our collective consciousness.

Outline;
Introduction
The Sign and its Field of Study
Television and Semiotics
Television and the Culture of Consumption
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Given the prominence of mass media in our society, it is perhaps not surprising that semiotics should have focused considerable attention upon the most dominant of these media: television. The field of media semiotics, as pioneered by French semiotician Roland Barthes, has focused particular attention upon the production of meaning in the area of pop culture in which television assumes obvious prominence (Danesi 240). Barthes argues that the "semiotic method" takes the form of two investigative processes:
- the study of the historical (and thus highly connotative) origin of meaning systems;
- unraveling the nature of signification in human activities, whether it manifests itself as a word, a novel, a TV program, or some other human artifact."

Tags:ideology, television, advertising, consumer

Abstract
In this paper, the writer discusses how the Christian Right differs from others regarding their approach towards social ills in the US. The writer notes that challenges to the collective consciousness of the United States often revolve around concepts of conflicting religious beliefs. The writer notes that within the past century a movement that many believe is fundamentalist has frequently challenged ebbs and flows in the religious ideals of the nation. The writer points out that the authors and thinkers analyzed in this work, stress the importance of the majority understanding the way in which the fundamentalists obtain and seek power. The writer concludes that there is no doubt that the nation is seeking change, as most individuals will list many of the same concerns and problems as the Christian Right would, such as the violence, pornography, teen sex and the loss of the family structure that is resulting in millions of children in poverty and in single parent homes.

From the Paper
"A point frequently made by the prominent social theorist Emile Durkheim, the foundations of religion are far less concrete than one would expect and that religion and religious beliefs are a fundamentally social phenomena, dictated by the power of coercion. It is almost as if the Christian Right, read the words of this master and detailed how their social goals would best be accomplished, as the foundation of the social movement that is beginning to influence the politics and opinions of the nation, is founded in the fellowship of the faith, recruiting and influencing these recruits to vote in a particular, ascribed manner. According to Wald the massive movement is gaining political strength and voice through getting out the vote, in their massive parishionership. This is despite the multitude of studies that support the idea that the majority of people are not supportive of the Christina Right leadership opinions, such as the right to easy access to birth control and the Equal Rights Amendment, purporting that men and women are equal and should be legally accepted as such, two fundamental objections of the Christian Right leadership."

Tags:ideals, family, structure, social, change

Abstract
During the medieval period, order was assembled through an established, organized code called secular law, in which church and state worked hand in hand to create stability within a community. This paper explains how medieval secular law branched from a mixture of Roman and Germanic barbarian law and interwove with the Christian doctrine. This secular law had been handed down from one illiterate generation to another in the collective consciousness of the community. The possession of the right to dispense law and justice did not necessarily restrain self-interest, nor did it promote in the possessor any interest in behaving accordingly. Vengeance was often the only remedy known to secular law and was regularly enacted, often out of proportion to the original transgression.

From the Paper
"Medieval Europe has been greatly dramatized by our modern culture, celebrating and exploring these centuries with a critical sense of awe. On the one hand we now portray the Medieval era as a romantically simple time, and on the other hand as a brutish time of ignorance and cruelty. Both of these stereotypes do have some basis in fact. The Medieval period was characterized by lives that were, as Hobbes would say, "nasty, brutish, and short," but there was an overarching sense of sublime artistic merit to the cruelties of this period. Some of the most fascinating events of the era are in the field of crime and punishment."

Tags:law, secular, violence, feud, revenge