From the Paper
" The most conspicuous feature of the economic life of the early Middle Ages, or Dark Ages (c. AD 500.AD 1100) is a virtual absence of money and of the characteristic features of a money economy . economic specialization, long.distance trade, commercial towns. Instead, the early medieval economy was rural and locally self.sufficient, and society as a whole was correspondingly "rusticated."
This rustication appears vividly in our (relatively few) pictures of the Dark Ages. A striking example is the description of court life in Einhard's biography of Charlemagne (Einhard 45.52). The court life of medieval Europe's greatest king is surprisingly simple, compared to later high.medieval royal courts. Charlemagne lives similarly to an ordinary minor (...)"

From the Paper
" The purpose of this research is to examine the currency reforms of Charlemagne. The plan of the research will be to set forth the apparent purpose of Charlemagne's monetary program, and then to discuss the implications of specific monetary goals for the use of coinage throughout the Holy Roman Empire.

To understand Charlemagne's currency reforms within the Frankish kingdom, it is necessary to understand that Charlemagne (born 742 A.D.) appears to have instituted such reforms in significant part in response to economic conditions that he encountered rather than as a feature of policy initiatives. Additionally, Charlemagne's monetary policy appears to have been intended to give his kingdom entry into the international community and to lend weight to the legitimacy of his reign. Thus Charlemagne's currency reforms must be understood in.."

Abstract
This paper explains that, unlike poets of their period who wrote mainly about war and people suffering, E.E. Cummings "in Just" and Dylan Thomas' "Fern Hill" discuss their childhoods. The author points out that, although both Cummings and Thomas use a lot of visual images to trigger the reader's senses, thus making the poem more believable to the reader, Cummings also uses a lot of coinage such as "mudluscious", which makes the reader think of what the world would be like if it were covered in mud. The paper relates that Dylan Thomas in "Fern Hill" uses a formal, complicated words, in long stanzas, because he is not writing about a child or for a child but rather in an adult's perspective for an adult; E.E. Cummings "in Just" uses informal diction because he is writing in a child's perspective.

From the Paper
"E.E. Cummings writes about childhood in a third person narrative. It is as if he is outside of the mainstream. Cummings is on the outside trying to look into what it is like to be a child. This is why he writes in a child's perspective. People are given a chance to start fresh. Everything becomes new once again. People's spirits are awakened and it is as if they have been given a second chance at happiness, and carefree. Dylan Thomas has a different approach to writing about childhood than Cummings. Thomas writes in a first person narrative. He does not write as a child's perspectives, instead, he writes as an adult, in an adult's perspective. He is looking back on his childhood, as an adult."

Tags:childhood, coinage, style, formal, perspective

Abstract
This paper explores how Diocletian's reform of Roman coinage and the "Tetrarchic" style of representation served in literally changing the face of Rome's coins. Furthermore, it assesses how these two dramatic changes in the coinage served to bring a sense of stability back to the Empire. These questions are dealt with through an examination of the history of coinage in the Roman Empire and how it changed under Diocletian. The paper suggests that issues faced by the Empire were reflected in its coinage. The author concludes that in Diocletian's coinage reform, he attempted to not only bring about economic stability for the Empire, but to also ensure the presence of such stability on the coins themselves.

Coin Value: Debasement, Degeneration, and Revaluation
Faces on the Coins: All for One
Hand in Hand: Stability as Brought About Through the Coins
Works Cited

From the Paper
"Fifty years after the end of the Pax Romana, the emperor Diocletian was tasked with securing order in the Roman Empire. Chief among the issues Dicoletian faced was an increasing devaluation of imperial coinage. Although the almost half a century of barbarian invasions and bickering warlords was now behind the Empire, the effects of such tensions were still felt in monetary exchange rates."

Tags:Roman Empire, numismatics, iconography, Emporers

Abstract
This paper provides a discussion concerning how Article I, Section 10, "Limitations on States," became a part of the Constitution and what it sought to accomplish. The paper examines how this constitutional provision has changed over the years. The paper explains that Article I, Section 10 determines that matters concerned with war, treaty-making, the coinage of money and comparable issues concerning currency are prohibited to the states. Article I, Section 10 also prohibits both the states and Congress from passing bills of attainder and ex post facto laws, or granting titles of nobility.

Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Today, most discussions of constitutional law concern the better known civil liberties embodied in the first ten amendments in the Bill of Rights, but Article I, Section 10 of the U.S. Constitution contains some vitally important implications for civil liberties as well. In fact, absent this and other constitutional provisions, the United States might well have a king (or queen) today, but would not be able to defend itself based on a paucity of federal power to do so."

Tags:civil, liberties, federal, law

Abstract
This paper discusses how in George Eliot's book, 'Silas Marner', a miser finds the meaning of true wealth and his own worth. According to the paper, Eliot uses the literary device of symbolism to show how the young, blond, abandoned child Eppie softens the heart of the embittered miser Silas Marner. The paper concludes with the powerful message that the most meaningful morality of all, the truest gold beyond creed and coinage, is loving another person.

From the Paper
"In Virginia Woolf's words, even before Eliot became a novelist "we see her rising herself with groans and struggles from the intolerable boredom of petty provincial society (her father had risen in the world and become more middle class, but less picturesque) to be the assistant editor of a highly intellectual London review." (Woolf, 1919) Partly as a result of her frustrations with some of the novels she had to review, she decided to begin writing fiction. Born Mary Ann Evans, Eliot took the pen name of George Eliot so that her works would be taken seriously in terms of the ideas they addressed. (Uglow, 2002) Despite the fact that Eliot became a Londoner, as an artist, "much of her fiction reflects the middle-class rural background of her childhood and youth," feeling that these locations were better able to touch upon the "moral and social problems" that were her main concern. (Basset, 2006) Eliot was prominent in the scientific and literary debates of the time, standing squarely on the side of Darwinism and humanism rather than the faith she had been reared in as a child."

Tags:wealth, idol, victorian, london

Abstract
This essay respectively discusses the various ways that word-formation processes come into a language namely; coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, acronyms, derivation, prefixes and suffixes, infixes and multiple processes. Furthermore, this essay also discusses the implications of word formation for a language learning and teaching process.

From the Paper
"The study of language has become a subject of interest for many years. English for instance, has without a doubt become the global language. Whenever we turn on the news to find out what is happening from four corner of the world, local people are being interviewed and telling us about it in English. To be more specific, English is adopted as an internal lingua franca and second language for most Europeans (Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Dutch, and France) although English is not treated as an official language in these countries. While in most Asian countries, having English is always associated with having a prestigious job and career. However, people do not realize that English has adopted enormous number of words from various countries in the world since the imperialism and trade kicked off. "

Tags:vocabulary, dictionary, oxford, slang, dialect, scientific, technical, terms, trade-invented

Abstract
Sidney Homer, in his 1963 seminal history of interest rates, argues that a history of often dramatic interest rate fluctuations provides an excellent summary of the success of some communities and the failures of others to develop effective commercial ethics and laws and suitable monetary and fiscal techniques and policies. While "credit" is considered a modern device (or vice), a brief survey of financial history in this paper demonstrates that credit was in general use in ancient and in medieval times, antedating industry, banking and even coinage. This paper examines selected issues related to the history of simple and compound interest rates, specifically loans and considers periods when high rates were commonplace in their historical context.

From the Paper
"In this context, Gwartney and Stroup (1990) note that in Keynesian economic theory, the interest rate is linked to the supply of and demand for money. High interest rates have historically induced people to hold less money (i.e., to invest more), while low rates have the opposite effect. During normal times, the demand curve for money is like the demand curve for other goods; when the price (the interest rate) of holding money rises, the quantity of money demanded will decline. The Federal Reserve System, the U.S. monetary authority, often finds it necessary to intervene to "adjust" the interest rate to further "adjust" the monetary supply and demand curves and related activity."

Tags:usury, Eugen, von, Bohm-Bawerk, Homer

Abstract
This paper examines how most historians, without debate, describe the ancient economy as one of subsistence, of living in a precarious relationship with the terrain, season and weather. In particular, it analysis the ancient economies of Greek and Roman cities covering a range of sources and subjects from trade, to coinage to modern approaches to ancient attitudes. It also looks at modern schools of thought concerning land, tax, trade, agriculture, industry and banking. It concludes that the ancient economy was actually a system of immediacy- what was best for the period existed, whether it was more or less primitive that the period before.

From the Paper
"The self-sufficient nature of the oikos in producing goods for its own use would not be sufficient for trade to the extent of which we have seen. The manufacture of self produced goods is fitting to a period which exists for the period, survival is immediate and the "now" is more important that making provisions for the future, as we have seen in agriculture. The introduction of trade diverges from this economical introversion and opens up the economical sphere. We should not be surprised to see an increase in manufacturing outside the oikos as trade increases , the two are incontrovertibly linked, more surpluses equals more trade, and more trade produces the wealth to create more trade. Similarly, towards the end of the 4th century we should not be surprised to see a specialisation in manufacturing. As Finley states, in large cities involved in commercial trade " one [trade] is easily enough to support a man of necessity he who pursues a very specialised task will do it best" . We can see an evolution from simple house-bound manufacture to large scale specialization for trade. Our one criticism of manufacture within the Graeco-Roman world can be neatly summarized in the story repeated by a number of Roman writers of a man who invented unbreakable glass."

Tags:agriculture, banking, industry, land, modernism, tax, taxation, trade

Abstract
This paper reports that, to get a representative sample of new words, all 101 entries in the T, U, and V sections of the Oxford Dictionary of New Words, published in 1997, were used as a sample. The author states that the sample reveals a very low degree of borrowing from other languages; instead, internal word formation processes, such as compounding, semantic change, derivation, and abbreviation are used to form the new words. The paper concludes that, as long as English is a dominant global language, it is unlikely that this trend towards internal coinage in favor of borrowing will change.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Method
Results
Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Instead, compounding was used to form the majority (40%) of the new words in the sample. These were often adjective-noun or noun-noun compounds such as "tight building syndrome" and "theme park". This process produces words that are usually self-evident in a simple, logical manner, and it is hardly surprising that it is as frequently used in the formation of new words today as it has been throughout the history of the language.Derivation processes were used to form about 12% of the sample. As well as existing affixes being attached to existing words ("tankie"), a number of new prefixes and suffixes such as ?-ware? and ?techno-? were attached to pre-existing words to create new lexical items ("technobabble")."

Tags:abbreviation, borrowing, derivation, loan, neologisms