Abstract
The paper attempts to show how the challenges faced in addressing issues regarding the withholding of medical treatment are complex and frustrating and it is almost impossible to formulate a set of guidelines regarding the decision-making process. The paper discusses the "quality of life" question for the patient and how parents and family members must consider the burden and issues they may face relating to the care of a cognitively disabled child. The paper also looks at how religion plays a large role for many families regarding medical care for themselves and their children and concludes that this is a complex issue that remains unsolved.

From the Paper
"The challenges faced in addressing issues regarding withholding of medical treatment are complex, frustrating and quite difficult. Controversy surrounding the issue is omnipresent, opinions vary greatly amongst the various parties involved. These differences of opinion make it extremely difficult to formulate a set of guidelines regarding the decision making process. Additionally, each situation has its own unique set of circumstances which makes it nearly impossible to establish a firm policy applicable to all patients. Generally the decision-making parties include; the family of the patient, the doctors, religious organizations and even the state and federal government. Within those factions are diametrically opposing viewpoints, each as passionate as the next."

Tags:quality, of, life, religion, care

Abstract
This literature review reveals several trends in research regarding families and cognitive impairment. The paper begins with a discussion of the literature on stress among parents of children with cognitive disabilities and proceeds with more recent literature on the subject of parenting skills of cognitively disabled adults. The paper finds that though there is considerable consensus that having a child with disabilities is stressful, this consensus may be the result of bias more than a result of actual research findings. The paper found no research that asked the fundamental question of if the family experienced stress as a result of living with someone with cognitive impairment. The paper concludes that research will continue regarding the issues of cognitive disability and its impact on society at large.

Outline:
Impact on Family
Self-Determinism and Cognitive Disability
Discussion

From the Paper
"Another major topic in the area of cognitive disabilities is the topic the appropriateness of parenting by persons with cognitive disabilities. This topic drew considerable controversy, particularly in terms of child endangerment and the ability of the person with a cognitive disability to engage in proper parenting behaviors. Feldman, Varfhese, & Rajska (2002), examined the relationships among support, stress, and mother-child interactions in cognitively disabled adults. This study found that the more support the mother had, the more satisfactory her relationship with her child would be.
"James (2004) found that children of cognitively disabled persons were more likely to have developmental delays, behavior problems, and language delays. The issue of support was a key theme in studies regarding this topic. Support was found to have a positive correlation to parenting success in persons with cognitive disability (Kroese, Hussein, & Clifford et al, 2002; Lewellen & McConnell, 2002)."

Tags:parenting Alzheimer, mental retardation, cultural bias, self-determination

Abstract
This paper explains that learning and cognition go hand and hand, and that according to Piaget's stage theory of cognitive development, children begin to learn and develop cognitively during the sensory motor stage of development. The paper explores the role of behavior in learning, and delves into various types of learning. The paper concludes that the changes in the understanding of the importance of behavior in learning have created a number of learning theories, including the cognitive theory of multimedia learning and problem based learning (PBL), both of which incorporate and accentuate the relationship between learning and cognition.

Outline:
Definition of Learning
The Role of Behavior in Learning
Different Types of Learning
Relationship between Learning and Cognition

From the Paper
"Learning, according to the Penguin Dictionary of Psychology (2001), is "The process of acquiring knowledge or the actual possession of such; scholarship" (para. 1). The definition previously presented is loosely used by a number of psychological and educational disciplines; however, within the behavioral fields of psychology, learning is described as "a relatively permanent change in response potentiality which occurs as a result of reinforced practice" (Kimble, 1985, p. 21). This definition recognizes four key issues fundamental to grasping an understanding of the process of learning: relatively permanent, response potential, reinforced, and practice; acknowledgement of the significance of these factors is by and large accepted by contemporary psychology. This is not to say that other factors like observational learning, modeling, and imitation are not factors, but in an attempt to define, theorize, and hypothesize learning as it relates to cognition certain parameters needed set. In addition, allowances are made in this definition for fleeting changes in behavior, latent learning in response potential, the importance of reinforcement with regard to extinction, and practice that will improve one's learning even after the behavior is lost (Kimble, 1985)."

Tags:Piaget, PBL, Maslow

Abstract
The paper relates that since cognitive psychology veers from previous psychological approaches, the science of cognition must be explored differently. The paper explains that there are two ways cognitive psychology differs from what is known as the norm; cognitive psychology accepts the scientific method as a way examining and treating and introspection is commonly rejected. In addition, the paper explains that cognitive psychology believes that in man there are internal mental states and examples of these mental states are belief, desire and motivation. The paper discusses how behaviorist psychologists reject the belief that man has internal mental states and it is on the issue of internal mental states that cognitive and behaviorist psychology conflict and are contradictory (Ellis, 2006; Overskeid, 2008).

From the Paper
"Since Cognitive Psychology veers from previous psychological approaches the science of cognition must be explored differently. There are two ways Cognitive Psychology differs from what is known as the norm. Cognitive Psychology accepts the scientific method as a way examining and treating. Introspection is commonly rejected in Cognitive Psychology. In addition, Cognitive Psychology believes that in man there are internal mental state. Examples of these mental states are belief, desire and motivation. Behaviorist psychologists reject the belief that man has internal mental states. It is on the issue of internal mental states the Cognitive and..."

Tags:cognitive, psychology, learning

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the main hypothesis of the study, "Does Cognitive Function in Older Adults with Hearing Impairment Improve by Hearing Aid Use?", can be stated as follows: while hearing aids show significant results in terms of auditory improvement, there is no proof to suggest a related improvement or increase in cognitive ability as a result of the application of a hearing aid. The writer explains that the study refers to cognitive functions such as memory, attention, executive functioning, and processing speed. The writer also explains that it should be noted at the outset that this hypothesis presupposes a connection, albeit based on prior research sources, between hearing or hearing enhancements and cognitive functioning. Thus, this is an aspect that forms part of the critique in this analysis of the paper. The writer points out that it is also suggested that the methodology used to ascertain cognitive correlation is to some extent not adequate in terms of the complexity of determining quantitatively a definite link between hearing aids and improved cognition.

From the Paper
"The methodology used in this study was comparatively simple and conventionally straight-forward. In essence a relatively small number or participants were used in this study - which is also a point of contention with regard to the results and conclusion of this research. In total there were fifty-six participants (mean age 0/72.5) who were fitted with hearing aids were compared with 46 control participants (mean age 0/74.5) with an equivalent impairment, but who were not fitted with a hearing aid. The study took cognizance of a number of variables and factors that could influence the results of the experiment. These included neurocognitive tests after 12 months. However, it is also possible that these tests in terms of personality and individual psychological components were not sufficient. This aspect is possibly one of the reasons why the study did not return the expected correlation between hearing aids and cognitive improvement."

Tags:memory, attention, cognition, sensory, organ

Abstract
This paper begins with a review of the literature on the cognitive and affective bases of behavior. The review is followed by a brief description of neural networking model of cognition. The paper concludes with an attempt to answer the central question, the purposes of affect in the neural networking model.

Introduction
Cognitive and Affective Bases of Behavior - Sampling of literature
Neural Networking Model of Cognition
How can you account for the purposes of affect in a neural networking
model of cognition?

From the Paper
"Neural network (NN) modeling has developed as a major component of science's attempt to understand the brain. NN modeling attempts to answer the fundamental question of how does the brain's formidable information-processing abilities emerge from the self-organizing behavior of a collection of relatively simple neurons?"

Tags:cognitive, theory, artificial, intelligence, representationalism, non-cognitive, factors

Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts various cognition principles as applied to a high school journalism class. Specifically, the paper examines situated cognition,distributed cognition,and socially shared cognition principles. The paper looks at commonalities and differences and analyzes what objectives are easily assessed from each theoretical framework.

From the Paper
"The students in a 12th grade journalism class are learning interviewing skills and how to assemble a news story. The students are assigned to travel to the local government center where reporters are assembling for a statewide video-feed media conference with the governor of the state. There, they will join working reporters who will question the governor after she makes her opening remarks. Instructional Objectives: Each student will be able to: 1. Determine the newsworthiness of topics for a news stories. 2. Select the most newsworthy topic. 3. Plan and write a news story for publication on the same day. 4. Publish the edited story on the class web site as part of the school's intranet. Assessment Methods: 1. News stories will be reviewed for understanding of basic journalistic concepts taught in class."

Tags:comparing, cognition, principles

Abstract
This comparison piece presents a brief background on two primary schools of psychology, behavioral and cognitive psychology, and explains how each believes organisms learn new information. This overview is followed by a discussion of cognitive-behaviorism which integrates ideas from both the cognitive and behavioral schools of thought. The author argues that while both schools have their merits, when choosing the particular means for teaching it is important to recognize the end goal of the process.

From the Paper
"The behaviorist perspective of psychology, which subsequently governs the means of interpretation on such topics as the nature of knowledge, the nature of learning, and the nature of psychology is just as the name implies, related to the behavior of organisms. Behavior is observable, measurable, and quantifiable; it exists in reality and thus is more solid than other theoretical approaches to the world, including the cognitive approach.
"B.F. Skinner is considered by many to bee the "grandfather of behaviorism". He generated a great deal of the experimental data that is the basis of the behavioral learning theory. He and other behavioral theorists, including the to-be discussed Watson, were concerned mainly with observable indications of learning and what those visible observations could imply in regards to teaching, or the capacity to learn and subsequently reproduce presented data. (Roblyer, Edwards, and Havriluk, 1997, p.59) Their focus upon observation of visible actions is what would set them aside from the cognitive theorists."

Tags:behaviorism pavlov piaget skinner vygotsky, cognitive theorists

Abstract
This paper discusses IQ tests: their history, their significance and their conclusions. It discusses the first IQ tests in history and explains how the idea came about. It defines several relevant psychological terms such as cognition, intelligence, thinking, and more. It studies the environmental and genetic causes of low cognitive ability: Finally, it concludes that cognition and the study of the brain will develop greatly in the future using FMRI's and other new techniques.

From the Paper
"Ever since Simon and Binet developed the first intelligence test in 1905, the field of psychology has maintained a strong interest in the nature of intelligence. How do we think? Why are some people better problem solvers than others? What is cognition, the ability to think about our environment? Why are some people consistently more able to use their brains to think, to remember, and to problem-solve than others?"

Tags:intelligence, test, IQ, Simon, Binet, cognition, brains, think, FMRI, psychology, genetic, environmental

Abstract
This paper discusses cognitive behavioral therapy and the elements of its practice. It also explores the therapist and patient roles of cognitive behavioral therapy, and how it relates to other therapies currently used in psychology. Adlerian therapy, person centered therapy, existential therapy, Gestalt therapy, reality therapy, solution oriented brief therapy, multi-modal therapy, feminist therapy, and rational emotion behavior therapy are discussed and contrasted to traditional cognitive behavioral therapy. Through these comparisons a focus on the central characteristics of these therapies is evident, providing a framework for patients and professionals to determine which therapy would be most effective for the needs of particular patients.

Tags:cognitive, behavioral, therapy