Abstract
This paper examines how a bias in regards to cognitive psychology as it is applied in the educational forum has evolved and continues to influence the way learning is presented in the classroom. In particular, the study focuses on a study by Charles Bailey that contends that society is being dumbed down, which inhibits and discourages learning and critical thinking. The paper further defines cognitive bias according to Bailey's model, which the paper views as a sound approach to educational problems. The works of other educational psychologists are listed and analyzed in the paper as well. Despite the negative aspects of cognitive bias in the classroom, the paper also cites its benefits, such as it can potentially assist children in their social skills and behavior problems, provide a more entrepreneurial community, and prevent errors in judgments based on empirical evidence. The paper concludes by stating that that there will always be a cognitive bias in educational settings, but if it is addressed then the inherent problems will be minimized.

From the Paper
"Bailey's study seems to link the dumbing down of society with the cognitive evolution that allows us to recognize the fact that we are subject to such a process in the first place. If this is true, then the educational system implementing cognitive psychological aspects are, in fact, only hurrying the process. Bailey espouses a solution to the problem by providing 'cognitive accuracy'. According to Bailey, cognitive accuracy provides a yardstick for "accurate and rational thought and behavior" (Bailey, pg. 280). This paper asserts that perhaps the very act of attempting to accurately access a cognitive accuracy provides additional motivation (especially in the classroom) to dismiss attempts to learning unless it is defined by cognitive psychology."

Tags:educational psychology, teachers, classroom, students, instruction

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that cell phone use in vehicles is a growing concern around the globe. The writer points out that many individuals and authorities believe that the use of cellular phones while driving contributes to the number of motor vehicle accidents on the road systems. The writer discusses that cognitive psychologists have studied this matter thoroughly in order to determine whether or not cellular phones pose a risk to driver performance. The majority of these studies have confirmed the suspicions and provided empirical evidence showing that the use of a cell phone while driving severely decreases driver attention and slows down reaction times to visual stimuli. This paper discusses two studies in particular that examine the perception of visual stimuli by drivers in relation to cellular phone use. Furthermore, research is proposed that would build upon the two articles discussed by combining the topics and determining exactly what kinds of hands-free devices used with cell phones, if any, are the most effective in creating a safe driving environment.

Outline:
Abstract
References

From the Paper
"In today's technology driven world nearly everyone takes measures to increase their accessibility to the outside world. These measures include e-mail, fax, the Internet, and cellular phones, just to name a few. However, as with all new advancements in technology and society, the increased accessibility to the outer world comes with a number of negative side effects or drawbacks. One area in which these drawbacks are highly pronounced is driving. Driving used to be a relatively simple task, with few cars on the road, few distractions, and a lack of any form of technology within the vehicle beyond a steering wheel, gear shift, mirrors, gas pedal and break - all items required for driving the vehicle. Today, however, cars come equipped with high powered stereo systems, compasses, electronic-visual navigation systems, televisions, drink holders, fax machines, outlets for computers, and cellular phones. "

Tags:handheld, concentration, focus, distraction, attention

Abstract
This study researches aging from the aspect of cognitive development, which includes all aspect of adult development including theory and research. This work is done from the view of a cognitive cohorts aspect inclusive of case studies, which state that this is from both the male and female perspective. Phases of Development are inclusive of mental, physical and emotional changes experienced by the aging individual. The three ranges covered in respect to developmental cohorts are those of Middle Age range 40-60 years of age, Older Mature Phase 60-80 years of age and Elder Range of ages 80 and beyond.

Table of Contents
Purpose
Introduction
Disease and Aging
Life Span
Molecular/Cellular Changes in Aging
Aging Theories
Accelerated Aging Diseases
Developmental Psychological Aspects of Aging
Developmental Cohorts
Facts of Aging
Cognitive Development
Piaget Theorist: Four States of Human Cognitive Development
Literature Review
Physiological Signs of Aging
Outward Signs of Aging
Adult Developmental Stages
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"Aging has many different variables and occurs at rates that are different among individuals and among species. Senescence is viewed by gerontologists as a "collection of degenerative entropic processes related only by the fact that the occurrence is over a period of time. One theory is the "Loose Cannon Theory" which proposes that an entropy-producing agent-free radical or glucose disrupts cellular macromolecular constituents over a period of time.""

Tags:rate, of, living, weak, link, error, catastrophe, master, clock, progeroid, werner's, syndrome

Abstract
This paper examines how human memory is prone to a variety of inefficiencies and errors. According to the paper, psychologists refer to these problems or errors as cognitive failures. Various types of cognitive failures are notes, such as forgetting, which is referred to as absent-mindedness. The discussion provides a review of literature on the subject of absent-mindedness, or more specifically, what are known as slips of action.

From the Paper
"As commonly understood, human memory is prone to a variety of inefficiencies and errors. As a catch-all term, psychologists refer to these problems or errors as cognitive failures. Specific types of cognitive failures, such as forgetting, are often referred to as absent-mindedness (Moxon, 2000, p. 40). The following discussion provides a review of literature on the subject of absent-mindedness, or more specifically, what are known as slips of action. Personal examples are also provided in order to illustrate the basic concepts discussed..."

Tags:cognitive failures, psychology, absent, mindedness

Abstract
This paper examines cognitive theories and the cognitive approach to treatment of patients with Alzheimer's Disease. The paper focuses on the psychological aspects of treatment.

From the Paper
"The paper begins with a brief review of the nature of Alzheimer's Disease. It is then noted that, while historically it has been thought that there was little to be done in order to improve the functioning of people with this disorder, cognitive theories and cognitive interventions have changed this view. The paper then discuses how cognitive theories have helped to produce greater insight and understanding into the..."

Tags:Alzheimer's, Disease, cognitive, approach

From the Paper
" Foreign language learning is a process which combines cognitive behaviors and new psychomotor skills. Gradually the learner acquires another system of communication. He will come to realize that the new language is not only a set of codes by which he can express his own ideas, but an important part of a culture different from his own. In fact he will find that some distinctions he makes in his mother tongue cannot be made in the new language and that other ways of thinking and experiencing are essential if he is to communicate in the language.
At advanced levels of foreign language instruction, the learner can use the new system of communication as a means of broadening his knowledge and appreciation of literature, humanities, etc. The reading knowledge of a foreign language has long been considered a research tool in almost all fields of (...)"

Abstract
This paper looks at how differential attitudes towards different social groups - African-Americans, those with minority religious views - leads to differential treatment (and thereby outcomes) for the families of abused children. The paper provides scholarly material supporting the above contention and also looks at what the social work profession can do to discourage such sentiments while simultaneously making itself more responsive to victims. As part of its investigation of this important issue, the paper also looks at Piagetian developmental theory and how the accomodationist processes which are pivotal to the cognitive development of children are profoundly affected by violence in the home going unchecked - in part because of social workers being lax in the discharge of their duties.

Tags:social, workers, families

Abstract
This paper explains that psychotherapy is the treatment of psychological disorders by employing psychological methods, which include a personal relationship between a client and a trained therapist, Psychotherapists can be psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers or marriage and family therapists. The author points out that psychotherapies can be classified into four perspectives: psychodynamic, humanistic, behavioral and cognitive. The paper relates that the ideal therapist must have intelligence, enough flexibility to make use of a wide range of psychotherapeutic models tailored to the severity of the patient's depression and basic humaneness, which means that he or must be able to admit errors, tolerate frustration and refuse to judge a patient by appearance, age or social class.

Table of Contents:
Define and Overview
Depression
Cognitive Therapy
Psychoanalytic Therapy
Characteristics of Ideal Therapist / Best Treatment
Beneficial / Conclusion

From the Paper
"Depression is characterized by sad mood and the inability to experience pleasure from activities one previously enjoyed. Depressed people exhibit symptoms such as withdrawal, inactivity, decreased/increased in appetite, experiencing difficulty in sleeping and feeling of hopelessness for the future, hence, contemplate that life is not worth living. When these symptoms are severe, persistent, and interfere with the person's daily functions, then the person is diagnosed as having major depressive disorder.Major depressive disorder is associated with high mortality."

Tags:sociocultural, cognitive-behavioral, rational-emotive, humaneness, suicidal

Abstract
This paper deals with the concept of early childhood development. It provides a history of the research in the field and explains what technological advancement have recently been made. It examines topics such as world view's of early childhood, cognitive development, technology and learning, alternative learning and national curriculum.

From the paper:

"Children in the developmental stage of early childhood (ages 3 through 8) are concrete learners. They are exceptionally sensory; they learn best by touching, tasting, hearing, smelling, and moving their bodies. Children in this age range are active learners. They are interested in experiments, trial and error, representing what they are learning through construction and play, and finding answers in picture books. They like to find things out on their own. As they gradually become more focused on other people and the outside world, children become aware that there are many adult skills that they do not have. In environments where they are encouraged to try out these skills (such as writing) at their own appropriate level, they enthusiastically embrace learning. "

Tags:maturity, skills, pretend, activities, accomplishment, theories, interaction, environment, concept, observation, experience, sensual, maturation

Abstract
This paper explains that, although he did not leave any writings of his own or, at least, none of these were preserved, Socrates' philosophy and his personality are conserved in many of the works of his disciples. The author points out that Socrates' most famous appearance was as a character in Plato's dialogues. Socrates is the first thinker to change the focus of philosophy from the general theories related to the physical world to theories of the human world. The paper examines several themes of Socrates' philosophy such as knowledge, ethics, justice and justness and the virtuous life.

From the Paper
"Notably, Socrates' political theories follow the same pattern: for instance, the ideal system of government described in "The Republic" is curiously analogical with the human soul (the repository of justice and virtue) and with the soul's relation to the human body. He does not emphasize so much the relationship established between the city and the citizen, but rather that between the ruler and the inhabitants. The city is in itself, essential for the life of the individuals, but here the art of government and that of the ruler are highlighted instead of the idea of democracy."

Tags:plato, socratic method, dialogues epistemological, cognitive error