Abstract This paper studies whether -- and to what degree -- grammar and error correction should be emphasized in a language classroom. The author presents research done on the questions of: (1) how much explicit grammar instruction should be conducted? and (2) to what extent does error correction assist the learner? The author concludes from the research that grammar is more effectively learned when taught in an integrated, rather than explicit, format. The author further concludes that directly correcting errors is only important if the error precludes comprehension.
From the Paper "There has always been debate about the place of grammar in the language classroom. Undoubtedly, the mastery of any language depends on understanding the rules that govern the arrangement and relationship of words in a sentence. Knowledge of grammatical concepts is a key step in language learning. A grammatical item, once learned, acts as a formula that can be applied to the construction of new sentences. Pica's (1994) explains that there are cases where explicit grammar instruction may accelerate the learners' progress across the stages of language acquisition. In many cases, such as the use of the plural -s, instructed learners tended to make fewer errors than those who had no classroom experience and were left to create their own strategies of learning. This, however, is by no means the end of the story. There are many factors that must be considered when deciding how and when grammar should be taught."
Tags: learn, grammatical, universal, error, comprehension, second, foreign, language
Abstract This paper explains that medication errors extend to the very core issues of nursing. The author points out that the nurse and preceptor, who made the medication error in this case, involves the nursing student by asking her to ignore the error and say nothing. The paper relates that it is very clear that this individual is not suitable to be a nurse or a preceptor and that she should be reported.
From the Paper "Every situation involving a medication error is a serious matter and a potential legal case (Smetzer, 1998). Medication errors extend to the very core issues of nursing. The most pertinent of those issues is accountability. "In the legal sense, if one is accountable, one is liable to be called to account for the extent to which the actions taken were consistent with the nurse's responsibilities" (Snowdon & Rajacich, 1993, p. 5). In this situation (#2), only two options are available. As will be demonstrated, the only option which conforms to the concept of accountability is the second choice."
Abstract The paper comments that the play, "The Comedy of Errors" is much more than a simple comedy or farce as it is usually seen; it is rather a profound meditation on human life, and the way in which errors blind men and keep them from the truth. The paper concludes that Shakespeare's play is a profound meditation on the human condition as a progression from error, illusion and confusion, towards ultimate truth and enlightenment.
From the Paper "The passage thus contains a few key elements for the interpretation of the play: first of all, the words "transformation", "error", "deceit" and the phrase "earthy-gross conceit" all hint at the main theme of the play: the plane of the human life is seen as a farcical game, in which the mortals are generally erring and confusing the truth with illusion. The play is thus much more than a simple comedy or farce as it is usually seen; it is rather a profound meditation on human life, and the way in which errors blind men and keep them from the truth. Men are generally "smothered in errors", "feeble" and "weak", in the hands of the divine will."
Abstract This paper describes the role of the nursing profession in the prevention of medication-related errors in any hospital. The author provides an account of the procedures in place and concludes with the statement that although internal challenges exist, the external challenges can be remedied, albeit slowly.
From the Paper "Apart from administering medications, they are responsible for the preparation, labeling, and identification of the patient to whom it is given. With regard to this a mnemonic to aid in making sure errors do not occur in medication administration has been created based on six rights: right patient, right medication, right amount, right route, right time and right charting. Firstly, the correct person must be paired with the correct medication. The medication in turn, must be of the correct effective dose to produce a therapeutic effect; underdosing is evidently ineffective in producing any type of change in clinical course whereas overdosing may have an impact on one or more organ systems that benefit or are harmed by its presence, or clear it from the body. The correct route of delivery must also be determined, as this may affect a drug's effectiveness, particularly in the case of oral medications as they are metabolized and rendered chemically inert by the liver in the case of most drugs. The right timing of a drug must also be followed, as therapeutic levels of a drug within the body must be maintained for a given period of time to have the desired effect in vivo. Proper acknowledgment of a medication order by the physician must be documented. In the same light, documentation of administration of the drug must be carried out in a patient's chart. With the advent of technology that bypasses paper chart orders such as through the telephone or computer, documentation must still be carried out without fail."
Abstract This paper begins with a review of the literature on the cognitive and affective bases of behavior. The review is followed by a brief description of neural networking model of cognition. The paper concludes with an attempt to answer the central question, the purposes of affect in the neural networking model.
Introduction
Cognitive and Affective Bases of Behavior - Sampling of literature
Neural Networking Model of Cognition How can you account for the purposes of affect in a neural networking
model of cognition?
From the Paper "Neural network (NN) modeling has developed as a major component of science's attempt to understand the brain. NN modeling attempts to answer the fundamental question of how does the brain's formidable information-processing abilities emerge from the self-organizing behavior of a collection of relatively simple neurons?"
This paper provides a critique of the research paper "Does Cognitive Function in Older Adults with Hearing Impairment Improve by Hearing Aid Use?" by van Hooren et al.
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that the main hypothesis of the study, "Does Cognitive Function in Older Adults with Hearing Impairment Improve by Hearing Aid Use?", can be stated as follows: while hearing aids show significant results in terms of auditory improvement, there is no proof to suggest a related improvement or increase in cognitive ability as a result of the application of a hearing aid. The writer explains that the study refers to cognitive functions such as memory, attention, executive functioning, and processing speed. The writer also explains that it should be noted at the outset that this hypothesis presupposes a connection, albeit based on prior research sources, between hearing or hearing enhancements and cognitive functioning. Thus, this is an aspect that forms part of the critique in this analysis of the paper. The writer points out that it is also suggested that the methodology used to ascertain cognitive correlation is to some extent not adequate in terms of the complexity of determining quantitatively a definite link between hearing aids and improved cognition.
From the Paper "The methodology used in this study was comparatively simple and conventionally straight-forward. In essence a relatively small number or participants were used in this study - which is also a point of contention with regard to the results and conclusion of this research. In total there were fifty-six participants (mean age 0/72.5) who were fitted with hearing aids were compared with 46 control participants (mean age 0/74.5) with an equivalent impairment, but who were not fitted with a hearing aid. The study took cognizance of a number of variables and factors that could influence the results of the experiment. These included neurocognitive tests after 12 months. However, it is also possible that these tests in terms of personality and individual psychological components were not sufficient. This aspect is possibly one of the reasons why the study did not return the expected correlation between hearing aids and cognitive improvement."
Tags: memory, attention, cognition, sensory, organ
Abstract This paper compares and contrasts various cognition principles as applied to a high school journalism class. Specifically, the paper examines situated cognition,distributed cognition,and socially shared cognition principles. The paper looks at commonalities and differences and analyzes what objectives are easily assessed from each theoretical framework.
From the Paper "The students in a 12th grade journalism class are learning interviewing skills and how to assemble a news story. The students are assigned to travel to the local government center where reporters are assembling for a statewide video-feed media conference with the governor of the state. There, they will join working reporters who will question the governor after she makes her opening remarks. Instructional Objectives: Each student will be able to: 1. Determine the newsworthiness of topics for a news stories. 2. Select the most newsworthy topic. 3. Plan and write a news story for publication on the same day. 4. Publish the edited story on the class web site as part of the school's intranet. Assessment Methods: 1. News stories will be reviewed for understanding of basic journalistic concepts taught in class."
Abstract This paper discusses IQ tests: their history, their significance and their conclusions. It discusses the first IQ tests in history and explains how the idea came about. It defines several relevant psychological terms such as cognition, intelligence, thinking, and more. It studies the environmental and genetic causes of low cognitive ability: Finally, it concludes that cognition and the study of the brain will develop greatly in the future using FMRI's and other new techniques.
From the Paper "Ever since Simon and Binet developed the first intelligence test in 1905, the field of psychology has maintained a strong interest in the nature of intelligence. How do we think? Why are some people better problem solvers than others? What is cognition, the ability to think about our environment? Why are some people consistently more able to use their brains to think, to remember, and to problem-solve than others?"
An overview of cognitive behavior therapy, focusing on the roles of the therapist and patient and how it compares to other therapies used in psychology.
3,720 words (approx. 14.9 pages), 6 sources, 2006, $ 133.95
Abstract This paper discusses cognitive behavioral therapy and the elements of its practice. It also explores the therapist and patient roles of cognitive behavioral therapy, and how it relates to other therapies currently used in psychology. Adlerian therapy, person centered therapy, existential therapy, Gestalt therapy, reality therapy, solution oriented brief therapy, multi-modal therapy, feminist therapy, and rational emotion behavior therapy are discussed and contrasted to traditional cognitive behavioral therapy. Through these comparisons a focus on the central characteristics of these therapies is evident, providing a framework for patients and professionals to determine which therapy would be most effective for the needs of particular patients.
Abstract The essay evaluates three different intelligence or cognitive tests, namely Raven's test, the Mental Alertness test (HSRC) and the Cognitive Process Profile. These tests are used in both academic and workplace settings and are mainly critiqued in this essay according to their manual information, norm groups, reliability, purpose, and item content.
From the Paper "Intelligence tests are being used increasingly to assist individuals in educational planning, and in making decisions about aspects of their own lives" (Anastasi & Urbina, 1997). Raven's tests have been described as "tests of observation and clear thinking"( Raven et al., 1998, p.657). The Mental Alertness test is to provide measures of general intelligence, arithmetical ability and certain language abilities (Lombard, 1975). A strength of the Cognitive Process Profile is that it measures learning potential and involves a teach-test-teach approach (CPP Manual, 2000).?
Abstract This is a review of a cognitive psychology article that found that older adults can accurately assess the side effects of their own medications -- something that tends to be dismissed by health professionals who do not believe that older adults have sufficient cognitive skills to make such assessments.
Abstract This is a three-page paper on cognitive dissonance. A person who can handle one situation well, but not another tends to experience discomfort from cognitive dissonance. The paper explores How this can affect others in business or at the workplace.
Abstract This paper identifies three assumptions on cognitive development that may already be outdated or no longer apply to current developments and discusses propositions that may be accepted in the current period. Moreover, the paper compares and differentiates two great minds in cognitive theory, Bruner and Vygotsky.
From the Paper "There are many ways in which cognitive development can be learned and studied, but I just want to point out three assumptions on children and human nature which might be problematic for educators, specifically early childhood educators. The separation of mind and body: It is usual to think that thinking from feeling and thinking from social interaction is separate. The cognitive becomes attached to the logical, reasoned, rule-governed, and thoughtful; non-cognitive becomes everything else, including the intuitive, the emotional, and the social. We assume that developments on the cognitive side of the fence can be isolated, observed, described and even fostered without direct involvement of non-cognitive processes (Siefert, 2002). Unfortunately, this assumption is far from the fact, that work with children routinely requires attention to the common influence of the cognitive and non-cognitive. Unfortunately, the facts uncovered about this assumption is still being used today and textbooks, research programs and entire academic careers are arranged in such a way."
Abstract This paper examines cognitive theories and the cognitive approach to treatment of patients with Alzheimer's Disease. The paper focuses on the psychological aspects of treatment.
From the Paper "The paper begins with a brief review of the nature of Alzheimer's Disease. It is then noted that, while historically it has been thought that there was little to be done in order to improve the functioning of people with this disorder, cognitive theories and cognitive interventions have changed this view. The paper then discuses how cognitive theories have helped to produce greater insight and understanding into the..."
Abstract In this paper, the writer discusses the process of learning as a global one. The writer discusses that cognitive therapy or behavioral therapy has often been used as a treatment method for various mental disabilities. The writer maintains that the process of cognitive therapy also has universal or global potential in treating psychopathology. The writer continues that this could be the case - although certain individuals - and certain pathologies - are more amenable to such treatment than are others.
From the Paper "Cognitive therapy also called cognitive behavioral therapy has proven to be a highly effective method of treatment for a number of different mental disabilities. Cognitive therapy incorporates one of the core models of psychology classical conditioning and learning with the more recently developed concept of cognitive distortion to help individuals change the way in which they interpret the world around them. This paper examines the model of cognitive therapy looking in particular at the function of interpretation in the process of cognitive therapy. Cognitive therapy is based on the ... "
