Abstract This paper discusses cognitivebehavioraltherapy and the elements of its practice. It also explores the therapist and patient roles of cognitivebehavioraltherapy, and how it relates to other therapies currently used in psychology. Adlerian therapy, person centered therapy, existential therapy, Gestalt therapy, reality therapy, solution oriented brief therapy, multi-modal therapy, feminist therapy, and rational emotion behaviortherapy are discussed and contrasted to traditional cognitivebehavioraltherapy. Through these comparisons a focus on the central characteristics of these therapies is evident, providing a framework for patients and professionals to determine which therapy would be most effective for the needs of particular patients.
Abstract The following discussion provides an evaluation of CognitiveBehavioralTherapy in the treatment of a female patient who suffers from alcoholism and depression. The writer points out that it is expected that this type of therapy is highly effective in the treatment of these problems, as it provides a greater understanding of the negative influences in life, as well as the positive.
From the Paper "For individuals that develop any number of psychological or emotional problems that require professional intervention, it is necessary to consider the many options that are available. There is a necessity to utilize specific techniques in order to treat such problems as depression and alcoholism, amongst others. With this in mind, the purpose of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy as a means of offering support for the management of these problems is a critical step in a positive direction for many patients. A wide body of research supports Cognitive Behavioral Therapy as an effective treatment for a variety of disorders, including the issues related to alcoholism and depression. The following discussion describes a specific case study involving a young female, who has suffered from serious bouts of alcoholism and depression concurrently, and has initiated Cognitive Behavioral Therapy as a means of supporting her wellness regimen."
Abstract This paper argues in favor of a combination of quantitative and qualitative data when evaluating cognitivebehavioraltherapy (CBT) programs. Qualitative research methods are presented in the essay, including self-report questionnaires and rating scales, observational measures and interviewing. This is followed by a discussion on quantitative methods, which include meta-analysis and control groups. The qualitative methods focus mainly on the research methods of CBT in clinical practice, while the quantitative methods investigate the research methods of CBT in theory. Various approaches to evaluating CBT and issues arising from these methods are examined in the paper in order to encourage therapists to evaluate CBT program with extreme care.
Outline:
Single-case Experimental Designs (SCEDs
Qualitative Evaluation
Self-Report Questionnaires and Rating Scales
Observational Measures
Time Sampling
Self-Observation
Interviewing
Quantitative Evaluation
Meta-Analysis
Control Groups
Conclusions
References
Table 1
Questionnaires Frequently used in CBT
Table 2
Types of Control Group Used in CBT Outcome Studies.
From the Paper "In a many Counselling and Psychotherapy studies, research is often conducted through qualitative evaluation (attempts to assess what kind of change has occurred), rather than with quantitative methods, (deciding how much change has occurred). Conversely, CBT has, until quite recently, been dominated by the latter consideration (Ward, et al., 2000). At various points in this essay I will argue for a combination of quantitative and qualitative data as the sensible basis of evaluation for example with single-case experimental designs. Qualitative research methods discussed in this essay are: self-report questionnaires and rating scales, observational measures and interviewing, this is followed by a discussion on quantitative methods, which will include meta-analysis and control groups. The qualitative methods dealt with in this essay will focus mainly on the research methods of CBT in clinical practise, while the quantitative methods will investigate primarily the research methods of CBT in theory. Various methods of evaluating CBT and issues arising from these methods will be handled in this essay to emphasize the need for therapists to choose methods of evaluating CBT programmes with extreme care."
Abstract This paper reviews a study that explored the impact of cognitivebehavioraltherapy (CBT) and the school success of students with anxiety disorders. The author presented the study's hypothesis and methodology. The paper also detailed the population that was used for the study. Finally the reviewer gave the conclusions of the study, which showed that CBT therapy over time will decrease overall anxiety in school children.
Outline:
Research Question
Hypothesis
Methodology
Sample
Results/Findings
Conclusion
Overall Effectiveness
Source Used
From the Paper "Finally, the sample size creates limitations on the generability of the results. Although the results did have overwhelming numbers, a sample size of 38 is inadequate to appropriate to other populations. However, it does raise awareness for educators and parents alike that school and social problems may have a root with an anxiety disorder and that it should not be discounted before an official diagnosis can discount such a cause."
Abstract This paper contends that cognitivetherapy has traditionally been used by therapists as a means of identifying thoughts of the patient that are destructive to their lives. It explains that individuals, regardless of age, may experience events throughout life that they consider traumatic. The author explains that these details of the events are considered repeatedly in the individual's mind.
From the Paper "Cognitive therapy has traditionally been used by therapists as a means of identifying thoughts of the patient that are destructive to their lives. Individuals, regardless of age, may experience events throughout life that they consider traumatic. The details of the events are considered repeatedly in the individual's mind. Recalling the event exactly as it happened each time it is contemplated generally does not occur, and the memory becomes distorted in many respects. What is significant, however, is the importance to the sequence of events that the individual places on those events. This is evident because that sequence can begin to spark reactions to other events throughout the individual's existence that allow him or her to recall the primary occurrence, and react to it in the same manner. The cognitive process, therefore, is hampered by these thoughts, leading ..."
Abstract This paper analyzes the article, "Cognitive-BehaviorTherapy: Reflections on the Evolution of a Therapeutic Orientation" by M.R. Goldfried, which presents an account of the evolution of cognitive-behaviortherapy over the past 35 years, since it began with the introduction of cognition into behaviortherapy in the mid-1960s. It examines how, as cognitive-behavior therapists became more experienced clinically and recognized that clients did not always engage in clearly reportable internal dialogues, the schema construct was used to understand more about clients? implicit meaning structures. The distinction between cognitive-behaviortherapy and cognitivetherapy is discussed, and the importance of activating emotional experiencing in the clinical change-process is underscored.
From the Paper "Goldfried discusses many justifications for the addition of cognition in behavior therapy and even discusses situations of therapy sessions that institute them. Psychologists came to realize that patients might not have the capacity to store, encode, and retrieve information needed for participation in therapy with a clear "internal dialogue". Thus, establishing an information-processing model, called a "schema", helped therapists understand the problematic functioning of patients having difficulties such as inaccurate classification of events, selective attention, and so on. Goldfried goes on to define a schema as "a cognitive representation of individuals" past experiences with other people, situations, and themselves, which helps them construe events within that particular aspect of their life?."
Abstract This paper discusses the background and current status of cognitivebehaviortherapy. It lists the challenges facing cognitivebehaviortherapy and discusses the need for this form of therapy to address these issues. The paper then describes three cognitive restructuring therapies and discusses how they are implemented in practice. It also discusses the theory and practice of the problem-solving therapies and the cognitive learning theory.
Table of Contents:
Current Status
Theory
Methodology
Applications
Summary
From the Paper "If Cognitive Behaviour Therapy can effectively deal with these concerns, it will unquestionably develop into a key force within clinical psychology. Nevertheless, in spite of its recognition amongst several therapists, not all behaviourally oriented researchers are in favour of this form of therapy. For instance, Eysenck (1979), a staunch S-R theorist, cautioned that "Although cognitive theories seem fashionable at the moment among some behaviour therapists who should know better. . . being fashionable is not the same as being correct, or useful, or in line with the evidence." He indicated that "Cognitive theory, per contra, does not even exist as a 'theory' that could meaningfully be criticized or tested; it is an aspiration, born of mentalistic preconceptions, in search of hypotheses."
"Wolpe (1978, p. 442) stated that that, "Behaviour therapists have deliberately influenced their patients' thinking ever since formal behaviour therapy of the neuroses came into existence"; for this reason he believed that cognitive approaches to therapy had always been incorporated with the behavioural techniques. "Thought," wrote Wolpe, "obeys the same 'mechanistic' laws as motor or autonomic behaviour" (p. 438). The principles of conditioning are adequate to account for cognition, and overt behaviour is an adequate indicator of this conditioning."
Abstract This paper looks at the use of cognitivebehavioraltherapy (CBT) in treating patients with schizophrenia. The paper begins by describing the therapy and its application, as well as presenting studies that have both supported and contradicted its effectiveness. The paper notes that while CBT is the treatment of choice for schizophrenia in the United Kingdom and abroad, it has been slow to be accepted in the United States.
Abstract This paper analyzes cognitivebehaviortherapy (CBT). It discusses the origin and philosophy of CBT, as well as its key conceptual issues. The paper then describes the therapeutic approach of CBT in terms of diagnosis and treatment. Finally, the paper discusses the contributions of CBT as well as the criticism of it in terms of it being a valid form of therapy.
Table of Contents:
Origin and Philosophy of CBT
Key Conceptual Issues
Therapeutic Approach of CBT
CBT: Contributions and Criticisms
Conclusion
From the Paper "In conclusion, although other theories of psychotherapy have been popular in the past, such as Freudian and Jungian psychoanalysis, CBT now enjoys broad popularity among a wide range of practitioners. Especially when paired with pharmacological treatment, it appears to offer a balanced methodology that is backed up by empirical support from clinical trials. Although most effectively leveraged in the treatment of depressive disorders, and on behalf of patients with clearly defined nervous triggers, there is potential for CBT to be even further expanded in the future."
Abstract This paper explains that, as a therapist, the writer prefers to focus on cognitivebehavioraltherapy (CBT) because this approach encourages counselors to be honest with clients as well as with themselves. The overall goals of counseling and the characteristics of the client-counselor relationship are presented in the paper. The writer describes that CBT procedures of open therapy, active talking and other ways to overcome the perceived maladjustment of the client.
Table of Contents:
Beliefs about Personality
Goals of Counseling Process
My Function as a Therapist
Characteristics of Client-Counselor Relationship
Procedures and Techniques
From the Paper "The overall goal is the recovery of the client. Recovery is about counseling, but it is also about empowerment. Counseling can also help individuals with their problems and overcoming adversity, but as seen, a lot of the goals of the process focus mainly on recovery based interventions as a primary way of treating a given disorder, rather than counseling or pharmacology. Recovery is less concerned from this perspective, with treating the episodes and preventing them effectively than it is with helping the individual cope with their disorder in terms of dealing with problems in life that are created by it."
Abstract This paper gives the reader a clear understanding of the roots of psychoanalysis and cognitivebehaviortherapy. The writer defines the two theories and their main ideas. It then proceeds to compare and contrast the fundamental principles of the two.
From the Paper "Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is a combination of cognitive therapy and behavior therapy. Behavior therapy is used to change automatic reactions to certain situations. It also teaches relaxation techniques so you are better able to deal with stressful situations and allows for improved decision making techniques. Cognitive therapy trains you in recognizing how certain thinking patterns are causing your symptoms. Once these thinking patterns are recognized, you are able to break the connection between these patterns and the distorted picture of reality that they present (Weber, 1991)."
Abstract This paper reviews and analyzes Gestalt and behaviortherapy. According to the paper, Gestalt therapy is a psychological system that stresses integration of body and mind factors by developing self-awareness and personal responsibility. The paper goes on to discuss behaviortherapy, stating that there are several approaches to cognitive-behavioraltherapy, including rational emotive behaviortherapy, rational behaviortherapy, rational living therapy, cognitivetherapy and dialectic behaviortherapy.
From the Paper "Therefore, the therapeutic process encourages the client to interact with the environment, as a group, as an individual, and on many different levels, with different techniques, from using battacca bats to whack furniture, to imaging and interacting with the image in their mind by conversing with it out loud. The techniques used in therapy vary as widely as the therapists and clients, from principles based on Holism, Field theory, figure formation, organismic, the concept of the Now and "unfinished business." The therapist dialogues with warmth and caring, yet remains "invisible," as the client is encouraged to interact with the field (environment). The client must think of him- or herself as an abstract area in a limitless "field," thus, therapy is "unpredictable," or follows moment to moment dictum. (Doermann, 2002)"
Abstract "This paper discusses cognitive, behavioral, and emotional, (psychodynamic) therapies. The paper further focuses on the relationship between the therapies, and research that indicates how they are connected, and how treatments can be effective in using each to treat the individual. This paper provides research, as well as conclusions that are supported by facts to demonstrate the correlation between these concepts.
From the Paper "Cognitive, behavioral, and emotional therapies are considered the three main types of therapy used today in treating psychological problems in individuals. While each type of therapy involves its own patterns of treatment, as well as its own beliefs in what areas should be considered for treatment, these three types of therapy have corresponding elements that may serve in complimenting each other in the treatment process. Additionally, the research will indicate that there is a strong correlation between each of these types of therapy that is effective for every individual seeking treatment. The concept of cognitive therapy centers on the thought processes of the individual. In cognitive therapy the predominant idea is that the individual is taught throughout life to develop specific responses to events, crisis, or life that may be achieved because of incorrect assumptions, or triggered by the recall of past experiences ("Depression"). "
An analysis of adolescent suicide and a review at how treatment approaches such as integration cognitivebehavioraltherapy (CBT) and self-psychology can help detect and prevent suicides.
Abstract This research paper is an extensive, in-depth study covering almost every facet of adolescent suicide including its history, demographics, possible reasons and situations, and risk factors. The paper also explores and analyzes the self psychology and cognitivebehavioraltherapy approaches to deterring and preventing suicides.
Outline:
Introduction
History of Adolescent Suicide
Epidemiology of Adolescent Suicide
Risk Factors for Adolescent Suicide
Purpose of CRP
Self Psychology
Self Psychology and Suicide
Self Psychology and Family
Explanation of CognitiveBehaviorTherapy (CBT)
CBT Treatment Efficacy
CBT and Depression
CBT and Suicide
CBT and Family
Self Psychology Therapy Self Psychology and Adolescents
From the Paper "As can be seen from the opinions and theories of these two different individuals, personality, how people use it, and what creates it is a debated topic that not all agree on. Some believe that personality changes over time, while others believe that personality is a genetically inherited trait that will remain basically the same throughout life, and some see the issue as not being as relevant as how the behaviors that are manifest by the personality of the individual make that individual feel. This does not mean that no changes in the way someone reacts to their environment will be seen as they grow older or that all behaviors are healthy, but that the basic way that someone looks at the world will not change that much over time . Those that believe that personality does not change do not feel that one can change who they genetically are, and therefore the traits that they were born with will always remain."
