Abstract This essay is a discussion of how great a role coercion played in the enforcement of Japanese imperialism in Asia. The paper focuses on the Japanese occupation of Korea, while also alluding to other areas that the Japanese controlled. Various examples of coercion are presented and discussed at length.
From the Paper "In the course of Japanese imperialism, the Japanese used coercion extensively to maintain their rule, but also employed some other methods at times. Their coercive policies were often harsh and brutal, with the Japanese authorities refusing to relent until their goals had been reached. In certain instances, however, they allowed their subjects to have some level of choice in matters like education and employment. In response to the Korean Independence Movement that developed after World War I, for example, the Japanese appeared to "return to the Koreans a modicum of personal choice" and allowed them to publish their own newspapers, create their own schools, and to be employed in the government (Kang, 15). Such concessions certainly existed outside the realm of coercive policies, even though they were somewhat cosmetic in nature. The people were still often subjected to the same horrid treatment and the same unreasonable regulations that they had become familiar with from the coercive rule of the Japanese, but there were glimpses of light that shone through the dark cloud of Japanese rule."
This research paper concentrates on the occurrence of rape or sexual coercion among married couples, and the effects of such maltreatment on the psychological well-being of the abused wives.
Abstract The writer discusses five case studies and draws several conclusions about the complexity of human sexuality in a culturally structured relationship such as marriage. The paper explains that when choosing a spouse, thinking that the union is to last for life, women are succumbing to cultural norms and values that guide their behavior and their choices. The paper shows that no matter what culture a woman is from, she will have expectations that the marriage will prove to be a support unit in both a physical and an emotional way. The writer explains that sexual coercion and rape that typically occur in abusive relationships have a way of imprinting on the victim a sense of helplessness and hopelessness because they are characterized with fear and lack of control of the victim over her own body. The writer examines the psychological damage of this abuse and its relationship to other medical problems. The writer explains how in some cases, as in honor cultures, neither partner is aware of their choices due to a standard accepted way of dealing with marital difficulties. In conclusion, the writer proposes that education is the key to prevention of marital rape and sexual coercion.
From the Paper "DeMaris states that even though other variables such as direct measures of the levels of testosterone and the levels of sexual coercion were not obtained, this study's results are relevant to the study of human sexuality in that they adequately address the issue of unrecognized marital rape. Levels of violence in a marriage that go beyond simple conflict of interests result in wife's fear of the husband's aggressive behavior, and are shown to be used as a mechanism to obtain sexual intercourse against the wife's free will. Such situations are proven to cause serious depressive symptoms that affect women's long-term mental health by denying her the control that any person should have over their life and their body (DeMaris, 1997)
"Another study by Langhinrichsen-Rohling and Monson, "Marital Rape: Is the crime taken seriously without co-occurring physical abuse?," responds to the inadequately addressed but prevalent social issue of recognizing marital rape and supporting the victims. Several hypotheses were made in this study; firstly, Langhinrichsen-Rohling and Monson hypothesize that the subjects in the study will be most likely to view forced marital intercourse as rape and to foresee greater psychological damage to the victim if they were told that there were previous incidents of violence in the marriage. The second hypothesis was that subjects who had no knowledge of the history of the marriage would suppose that there were previous incidences of violence and therefore label the intercourse presented as rape. Lastly, subjects that were told how there was no previous violence in the marriage were hypothesized to be the least likely to see the situation as being marital rape, most likely to give into cultural "gender role stereotypes" and therefore to be "rape supportive" (Langhinrichsen-Rohling and Monson, 1998)"
Abstract This paper compares and contrasts John Stuart Mill and Niccolo Machiavelli's view of political power and the role of Public Opinion in relation to power and authority. The author provides a brief outline of the historical and ontological context of their respective works. The paper defines power as the justified use of force and coercion, and authority as obedience without the use of force and coercion. The main arguments in the paper are built using Machiavelli's "The Prince", and John Stuart Mill's ?On Liberty,? and ?The Subjection of Women.?
From the paper:
?Perhaps the hardest part of comparing Machiavelli's "The Prince" with Mill's "On Liberty" and "The Subjection of Women" is the different audience to which each focuses upon. Machiavelli is writing to a sovereign government in which public opinion holds little or no direct action with it; "The Prince" thus takes on the tone of how public opinion should be nurtured by the ruler to favor him- not of interaction with the government. Mill, on the other hand, is writing in a time of republics where public opinion has become a main component of government, as will be evidenced later in part III, and thus portrays a role and view of public opinion completely different from Machiavelli?s.?
A detailed analysis of the political, military and psychological means by which Hafiz al-Asad retained power in Syria for thirty years until his death in 2000.
Abstract This paper assesses the political, military and psychological means by which Hafiz al-Asad retained power in Syria for thirty years until his death in 2000. With particular emphasis on the use of coercion, the paper gives an in-depth view of the internal politics of Syria, Asad's mechanisms of state control and coercion and the role of international relations on domestic Syrian affairs.
From the Paper "Syria was a country that had undergone tremendous political turbulence in the years preceding Asad's ascent to power in November 1970. The last three decades of the twentieth century saw constant upheaval throughout the Middle East and President Asad faced repeated challenges both internally and externally. Asad's success in simply remaining in power is, therefore, worthy of analysis and, as with his counterpart in Iraq, Saddam Hussein, much has been made of the regime's use of coercion in order to maintain its position. Coercion, that is government by force, undoubtedly played a crucial role in shoring up Asad's powerful position within Syria and he was not afraid to use all military means at his disposal to swiftly quash any opponents of the regime. It would be a gross over-simplification, however, to assume that this was the sole means by which Asad's remarkably long-lived presidency ensured its own survival. It is, perhaps, more helpful to view the use of coercion by the regime as the last line of defence of a shrewd leader who, although ultimately reliant on the military to ensure the control of his nation, nonetheless employed a varied and effective strategy to maintain both Syria's position internationally and his position within Syria."
A discussion on the alleged coercive nature of marketing techniques and the validity of such allegations with references to Douglas Rushkoff's "Coercion" and John Stuart Mill's "On Liberty".
Abstract This paper looks at how Douglas Rushkoff, author of "Coercion", claims that marketing techniques are infringements on consumers' liberty. It also discusses how, in comparison, John Stuart Mill's principle in his work "On Liberty", shows us marketing techniques in a more positive light and how more often than not, they do not infringe on our liberty of choice. The paper discusses the various reasons why we are not subject to coercion when we shop.
From the Paper " The difference between watching an advertisement and listening to propaganda or abiding by societal influences, is that your livelihood is affected in both the latter situations. You would not lose friends, or your job, or even your life, when you block out marketing techniques. But the same might not be true when it comes to government or societies trying to persuade you. Many a times, these influences affect your livelihood, and you are forced to allow them to influence you. Many listen to political rallies because they are worried that they would vote for the wrong party, resulting in loss of benefits or bad government (i.e. the 'harm' in the principle). "
A political science perspective including the state of nature, justice, the need for coercion, civil vs. natural law and the power of the sovereign to punish and command.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 3 sources, 1992, $ 55.95
From the Paper This study will discuss the views of Thomas Hobbes on law and coercion, with emphasis on coercion, from a political science perspective.
Hobbes' theory of political philosophy begins with his notion of men in the state of nature, in which they existed before the emergence of political or civil society. As we read in Stumpf, "In this state of nature all men are equal and equally have the right to whatever they consider necessary for their survival. Equality here means simply that anyone is capable of hurting his neighbor and taking what he judges he needs for his own protection . . . The word right in the bare state of nature is a man's freedom 'to do what he would, and against whom he thought fit, and to possess, use and enjoy all that he would, or could get'" (Stumpf, 1966, pp. 243-244)."
Abstract This paper examines how the dispute of Taiwan has been an issue of concern for the overall international community as it is affecting the stability of the region and how the results of the recently held elections in Taiwan has further created tensions as the Taiwanese public has given a clear indication of their desire for independence by placing the DPP in the government. It focuses on the issue of China's response to the results of the elections and the policies it will now adopt to deal with the situation. China still refuses to accept the independent position of Taiwan and is considering making use of military coercion, provided Taiwan declares its independence. It shows how the issue of Taiwan provides a favorable ground to China for the demonstration of its military might but how the support of the United States and a change in the policies of the Bush administration has forced the Chinese officials to soften their attitude towards Taiwan, at least for the time being.
From the Paper "The Chinese government fears that with a shift from an authoritarian government to a democratic administration in Taiwan, the possibility of foreign intrusions in Taiwan will increase and so will in Mainland China. It claims that maintaining strict control over Taiwan and its political activities is important for the protection of China's national interest and autonomy. China has always maintained a policy of considering Taiwan as a part of China and has treated the Taiwanese government as a subunit of overall Chinese governmental setup. It considers Taiwan as a betrayer territory, which should be controlled through military power if necessary. Conquest and reunification of Taiwan with China has always been one of the primary objectives of the Chinese governments."
Tags: military, coercion, independence, bush, administration, united, states, government
Abstract This book report highlights the essential issues discussed and fundamental points displayed in the book "Bombing to Win: Air Power and Coercion in War" by Robert A. Pape.
Abstract This paper explains that tens of thousands of children in America are the victims of sexual abuse in some form. They are not only targets, but also perpetrators; many are permanently affected by the crimes against them and by a surrounding culture in which sexual coercion and violence are common. The author points out that there is not one single act that is considered a ?sexual offense'. Legally, the definitions of sexual offenses vary by state. The paper suggests that sexual abuse problems among juveniles might be prevented by stricter and more focused programs against crime, longer school days, and more intensive sex education for children that would help them to develop into healthily functioning sexual beings, as opposed to individuals who use sex as a form of punishment for themselves or others.
From the Paper "Juvenile sexual offenses are statistically surprising. ?Adolescents under the age of 18 account for 20% of arrests for all sexual offenses (excluding prostitution.)? Of these offenses in 1995, up to 16% of the arrests were for forcible rape. Approximately half of all sexual offenses against boys, and up to one fifth of all sexual offenses against girls, may be committed by juveniles. A majority of adult sexual offenders began as minors, and studies show that 42% of adult pedophiles were committing sexual offenses before the age of 12. Over 90% of adolescent sex offenders are male, however there remains a significant number of female offenders. Females are actually about as likely to commit a sexual offense against a brother as a male would be. ?20% of sex offenses against male siblings are committed by sisters, compared to 21% for brothers.? Close to 15% of adolescent sexual offenses occur on school property, and ?the most likely hour for a kid to commit sexual assault is between 3 p.m. and 4 p.m. on a school day.?
Abstract This paper explains that every religion, as a social institution, has its fundamentalists, which drives the thought processes of its adherents, often with great social implications. The author stresses that the role of fundamentalism can best be interpreted by applying Marx's conflict theory, which emphasizes the role of power and coercion in producing social order, in conjunction with Marx's idea of "false consciousness", which theorizes that a subordinate group internalizes the values, views and thought of the dominant group, to Islamic terrorist groups who believe that they are being oppressed by the secular West, that the Western lifestyle is against Allah and those who follow him. The paper states that the main limitation to the concept of conflict theory is that there is no absolute end to the fighting; different groups continually will lash out against one another in a never-ending spiral of violence.
From the Paper "The roots of Muslim rage go back more than a thousand years. "The idea that religion and politics should be separated is relatively new, dating back a mere three hundred years." Christians tend to keep a division between church and state. "Render...unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's and unto God the things which are God's." In Islam, there is no such separation, and an assault upon God is seen as an assault upon the state. The United States, though built upon a separation of church and state, still struggles with the boundaries of God. In California, as in many other states, there has been an ongoing debate about whether or not to make it possible for two homosexuals to marry one another. ... Whether or not invoking God to settle a political issue is appropriate is irrelevant. What this is meant to illustrate is that religion and the belief in God has a definite power over the way people think, their beliefs, and their agendas".
Abstract The paper discusses and draws conclusions of the coercion between multiple sclerosis, depression, and the adolescent psyche.
The paper is written as follows:
INTRODUCTORY PHASE
History of Multiple Sclerosis - Historical Origins, facts, and progressive timeline of MS.
Description & Characteristics of Multiple Sclerosis -Detailed description of MS; causes and symptoms.
Description & Characteristics of Depression - Detailed description of Depression; causes and symptoms.
ESSENTIAL PHASE
Multiple Sclerosis, Depression, & Adolescence - Overview of two schools of thought towards the relationship between MS and adolescent depression.
Psychological Effect - Detailed description, with examples of the Psychological Effect's school of thought as it pertains to adolescents diagnosed with both MS and clinical depression.
Treatment - Summary of the primary treatment used today for adolescent depression with MS.
Future of Depressed Adolescents with MS - Quick glimpse into recent progressions made in MS research.
From the Paper " Afflicting people of all ages, and of all walks of life, Multiple Sclerosis (commonly referred to as MS) is a disease of the central nervous system and is prevalent in all nations across the globe. In spite of the fact that anybody can develop MS, the disease is predominantly found in adolescents, and most especially in female adolescents. Approximately 2,500,000 people around the world are diagnosed with MS. In the United States of America alone, statistics show that one in every seven hundred people has multiple sclerosis (Rose & Mackay, 1998). With roots tracing as far back as the middle ages, MS was amongst the first diseases to be accurately assessed through the use of the scientific method, which was derived in the early nineteenth century. In 1868 Jean-Martin Charcot, a professor of neurology at the University of Paris, who has been called "the father of neurology", carefully examined a young woman with a tremor of a sort he had never seen before. He was the first to document the disease of Multiple Sclerosis, and record its multitude of characteristics (Britannica, 2006). Fifty years the latter of Charcot's achievements, a detailed microscopic description made by James Dawson revealed the basic damage done in MS, and helped bring forth the biggest happening within the disease's historical timeline; the creation of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society in 1946 by Sylvia Lawry (MSAA, 2004). With respect to the creation of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, the last sixty years have been characterized by breakthroughs in diagnosing, treating, and preventing MS. In response to an international outcry for support, governments around the world, as well as medical societies, research companies, and donation services have joined forces in pursuing the ultimate goal of curing Multiple Sclerosis."
Abstract This paper explains that Jurgen Habermas, in his theory of knowledge as social theory, elaborates on the important relationship between the natural sciences and the science of man with knowledge as its bridge. The author points out that this theory elicits the sense of reading Marxist social and economic theories, alternating with Hegelian concepts of dialectics. The paper relates that the theory of discourse ethics, which can be divided into categories of cognitivism, justice vs. good and universalization, is an exacting form of argumentation because it ensures the participation of all sides will not be threatened by coercion, save for the soundness and force of the argument.
Table of Contents:
Habermas' Theory of Knowledge as Social Theory
Discussion
Critique
Habermas' Discourse Ethics
Discussion
Critique
From the Paper "On the other hand, the theory of relativity by Einstein will only remain up in the air if it were not tested by the discovery of nuclear fusion and fission, which in turn created nuclear reactors for electricity and its evil counterpart - the nuclear bombs of every kind and size threatening the world with annihilation. This then verifies Habermas' assertions on control of the natural processes being an instrument of control of social life processes. For the longest time since the Atom Bomb, the world has been shrieking in fear at the thought of a nuclear war between superpowers, especially during the Cold War."
Abstract The paper explores three of Steve Covey's "Seven Habits of Effective People," in relation to a material manager's position at a major hospital. The paper then looks at three other leadership attributes; influence, power/coercion and consultation. The paper discusses how effective leadership in the materials management department translates into a higher quality of patient care.
Outline:
Leadership Attributes
Conclusion
From the Paper "The healthcare industry as a whole has an ethical responsibility to provide quality service for the population that they serve. They must make certain that they strive to achieve the highest level of quality possible. People's lives depend on them. Even if they are not directly involved in patient care, their job must be done with integrity and ethics. The materials manager is responsible for making certain that everyone on the healthcare team has what they need when they need it. This is perhaps more crucial in the hospital setting than in any other industry. Lives depend on the supplies needed for their treatment."
Abstract This paper argues that, although the framers of the Constitution may have written clauses to protect the Church from the State, it has been decided by the Supreme Court that, in order to accomplish this, the State also must be protected from the Church. The author points out that advocates of school prayer counter that, since in a democracy the majority must be satisfied, a majority of Americans desire prayer in public schools; however, this statistic has never been proven. The paper stresses that, when teachers or other authority figures organize or lead a prayer, there is an obvious element of coercion involved for students who might not wish to pray. The author concludes that the government must protect the rights of all citizens to practice whatever religion they believe is the right faith for them or to practice no religion at all.
From the Paper "Prayer divides children into two groups: the group that goes along, and the usually considerably smaller group of children who don't. Those who do not participate in "voluntary" prayers can be made the victims of ostracism, threats and other exclusionary practices. Schoolchildren have enough reasons to exclude each other without the help of a highly controversial issue such as religious belief inserting itself into the public classroom setting. ... Religion is such an emotional topic for so many people that it is irresponsible to allow it to be introduced into schools..."
Abstract This paper discusses the article "Police Culture and Coercion" by Terrill, Paoline, and Manning, and explains that the article is about the possible connection between police culture and coercive tactics or the use of force in performance of police duties. The writer then explains the initial expectations and the findings expressed in the article and then concludes with his own response to the findings of the article.
From the Paper "The article accurately described the likely evolution of what it characterized as the traditional mindset reflected universally among police officer, particularly first-line police officers engaged in street patrol. According to the authors, the combined strains associated with police work in the form of perceived threat potential from citizen contacts and arbitrary, unpredictable, and punitive enforcement of procedural rules by superior officers and police administration. Those psychological strains produce an "us against them" mentality with respect to citizens and police administrators alike.
"The authors correctly defined the component elements of the described police mindset in terms of the three main contributing variables of attitude toward the public, attitude toward immediate superiors and police administration, and self-described roles as law enforcement officers. The study effectively limited the effect of extraneous factors by appropriately excluding both working environments where increased vigilance and concern for officer safety are to be expected, as well as issues corresponding to the most likely areas of idiosyncratic prejudices capable of skewing the accuracy and relevance of the results observed."
