Abstract This paper explains that, according to linguist Noam Chomsky, the government of the United States is a terrorist state because it participates in activities that (1) involve violent acts or endanger human life, which is a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or would be a criminal violation if committed within the jurisdiction of the United States or of any State and (2) appear to be intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population, to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion or to affect the conduct of a government by assassination or kidnapping. The author uses examples such as World War I, Vietnam, Indonesia, the U.S. involvement in Central America and Turkey receiving 80 percent of its arms from the U.S. to launch its counterinsurgency campaign. The paper relates that Chomsky uses his linguistic skills to indict the United States government for its use of constructed ideals to create the appearance of correctness for the crimes committed against humanity.
From the Paper "Chomsky voices his surprise that the September 11 events had a rather abrasive effect on the American people. Indeed, there is a tendency towards more critical consideration of issues that were previously accepted without question. These include the U.S. role in the Middle East and local issues relating to human rights and freedoms. The press of course is attempting to suppress this upsurge of protest by denying it. Chomsky however cites a variety of examples of demands for talks, the engagement of audiences and the sale of books promoting the idea that the government is engaging in terrorist activities that should be addressed if indeed the American way of life is to be preserved."
Abstract This paper explains that 8% of wrongful convictions are due to forced confessions prompted by the police. The author states that twelve-year-old Stephanie Crowe was found stabbed to death on her bedroom floor in 1998; however, the Crowe family's nightmare had only just started because her 14-year-old brother Michael was coerced by Escondido, California police detectives, who were so desperate for a confession to close this horrific crime that they overlooked crucial evidence, into confessing to the murder. The paper relates that the charges of murder were dropped before trial in February, 1999 after last-minute DNA testing found spots of Stephanie's blood on a sweatshirt worn by a transient man seen in the neighborhood the night of the killing.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The Crime
The Investigation
The Transient
Mass of Evidence
Under Suspicion
The Interrogation of Michael Crowe and Joshua Treadway
What Was Wrong With The Interrogation?
Aftermath of the Confessions
Preparing for Trial
Forensic Flip-flop
Preview of Evidence
The Richard Tuite theory
The Evidence in the Container
The Hearing
Prosecution's Confidence Enhanced
Defense's Rebuttal
The Crucial Hearing
Groundbreaking Evidence
A Conviction at Last
From the Paper "The detectives interrogating Michael Crowe crossed a clearly and explicitly defined line when they told Michael only by admitting he killed his sister they could help him and by telling him his parents no longer wanted him. According to a Crime Library Article, the police "used lies, false promises, isolation from parents and attorneys, even threats of adult prison and predatory older inmates" as techniques to elicit a confession. The treatment of Michael by detectives was clearly not according to protocol. The interrogation of Michael Crowe was against protocol and clearly was an enormous mistake made by detectives."
This paper reviews an experiment relating to false confessions as conducted and reported by Saul M. Kassin and Katherine L. Kiechel (1996) in the article "The Social Psychology of False Confessions: Compliance, Internalization, and Confabulation".
Abstract This paper examines research about coerced-internalized false confessions, which occur when innocent suspects actually believe that he or she is guilty of the crime; many of which are the result of police interrogation in which deceptive and deceitful practices may be used and accepted by the judicial system. The author points out that the article "The Social Psychology of False Confessions" tested the hypothesis that the presentation of false evidence can lead individuals who are vulnerable to confess to an act, which they did not commit, and, more important, to internalize the confession and perhaps confabulate details in memory consistent with that new belief. The paper relates that the researchers used an experimental method, which the paper describes, and concludes that this experiment was well-executed and well-reported.
From the Paper "There were two independent variables in this experiment. First, the subject's level of vulnerability was manipulated by varying the pace of the task. Therefore, the confederate read at either a fast or slow pace. Second, the experimenters varied the use of false incrimination evidence. The confederates either "witnessed" or acknowledged the mistake or some confederates did not "witness", or see the subject touch the ALT key. The dependent variable was the confessions. Three forms of social influence were evaluated: compliance, internalization, and confabulation. To assess compliance, the experimenter handwrote a confession and asked the subject to sign it. "
Abstract This paper considers constitutional and moral limits to the powers granted to the American President under executive privilege, especially as concerns President Kennedy's actions during the Cuban Missile Crisis. The author examines the impacts of the misuses of power with special reference to this example.
From the Paper "It is often said that the President of the United States is the most powerful person in the world. But is that true? What are the powers of the president, for example, in a crisis situation? And how far can he push his authority? In some cases, the Constitution is very vague about the powers of the president;Article II, section 1 states simply: "The executive Power shall be vested in the President of the United States." Article II, section 3 states that the president "shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed." Whatever the intent of this vagueness, future generations would be left to argue the case for or against giving more power to the president, depending on the situation. These powers, as interpreted over time, are inherent powers."
Abstract The paper discusses the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 which is widely regarded as the most dangerous moment of the Cold War. The paper shows that the successful resolution of the crisis led to an immediate improvement in relationship between the superpowers, and focused the world's attention on the issues surrounding nuclear capability and deterrence, as well as led to the development of a new method of "crisis management" known as brinkmanship - a diplomatic theory, which involves using the threat of war in order to coerce an opponent into backing down.
From the Paper "In a wider sense, however, the overriding legacy of the crisis was to alert the world to the ever-present, and immediate, threat of nuclear war. This realization led the superpowers, and other nations, to reevaluate their policies of nuclear deterrence in the hope of learning how to avoid such a potentially disastrous situation happening again. The significance of the Cuban Missile Crisis is perhaps best highlighted in the words of President Kennedy's national security advisor, McGeorge Bundy, who declared that, "having come so close to the edge we must make it our business not to pass this way again" (462)".
A look the population control policy including the sociopolitical background, birth/death rates, economic issues, one-child policy, birth control and coerced abortion.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 12 sources, 1993, $ 111.95
From the Paper "Introduction
Abortion has been an issue in China as in the West, and the way it has been viewed has changed over the years since the People's Republic of China first came into being in 1949. The leadership at first viewed a large population as an asset and indeed as a must, but such a large population involves many difficulties and liabilities which became apparent over the years, contributing to a shift to a policy including birth control and more liberalized abortion policies. The government became so committed to a policy of reduced population that it created a social policy of one child per family and has even been accused of enforcing this policy to the degree of forcing abortions on pregnant women in some regions. An analysis of the birth control and abortion policies in China will indicate..."
Abstract This paper posits that the sense of dissatisfaction that many people in our society feel at their work has more to do with systematic causes. It is directly connected to the resources, and decision-making capability in organizations. In essence, many people are dissatisfied with their work orientation because they are controlled and coerced by the social forces of their society.
Abstract This paper puts forward the premise that terrorism is not an exclusive act, isolated to those of the September 11 bombers, but rather an act employed by many different people, for many different reasons, throughout the centuries. It looks at how the terrorist attacks against Americans and Israelis, in particular, are done to change the policies of those nations, just as those nations use violence to change the policies of others. It shows how the aggression by the Islamic groups involving attacks on innocent civilians is directly correlated to their abilities to coerce.
From the Paper "This analysis of terrorism is not limited to the attacks on the World Trade Center buildings and the Pentagon, but it is also applicable to the majority of the acts carried out in the Middle East, presently. One of the most popular methods of Islamic terrorism (particularly carried out against Israelis) is the use of suicide bombers. Young Palestinians strap makeshift bombs around their body and detonate them in concentrations of people. Again, the ultimate goal is coercion of the government or group of people being attacked, using the only effective means available."
Abstract This paper explains that William Blake challenges us with his imaginative musings; perhaps, the greatest example of this type of writing can be seen in his ?The Marriage of Heaven and Hell,? in which Blake engages the reader in a language full of twists and turns and forces the reader to think about social, political and religious oppression. The author points out that, different from Blake, William Wordsworth is famous for using nature to coerce the reader to think outside what is comfortable, as seen in poem, "I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud". The paper concludes that, although William Blake and William Wordsworth are very different poets, both excel at challenging the reader to think beyond what the world considers normal boundaries.
From the Paper "Blake's poem, "London" also illustrates a certain misery by observing society. The poet reveals to us what he sees as he wanders through the streets. He comments on "marks of weakness, marks of woe" (4) in every face he encounters. Additionally, he hears "every cry of man" (5). This image presents us with a miserable portrait of London. It is interesting to note that nothing that escapes the talons of this misery. The infants, the soldiers, the church, and the palace are infected with misery. The poet implies that the church ignores the cries emanating "the mind-forged manacles" (8)."
Abstract The paper examines problems in higher education that have resulted from economic neoliberalism. It examines how economic neo-liberalism has coerced concepts of privatization and corporatization throughout America and the field of higher education.
From the Paper "Politicians, economists and proponents of free market economics maintain that when U.S. corporations are profitable, widespread economic prosperity soon follows. This assumption is founded on the belief that money accumulated at the top of society circulates throughout all economic levels and increases consumer activity. This supposed auxiliary economic action has been closely associated with the Regan administration, becoming generally referred to as "Reganomics," because his administration espoused a "trickle down" theory of fiscal distribution. Since this ideology has been firmly embraced through the past several decades of presidential administrations, radical changes in both the number and scope of social and educational programs are evident."
A discussion on whether there are good reasons for adopting the right moral principles or whether people are simply bribed or coerced into accepting them.
Abstract After taking the necessary step of considering and modifying the phrasing of the statement, and defining the "right" moral principles under a utilitarian system, the paper begins by discussing Mill's "sanctions" of his morality. The concept of "conscience" and the essential social nature of mankind is also discussed and found to be useful in the debate.
From the Paper "Furthermore, the "bribes and threats" element of the statement is similar to the legal and political systems of any civilised country. For example, the "bribes" could be the incentive of a health system or an armed defence force in return for a member of society paying their taxes, while the threats are the punishments legislated for breaking the law, which in this case is effectively refusal to adopt the right moral principles as defined by society. It cannot be denied that both the bribes and threats are necessary for the smooth and orderly running of society, to make sure those who do not adopt the right morals do not profit over those who do. While they may not make them truly adopt these moral principles, these threats should at least make them superficially conform to them."
Abstract This paper offers a very in-depth study focusing on the fifth amendment and the Miranda rights within the law enforcement system. Firstly the paper accolades the work of law enforcement officers and continues to give many examples and situations in which officers would use the Miranda rights. The paper then offers the counter-position of the citizen and its right to enforce the fifth amendment. It then explores how officers are trained in legally coercing information and the effects of this on the citizen. In conclusion the author offers a personal opinion on law enforcement, the Miranda rights and the fifth amendment.
Preface
Prevailing Position
Countering Position
Personal Analysis
References
From the Paper "Citizens may refute any cross interrogations as regards the answer when it comes to incriminating them. Like when an officer just emerges and cross questions you have the privilege, you are apprehended, to refute any questions if the answers have an inclination to punish you. Furthermore, anything you blurt out can be applied as evidence against you. Sometimes people are of the belief that what they are blurting out cannot punish them, when as a matter of fact, what they blurt out gives association in a continuity of information that would punish them. You have no privilege to make debate about why you are apprehended or about your involvement or innocence at the time of apprehension. Debating or resisting the police will not give you a hand in anyway. It will give meaning that the police can bring forth extra criminal accusations against you, and it may turn it difficult for you to set free or get on bail if you are incriminated."
Tags: police, Miranda, fifth, amanedment, citizen, judicial, system
Abstract This paper examines the available medical research regarding circumcision in new born male infants. Until recently, parents of newborn males were often faced with a decision concerning their baby that medical experts often promised would have far-reaching consequences. They were told that circumcising their baby would prevent horrible medical maladies, including infections and sexually transmitted diseases. This paper details the advances in medical research which proves that these claims are untrue. The Academy of Pediatrics has actively taken a firm stand against routine circumcision for boys. This paper explores the cultural and religious demands that coerce many parents to continue choosing this particular surgical procedure for their infant sons. This paper also touches on the issue of female circumcision and genital mutilation as well as the related complications.
From the Paper "Ultimately, based on the medical complications and related consequences of both routine infant circumcision of boys and female genital mutilation of girls, one might wonder why either continues to exist. However, closer looks at both practices indicate that they are similar. Indeed, in the societies where the respective practices exist, problems arising from each are likely to be seen as a normal part of life and may not even be associated with circumcision. The most important reasons, however, probably lie in the social and economic conditions of the lives of those who are subjected to the practices. Still, in considering the complications, sexual hardships and increase of sexually transmitted diseases surrounding both procedures, it is easy to see that both practices are incredibly similar and must be stopped on all humans worldwide immediately."
Abstract In this paper, a feminist critique of Andrew Marvel's poem "To His Coy Mistress" is offered that focuses on the speaker's tactics in trying to coerce his Lady into sex.
From the Paper "Andrew Marvell's "To His Coy Mistress" is a poem in ABAB rhyme scheme that is divided into three stanzas for a total of ? lines. In the first stanza the speaker informs his intended Lady how he would love her if time were no consideration. In the second stanza he warns her that time is fleeting and they are mortal."
Abstract In the course of nursing practice, nurses will frequently encounter female clients with eating orders and/or obesity. This is because there are so many people in our society who have these conditions. For example, we frequently hear that Western society has an obesity epidemic. This paper will argue that nurses should focus their practice on counselling women to accept and be happy with their bodies, while attempting to live a healthy lifestyle and take adequate exercise. Nurses should not be part of the system that coerces women to diet, with frequently devastating consequences.
