Abstract The following discussion proposes to focus on the demise of the Atlantic cod (gadus morhua). Specifically, and at the urging of the DFO, the discussion will be framed in the context of sustainability. Consequently, initially the concept of sustainable development will be explored. Subsequently, a brief history of the fishery will be presented. This discussion will focus on the last two decades, specifically the crisis that arose in the 1980s and led to the closure of the fishery in 1992 by John Crosbie, the federal Minister responsible, and a Newfoundlander. A concluding section will consider the current fishery (30,000 tonnes in 1998) and its future prospects.
Abstract This paper examines how declining fish populations have led many environmentalists to conclude that cod populations, specifically in the North Atlantic, are being over fished. It looks at how they call for stricter regulation of the fishing industry throughout the region, with regard to time spent at sea, mesh sizes on nets, and other aspects of the industry.
From the Paper "Cod has been a staple in the West for centuries, if not longer (Bhargava par. 4). It is, quite simply, one of the primary sources of fish protein that Western industrial society currently enjoys. However, that supply has been threatened in recent decades. Declining fish populations have led many environmentalists to conclude that cod populations, specifically in the North Atlantic, are being over fished. They call for stricter regulation of the fishing industry throughout the region, with regard to time spent at sea, mesh sizes on nets, and other aspects of the industry. However, the fish industry opposes most of these measures. Additionally, demand has certainly not fallen for cod in Western markets. "
Abstract Environmental science is not just one science and is not concerned only with the environment. Instead, environmental science covers a wide variety of topics from several different areas. This paper states that the additional areas also go beyond science and link environmental science to subjects such as politics, history, economics, and human geography. One way to consider the interdisciplinary nature of environmental science is to look at an example from the real world. This paper explains how "Cod: A Biography of the Fish that Changed the World" by Mark Kurlansky offers a good example. It points out that the book describes the impact that cod has had on the world and its basis is environmental science. It also shows the other topics and subjects that became part of the story of cod. This book is considered, with a focus on how it shows that environmental science is interdisciplinary.
From the Paper "Cod: A Biography of the Fish that Changed the World shows on many occasions that environmental science is also political. One example is seen where Kurlansky describes the fishermen of Sentinel Fishery, Newfoundland, trying to protect their source of cod. The book describes how the fishermen had claimed for years that offshore trawlers were taking their cod and greatly reducing the supply. As the text notes, "government scientists had ignored the cry of inshore fishermen... the deafness proved costly" (Kurlansky 4). After the fish had declined, the Canadian government finally closed the Newfoundland waters to groundfishing and the cod levels began to improve. The text notes that this was largely a political problem, where the fishermen knew that action needed to be taken, but where the government refused to listen to the fishermen. This has changed now, with a program now in place that allows scientists, the government, and fishermen to work together. One of the important things to note in this case, is that the decision to close the waters to groundfishing could only be done by the government. This shows the direct link between environmental science and politics. The other important thing to note is that fishermen and scientists now work together to maintain cod levels, with the government acting like middlemen. Kurlansky describes the program saying that "a few fishermen in each community are sentries, measuring the progress of the cod stock by catching fish and reporting their findings to government scientists" (Kurlansky 4)."
Abstract This paper examines the book "Cape Cod" by Henry Davis Thoreau which recounts his experiences on walking excursions around Cape Cod during the mid 1800's in which he described much about the unspoiled nature present throughout the Cape at that time. It evaluates his perceptions of ecology and the environment through his observations, by the way he describes the plant and animal life of the area as well as his experiences with the fisherman. It concludes with how Theoreau might have been another Charles Darwin if he had the studied zoology or botany rigorously, instead of simply celebrating the differences.
From the Paper "Throughout the book, Thoreau notes things that we would celebrate today, such as exceptionally clean water. He describes swimming in such water with great delight, and comments on the fish he can see clearly swimming around his feet. This suggests that fish were more bountiful then than now, as well as the water cleaner. He also notes the thorn-apple growing around the edges of a small island, suggesting an ecological balance, with the plant helping fight the erosion of the little island."
Tags: ecology, environment, fisherman, animals, plants, water, trees
Abstract This paper introduces, summarizes and reviews Mike Kurlansky's book "The Cod's Tale". The paper explains that Kurlansky's book is not only a history lesson from a new perspective, but a cautionary tale for the future as well.
From the Paper "Determining appropriate environmental policies is very often a hazardous endeavor. Largely, this is because potential costs and benefits associated with environmental problems can only be speculated upon, rather than empirically determined. It is not clear, for instance, how much reducing a factory's greenhouse emissions will quantitatively help society; nevertheless, making good decisions regarding these issues demands that we weigh calculable figures with estimates, and sometimes, estimates with estimates. This makes the already fierce setting of environmental debates an even more perilous battleground. Imperfect information influences individuals, environmentalists, government officials, and businesses in ways that generally require them to reach their own conclusions, and apply their unique perspectives. This unique attribute of environmental science makes it a wide-ranging field that often requires the groups involved to make informed decisions, derived from such varying disciplines as physics and physiology. Mike Kurlansky's The Cod's Tale helps to demonstrate the enormous tasks environmental scientists are faced with, as well as the substantial social implications associated with their conclusions. "
Abstract This paper discusses how the relationship between humanity and the natural environment has frequently been an uneasy one. The paper further discusses that while humanity depends greatly upon a strong and vibrant global environment in order to ensure its own future human beings have for the most part done a woeful job of conserving scarce natural resources and of protecting vulnerable habitats. Because of the enormity of the topic this paper examines the present crisis in ocean fishing by looking at a specific region. Canada Cod Fisheries that has bears the scars of over fishing and poor conservation practices.
Abstract This paper is an in-depth examination of a person's legal rights when dealing in negotiable instruments. Negotiable instruments are checks, promissory notes, COD's and drafts, all of which must be in writing. The paper also examines the issues of fraud, forgery and liability which can sometimes accompany the use of negotiable instruments. The author also examines some of the legal remedies available to victims of these types of crimes.
From the Paper "There are many defenses to avoid liability on negotiable instruments and elements associated with forgery, fraud and alterations in relation to negotiable instruments. One of the provisions in UCC Article 3-119 states that the defendant should give the third person written notice of litigation and other person should receive a similar notice. If the notice says that the person notified should appear to defend themselves, and that person does not appear that person would be held responsible. Other defenses are not of a material alteration, change was authorized, unauthorized completion, original terms, negligence, customer negligence to examine report, one-year bar and statute of limitations."
Tags: notes, checks, drafts, cods, liability, defenses, alteration, theft, bank, fraud, forgery, contracts, statement, legal, breach, grace, period
Abstract This paper describes the geographic region of Megalopolis (urban area in Northern America) and its sub-region of Nantucket (off Cape Cod). It also deals with the history of Nantucket and the causes that led to the formation of the megalopolis in northeastern USA. Megalopolis comes from the Greek words for "very large" (Mega) and city (polis). The concept of Megalopolis lies in the fact that cities are not viewed as individual units but as regions that spread out from the city nucleus.
From the Paper "Modern cities were formed as a result of the establishment of large-scale industries during the Industrial Revolution. Many people migrated from the rural areas to the urban industrialized areas with a hope of earning more in the city. Thus the metropolitan cities gradually grew in size with the establishment of industries and the inflow of workers. In the 20th century in the United States the growth of the urban city gradually spread to the outskirts of the city as well."
Tags: city, urban, planning, suburb, state, metropolitan
Abstract This paper examines the early economic history of the Atlantic Provinces. Specifically, it focuses on the beginnings of the cod fishery. Theoretically it is organized around a discussion of Innis' Staples Theory.
Abstract The paper examines how, in the early 21st century, fish is one of the most popular varieties of food in the world, and cod fish is the king of fish in the food service industry in the Western world. The paper describes how fish is acclaimed for its prominent role in gourmet cuisine and praised by nutritionists for its myriad health benefits. The paper discusses how this was not always the case.
From the Paper "I have had a great love of fish for most of my life; a love that reached an apogee upon my coming to Canada and discovering the incredible range of both salt and fresh water fish available to Canadians. Indeed, in the early 21st century fish is one of the most popular varieties of food around the globe, and cod fish is the "king of fish" in the foodservice industry in the Western world (Civin 129). Today fish is acclaimed for its prominent role in gourmet cuisine, and praised by nutritionists for its myriad health benefits."
Abstract The paper critically reviews the literature on the co-occurring disorders in females housed in jails. This review is limited to studies that include psychotic disorders assessed with structured clinical interviews. Only 22 publications meet the criteria for inclusion in this study. Threats to the validity of this study include observer bias, participant bias and instrument bias; these aspects are critically analyzed during the study. Jailed females with psychotic disorders and co-occurring substance disorders have the following: The highest rates of violent crime, recidivism, the highest number of life threatening behaviors while in custody; highest instances of denial of symptoms at intake in order to avoid psychiatric housing, and may fear loosing custody of their children if a psychotic disorder is detected. Over 60% of jailed females have custody of one or more children. This review finds rising rates of psychotic disorders. The Teplin et al., (1996) study is examined extensively. Though this study remains the largest and most cited in healthcare policy journals, it may underestimate the prevalence and needs of jailed females of today.
Outline:
Abstract
Problem statement
Literature review: Search methods, Reviews, Epidemiological Studies, Combined Methodological Critique.
Implications
Conclusion
References
From the Paper " Mental Disorders like Schizophrenia and co-occurring Substance Disorders like Methamphetamine Dependence in jailed females is uncertain. This review is the outcome of a systematic international literature search on the epidemiology of mentally disordered female inmates admitted to jails. The goals of the review are to summarize current knowledge on this subject, describe the research methods used, as well as suggest how future research might be planned to extend and focus this knowledge on psychiatric epidemiology in jails. Data limited to studies using structured clinical interviews assessing mental and substance disorders was quantitatively reviewed and critically evaluated. A special emphasis was placed on the Psychotic Disorders and co-occurring Substance Disorders, because inmates with these disorders have the highest violent crime and recidivism rates, they call for the medical resources in the jails where they are housed."
