Abstract This paper discusses how the term codeswitching" is actually used to describe those cases wherein a bilingual speaks to another bilingual with the same linguistic background and changes from one language to another in the course of conversation. It provides an overview of the grammar of codeswitching, some constraints associated with the concept, a description of the quantitative and qualitative differences that affect language acquisition and use, and the code-switching differences between children and adults. A critical review of the peer-reviewed and scholarly literature to this end is followed by a summary of the research and salient findings in the conclusion.
Outline:
Review and Discussion
Grammar of CodeSwitching Constraints of CodeSwitching Language Acquisition: Quantitative vs. Qualitative Differences
Children vs. Adult CodeSwitching Social Factors and CodeSwitching Conclusion
From the Paper "According to Byram (2000), "Just like words, the voice (the way of pronouncing words and phrases, intonation and rhythm), gestures of various kinds, visual signs, posture, gaze, proxemic positioning and so on contain information which can be captured and used by the interlocutor in an appropriate and efficient manner, irrespective of the language and culture and in spite of certain quantitative and qualitative differences" (p. 446). In this regard, Meisel (2000) suggests that language acquisition studies have much to gain from investigating the simultaneous acquisition of two (or more) "first languages": "By analyzing the development of two linguistic competences in one individual, we may be capable of sorting out more easily to what extent the underlying logic of development is determined by the grammatical system to be acquired, or the particular way of human language processing as opposed to properties of the individual or of the communicative situation. There is, in fact, a steadily increasing amount of research in this area" (p. 344)."
Abstract Code-switching is the mixing of more than one language between both speakers in the conversation. This paper examines code-switching, providing multiple examples. It also discusses reasons for code-switching, various ways to code-switch and grammatical types of code-switching. In conclusion, the paper compares the advantages and disadvantages of code-switching, especially code-switching in the classroom.
From the Paper "Professionals studying code-switching continue to debate about the advantages and disadvantages of code-switching for second language learners. Some arguments against code-switching say it is not a true language; one is not fluent enough in either language if code-switching is necessary; or, code-switching is not academically appropriate. On the other hand, there seem to be more arguments in support of code-switching. For example, code-switching is a form of personal expression and preserving one's culture; the ability to code-switch signifies a strong knowledge of two languages; code-switching requires creativity since some Spanish words cannot be translated."
Abstract This paper examines how there are several different ways to expose children to a second language. It looks at how some children are exposed to two languages since birth and how others are exposed to a second language once they enter a school program. It discusses how the process of double language acquisition is not so smooth and how there are a few discrepancies in fluency and language confusion to be taken into account.
Outline
Introduction
How Children Learn Two Languages
Stages of Development
CodeSwitching Language Mixing
Two Languages, One Sentence: Not a Sign of Confusion
Language Imbalance
Language Loss and Semilingualism
Conclusion
From the Paper "For some bilingual children, code switching is a normal language phenomenon. While some children acquiring a second language appear to confuse the two languages at first, code switching is a normal aspect of second language acquisition. Young bilingual children tend to insert single items from one language into the other (McClure, 1977), primarily to resolve ambiguities and clarify statements. Children over nine and adults, however, tend to switch languages at the phrase or sentence level, typically to convey social meanings. Studies of code switching in adults show it to be a sophisticated, rule-governed communicative device used to achieve goals such as conveying emphasis or establishing cultural identity."
Abstract This paper presents a historical overview of the Sindhi language. The author discusses code-switching, borrowing and other issues related to Sindhi language.
From the Paper "The Sindhi a people named after the Indus Sindhu in Arabic River are said to be one of the oldest groups in the Indian subcontinent. They inhabit both sides of the Indus River, which divided India and Pakistan. Until Pakistan became an independent Muslim country in the Hindu and Muslim Sindhi lived together in the same region. As a result of the partition of India and Pakistan, a majority of the Hindu Sindhi migrated to metropolitan areas of India whereas the ..."
Abstract This paper discusses the student code of conduct on university campuses and looks at how this code is not always respected or upheld by the students attending the universities. The paper then goes on to elaborate on how students do not always comply with the student code of conduct and concludes that a student code of conduct is not enough to ensure proper behavior and conduct on campus. Instead, universities should seek alternative actions to enforce and uphold polices that will ensure that the students are enriched through a "safe" and positive academic experience.
From the Paper " Another act of violence that is occurring on college campuses is hazing. "Hazing" includes activities such as being kidnapped, abandoned, excessive drinking, sexual acts, assault, and in some circumstances, even death. Hazing continues to be prevalent amongst college students as a form of "initiation" or "admission". Students believe that hazing promotes unity and team cohesiveness. The reality about hazing is that it usually goes on under a blanket of sworn secrecy (Campo, Paulos, Sipple, 2005); which makes this problem one that should not be tolerated. A zero tolerance rule should also be adopted for any violent acts on campus. Campo and her colleagues (2005), describe hazing as any activity that is a "condition of initiation" in an organization that may have a negative impact on the physical and/or emotional well-being of individuals and/or their peers. Hazing has been practiced for years; most commonly identified to athletes, fraternities and sororities."
Abstract The main purpose of this paper is to analyze different aspects of Pulse Code Modulation including sampling theory, aliasing, quantizing and effect of non-uniform quantization. Each part of the paper begins with the theoretical analysis; then the simulation results are presented. Finally the practical measurement results are demonstrated and discussed. For better analysis and subjective evaluation of quantization process, a Java-MATLAB application is developed (the source codes are included). Finally in the conclusion, the main points of each part are summarized.
Outline
Introduction
Pulse Modulations
Pulse Code Modulation
Sampling
Nyquist Sampling Theorem and the Aliasing Distortion
Zero Order Hold (ZOH)
Effect of Output Pulse Width
Aliasing Distortion
Variation of the Output Filter Bandwidth
Quantization
PCM Quantization Analysis: Java-MATLAB Software Application
Peak clipping
Quantization Distortion
Spectrum of Quantization Noise
Non-Uniform Quantization
The i law
Quantization Distortion for a Companded System
Conclusion
References
Appendix A: Java Software Source code
From the Paper "Sampling is the first step in any pulse modulation system. In fact by sampling, a signal is represented by set of discrete samples. If the frequency of the sampling is high enough, the original signal can be recovered from the samples. This concept will be examined with more details later. From the mathematical point of view, the sampling process can be considered as the multiplication of the message signal by a train of Dirac impulses. "
Abstract The paper discusses the Samurai and their code of honor. The paper talks about Japan's warrior class and various aspects of the code, including the absence of the fear of death. The paper includes the concept of an honorable death to regain honor. The paper concludes with the impact of the code of honor on Japanese soldiers in World War II.
From the Paper "In Japan, the warrior class was known as Bushido. The Samurai and Their Use of Bushido: Integral to this code was an absence of any fear of death and the belief that dying in battle would bring honor to one's family and one's lord."
Abstract This paper, written in the form of a speech to the school body, examines the advantages and disadvantages of dress codes in schools. It cites a case study of a boy who wore his pyjamas to school and uses this as a catalyst in support of the writers argument to get rid of dress codes.
From the Paper "Good morning/afternoon, teachers and fellow students. I?m sure we all started today very similar to each other: we crawled out of bed after throwing our alarm clock at the wall ? puzzled as to why it still works after about a million confrontations with that wall ? we get dressed, grab a bite for breakfast ? or not ? and try not to miss our bus or the regular car pool. Am I right? Well, one person broke that routine one morning. His name is Daniel Lade and he's in tenth grade at Middleton High School. One morning he fronted up to school in wearing a full set of pyjamas! And they weren?t the flannel variety either which can pass for street wear. No, my friends, Daniel wore a full set of navy blue pyjamas covered in tiny stars. 2 days later, some of his fellow students wore their pyjamas to school. The principal of the school reprimanded Daniel for wearing his pyjamas to school but let the other students go because they were wearing the flannel variety and the principal saw nothing wrong with it. (Landry, 2001, 1) Do you believe that Daniel deserved the "dressing down" as it were or do you think it was unfair of the principal to intervene? I?ll come back to my question a little later in this presentation. Just hold that thought."
Abstract The following paper will consider the Samurai in four parts: history, the development of the code, the belief and way of the Samurai, and the Bushido code.
Abstract The paper describes several aspects of the American Association of Nurses (ANA) Code of Ethics including its content, its principles and degree of clarity, its usefulness and its strengths and weaknesses. The development of the Code of Ethics over the decades is also discussed.
From the Paper "Butts and Rich point out that effective nursing requires both broad knowledge and a set of well developed abilities and skills. The required tasks are many and varied and in order to do them properly care must be taken to.."
Abstract This paper compares the ethical codes of the American Counseling Association (ACA), the American Association of Christian Counselors ((AACC), and the American Association of Pastoral Counselors (AAPC). The paper looks at similarities and differences of the codes in the areas of duties, conflict of interest, fees, measurement, testing and governmental rules and regulations.
From the Paper T"he following essay compares the Code of Ethics for the of American Counseling Association (ACA), the Code of Ethics for the American Association of Christian Counselors (AACC) and the Code of Ethics for the American Association of Pastoral Counselors (AAPC). This comparison regards the similarities and differences related to duties to clients and the profession conflicts of interest such as dual roles, fees measurements and testing and governmental laws and regulations."
Tags: ethics, conflict of interest, codes, duties, rules, regulations
Abstract This paper addresses the following issues: Analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of Walmart's Corporate code of conduct; identifies the ethical risks to which the company is subject to and gives recommendations to strengthening and/or clarifying the current company's code to help management strategy to minimize those risks.
From the Paper "Wal-Mart recently became the largest company in the world. Wal-Mart employs more than one million Americans and has sales worldwide of approximately ..."
Tags: Wal mart, code of conduct, suppliers, offshore, comparative advantage, business ethics, consumerism
Abstract This paper analyzes the use of mobile code, including security considerations on networks, and concludes that mobile codes are necessary and useful, but require strict security measures to maintain data integrity.
From the Paper "Even casual computer users are familiar with firewalls - programs designed to protect their computers from malicious programs that might download themselves onto unsuspecting machines when they are connected to the Internet. What many computer users may not understand is that the same type of programs that might contain viruses and Trojan horses are also used to perform critical functions when one is connected to the Internet. These small programs automatically download themselves onto machines without action from the user and run in the background... "
Tags: Mobile code, computer security, computer networks
Abstract This paper details Hammurabi's Code and how it covers many of the ills Mesopotamian society faced in the 17th Century BC. It gives several examples of his laws and quotes them and then analyzes and explains them. It details the historical and social situation in Mesopotamia at the time.
From the Paper "When interpreting Hammurabi's Code, one must do so with the full conviction that these laws were created as a response to actions that were taking place in everyday Mesopotamian society. While Hammurabi's Code was not the first set of laws, his organization and interpretation of previous laws covers many of the ills Mesopotamian society faced in the 17th Century BC. For example, Hammurabi's law number 53 says "If any one be too lazy to keep his dam in proper condition, and does not so keep it; if then the dam break and all the fields be flooded, then shall he in whose dam the break occurred be sold for money, and the money shall replace the corn which he has caused to be ruined" (King). From that it can be assumed that there was a problem in Mesopotamian society with abandoned or poorly maintained irrigation ducts. However, to truly gain an understanding of Mesopotamia in the 17th Century BC, one should take a closer look at the penalties rather than the laws themselves."
Tags: Hammurabi, code, Mesopotamia, laws, penalties, 17th, Century, BC, Babylon
