From the Paper
"Computers have become part of our everyday lives, often in ways of which we are unaware. Aside from the obvious use of computers in business and industry, computers are used in our automobiles, in retail stores, as burglar alarm systems and even in our videotape machines. Few professions have not been affected by the introduction of computers; in some cases, computers have completely replaced human employees. Many companies have used computers to improve their efficiency and productivity. Because computers are able to process thousands of bits of information very quickly and with extreme accuracy, their use has been especially welcomed in areas where lives are at stake, such as in medicine. In the aviation industry, computers have long been used to improve navigation and to provide better information to pilots."

Abstract
This paper explores an emerging technology known as the glass cockpit and explains the human factors that influence the implementation of this technology. This discourse describes the theoretical issues of the glass cockpit technology and the human factors associated with the invention and subsequent implementation of the technology. It also focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of the technology. The writer investigates the development of the technology and compares the glass cockpit technology with the traditional cockpit. It also discusses the military and civilian uses of the technology. Finally it explores the future trends of the glass cockpit.

From the Paper
"The term "Glass Cockpit" describes a cockpit in which all of the displays are painted onto the glass of a computer screen. Glass cockpits replace a number of, switches, gauges, and indicators with automated display systems. The use of computers to manage the on-board systems, allows pilots to describe what they want to observe at the exact time that they want to observe the indicator. Glass cockpits have allowed contemporary aircraft to require only two crewmembers as an alternative to the three needed by traditional cockpits. (Krell)"

Tags:flight, crew, indicator, NASA, transportation, aircraft, electronic, boeing, pilot, military

Abstract
This paper analyzes the pitfalls of automation within the cockpit. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of automation and the problems that can be created by a pilot relying too heavily on automation. The paper examines whether cockpit automation is worthwhile overall or whether the inherent problems in automation are overtaking the underlying benefits.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Advantages and Disadvantages of Automation
Studies Conducted to Analyze the Impact of Automation within the Cockpit, with Suitable Examples
The Need to Bring in Automation
Accidents that Took Place because of Automation within the Cockpit
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In conclusion, it must be said that although there are differing views on whether automation is really essential to the aviation industry in general and to the cockpit in particular, it is true that without automation, the human beings manning the aircraft would feel much more burdened and stressed than if a part of their duties were to be taken over by automation. Therefore, it is clear that although automation can indeed bring with it several problems of the nature described in this paper, it may be very difficult in this technology advanced world of today for a pilot to manage his aircraft without the aid of a computer. The secret may be that the pilot must not depend too much on the automation; he must remain aware and wary at all times of what is happening within the aircraft when he is manning it. This would put him into a better position of being able to handle a problem when it arose, instead of flailing helplessly when the aircraft was crashing. Automation must be, therefore, brought in to the cockpit, but within certain specific limits, so that the disadvantages or automation do not outweigh the advantages."

Tags:pilot, aircraft, autopilot, crash

Abstract
This paper takes a general look at the levels of management in a cockpit of commercial airlines. It discusses the authority the captain holds over the first officer in the cockpit. The writer explains that the dynamics of the relationships in an airline cockpit are varied, but the captain always holds specific authority over the other crew including the first officer. The captain's authority in the cockpit is necessary for a number of reasons, but when it reaches a point where the first officer is afraid to challenge the captain's command and decisions, then the results can be devastating and even deadly.

From the Paper
"This acknowledged authority relates directly to aircraft regulations as well as history and accepted norms in the industry. The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) states that ultimately, the captain holds the final authority over the crew and the airplane. The CFR also demands captains have considerable more flight time than first officers. Captains must have at least 1500 hours, while first officers only require 200 hours (Tarnow 112). In addition to the CFR rules, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) also have certain cockpit rules which include "'the pilot in command of an aircraft is directly responsible for, and is the final authority as to, the operation of that aircraft' (1996 CFR, Paragraph 91.3)" (Tarnow 113). However, the rules also state that during an emergency, the pilot can deviate from these rules. Thus, the captain is much more experienced in flight matters, and his authority is often "gold" in the airline cockpit."

Tags:airline, flight, officer, captain

Abstract
The CRM (Cockpit Resource Management) concept is an outcome of the work of a group of human factors practitioners in the United States in the analysis of, and response to, "crew-caused" air transport crashes and other incidents. This paper presents a discussion of cockpit resource management (CRM). Some years ago, several major airlines implemented official cockpit resource management (CRM) programs. The paper shows that the implementation of these programs was motivated by desires to improve the safety of in-flight operations. Eventually, program objectives were expanded to include the efficient use of resources available to in-flight crews.

Table of Contents:

Analytical Exposition
Derivation of CRM
Opposition to CRM
CRM and Flight Crew Behavior
Response of Airline Management
The Objective of CRM
CRM and the Team Concept
Critical Context
Team-Based Organization
Implementing Team-Based Organization
Self-Managed Teams
Socio-Technical Systems
Assessing STS
Applying STS
Applying CRM at Continental Airlines
Integrative Conclusion
CRM Outcomes
CRM and the Future
Enhanced Personal Awareness
Bibliography

From the Paper
"CRM is designed to enhance management practices in the event of emergency. A variation on the CRM concept is the crew resource management approach, which includes in-flight personnel other than those personnel who perform their functions in the cockpit of the aircraft. CRM controls the division of responsibilities during a flight. CRM can be interpreted broadly to include the relationship between the pilot and the machinery as well as among the flight crew members. Although CRM is commonly thought of as coordination between or among multi-pilot crews, in its larger sense it is much more than that activity. CRM encompasses the interpersonal relationship between a pilot and her or his passengers and between a pilot and the air traffic control (ATC) personnel with whom he or she deals. In its broadest sense, CRM refers not only to the interaction between human beings, but also the interaction of a pilot with the technology of the aircraft."

Tags:matrix, SMWT, sociotechnical, systems, Crew, Coordination, Concepts, CCC

Abstract
This paper discusses safety in the 21st century and enhancing it by focusing on cabin and cockpit safety. Presently, the only automated systems required on board modern aircraft are the automatic fire detection systems for the engines and cargo compartments receptacle fire bottles. Manually operated extinguishers are provided for the engine and cargo areas. Pilot-controlled fire extinguishing systems exist for both these areas. Some aircraft have overheat detection in the avionics compartments, but no automated fire extinguishing system. Integrated systems are needed to detect and extinguish fires in aircraft, wherever they occur, before they can damage the aircraft or its systems. Since 1996, there have been three major aircraft accidents involving fire in the cockpit and cabin. Two had no fire detection systems; those accidents were fatal. The aircraft involved in the third accident had smoke detection that enabled the crew to land before the aircraft was severely damaged. This should make it clear that fire detection saves lives.

From the Paper
"e industry has not kept pace with the demand put on it by significant changes to the design of electrical systems on airplanes. There needs to be a great deal of work done to prevent electrical fires from the beginning. We also need systems designed to provide fire detection and suppression in all the possible fire regions in the airplane fuselage, both accessible and inaccessible. Failure to execute these changes will put crews and passengers at an unnecessarily risk to experience a catastrophic in-flight fire, a terrible fate experienced by too many already. We can prevent in-flight fire catastrophes if we want to."

Tags:accident, aircraft, pilot, passenger

Abstract
The author of this paper shows how the technologies critical to the U.S. for new weapons systems have become increasingly available in the global marketplace and thus are accessible to its potential adversaries as well. The paper provides an extensive review of the artificial intelligent systems currently used by the U.S. military aviation and their advantages.

From the Paper
"It is CIE s job to determine what these actions mean right now, in the current situation. This explanation is formed based on current understanding of intent, situations in the external world, and knowledge about acceptable behavior in the cockpit.

"Understanding crew intentions is really only one function of CIE that ensures human-centered RPA behavior. CIE also dynamically identifies conflicts between the current crew intentions and RPA activities as posted by RPA s internal Task Network Architecture (TNA) scheduler. The TNA is the mechanism that coordinates RPA aiding activities. CIE can identify potentially counterproductive RPA behaviors and transmit an indication of conflict and also type of conflict so that the RPA Task Network can possibly identify a way to complete its scheduled tasks without being counterproductive to the crew s objectives."

Tags:CV-22, osprey, MV-22, Crew, Intent, Estimation, Rotorcraft, Pilots, Associate, Cockpit, Information, Manager, Task, Network, Architecture, (TNA), Plan-Goal, Graph, (PGG), helicopter, terror

Abstract
This paper examines the impact of newly integrated computer-aided design (CAD) systems in improving safety factors in the aviation industry by looking at where it can be improved. The paper looks at how CAD has incorporated the human factors principle - that is, the type of people who use the technology - into the design-making process. The paper explains that on the whole, CAD technology is an enormous improvement over older aviation design because it allows designers to visualize situations in three-dimensionality throughout the design process. CAD can provide a very good visualization overview of human interaction with the product (in this case, the pilot user interface of a cockpit). The paper also explains that CAD technology is an excellent tool for designing pilot user interfaces because it saves time and money, and CAD technology is infinitely superior to the research tools that preceded it, because it allows designers to see hypothetical human reactions to environmental stimuli in three dimension. The paper then points out that, CAD is not so intuitive that it can anticipate every conceivable human reaction that might result from a particular situation. The writer believes, therefore, that there remains a need for live testing with actual people.

Table of Contents:
Chapter I: Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Limitations
Definition of Acronyms and Terms
Chapter II: Review of Related Literature
Chapter III: Methodology
Research Design
Survey Model
Chapter IV: Results
Chapter V: Discussion
Chapter VI: Conclusion
Chapter VII: Recommendations

Appended: SPSS Version 11.0 (Student Version) Data Output Files
Excel Spreadsheet Analysis

From the Paper
"Whenever a study examines new technology, there will be some limitations. Today, CAD technology offers the promise of creating cockpit devices that will accommodate pilots of every skill level and idiosyncrasy; although a CAD-based ergonomic analysis program allows for the creation of accurate, 3-D human models, it seems extremely unlikely that any computer program can truly simulate the enormous range of abnormal responses that can be expected of different human beings. Therefore, human subjects are desirable in assessing the effectiveness of different products within the cockpit - and finding an appropriate sample group is not easy. It is extremely difficult to assemble a representative sampling of different pilots (in simulated conditions, of course) with the intent of measuring the capability of CAD in avoiding in-air tragedies."

Tags:technology, virtual, environment, machine

Abstract
This paper gives both sides to the argument about pilots carrying guns in the cockpits. The writer discusses how while, on the one hand, the pilots would be able to protect themselves and their passengers if they carried guns, on the other hand, there are those pilots that have never had gun training and do not care to handle guns. When they became pilots they did not take into consideration that they might have to become 'soldiers of the air' as well.

From the Paper
"The Airline Pilot's Association, which is the largest pilot's union, requested support from its members in helping to pass the bill that would allow guns in the cockpit. Many pilots feel that if the pilots are trained in the use of firearms and feel comfortable with using a gun, there is no reason why they should not be allowed to have a gun onboard."

Tags:airlines, cockpits, firearms, guns, pilots, terrorism, protection, airplane, flight, 911

Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess strength of the support for and opposition to the CRM concept within the airline industry in 1997. This objective included an identification of the sources of such support and opposition

From the Paper
"AN ASSESSMENT OF THE COCKPIT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT CONCEPT

ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to assess strength of the support for and opposition to the CRM concept within the airline industry in 1997. This objective included an identification of the sources of such support and opposition.

The research design involved the collection of data from three groups?airline managerial personnel, airline captains, airline cockpit personnel other than captains, and airline in-flight personnel other than cockpit personnel. The research design, which was exploratory in character, called for a comparison of the reactions of these groups to the CRM concept. Further, the research design provided for the comparison of reactions to the CRM concept within these groups on the basis of ..."