Abstract
This paper examines the element of cobalt. It first describes the history and uses of cobalt and then discusses the impact of cobalt on the environment. Next, the paper discusses human and animal interactions with cobalt. In addition, the paper analyzes recent developments in the clinical usage of cobalt, particularly with regards to synchrotron radiation.

Table of Contents:
Overview/History of Cobalt
Environmental
Human/Animal Interaction with Cobalt
Cobalt-60 and Synchrotron Radiation
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Cobalt is an interesting element with a dual nature. In its natural form, cobalt is an essential nutrient that must be consumed to maintain animal life, whose existence is useful to man in the functions of food and clothing. This natural mineral may be taken and altered into the form of cobalt-60, which also have highly beneficial functions. These uses are namely in the realm of synchrotron radiation, and its implications upon the medical and industrial industries in regards to the capacity and depth of atomic x-ray technology. However, upon the alteration of the natural element of cobalt into the radioactive cobalt-60, it is given the ability to indirectly help man, but if directly exposed, serves to damage him. Direct exposure to the gamma rays of cobalt-60 results in an increased likelihood of cancer, and as exemplified by its inclusion in beer during the 1960's, also cardiac problems."

Tags:synchrotron radiation, isotope atom particles

Abstract
The paper looks at how heterogeneity - the use of many things to build a story - reveals the struggle for self-identity and for independence that marks Iris' life. Specifically, the paper looks at the trio of messages listed by Borsky at the start of the story and their importance; the paper then shifts to look at the many references that Borsky uses to describe her own faltering artistic output; finally, the paper looks at both the interjections of different voices - her lover's voice, and Iris' own inner voice - and at the seemingly unconnected list of things she creates after their break-up that actually leads to one great insight.

From the Paper
"The following paper discusses the use of heterogeneity in Mary Borsky's short story, "Cobalt Blue." The paper looks at how heterogeneity - the use of many things to build a story - reveals the struggle for self-identity and for independence that marks Iris' life. Specifically, the paper looks at the trio of messages listed by Borsky at the start of the story and their importance; the paper then shifts to look at the many references that Borsky uses to describe her own faltering artistic output; finally,..."

Tags:heterogeneity, borsky, cobalt

Abstract
The paper relates that food irradiation is a controversial topic. The paper explains that positive assessments indicate use as a force against global pathogenic food contamination and increased shelf life but wax-over possible toxic side effects to humans. The paper then explains how dissenters are less optimistic and cite the carcinogenic and mutagenic effects inherent in the use of cobalt as an ionizing irradiation agent.

From the Paper
"The advocates of food irradiation proclaim it a necessary tool to combat global-wide pathogen contamination on human food. The pro-argument also claims that it extends product shelf life reducing waste, and that irradiation has the blessing of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and forty other countries. Irradiated food is considered "safe" because the radiation "passes through" the targeted food item without retention and the safety record of its use is proven by decades of research (as cited in FDA, 2000, p. 1). On the other side, empirical evidence demonstrates that eating sustainable..."

Tags:food, irradiation, cobalt

Abstract
This report reviews literature on the operating procedure and magnetic properties of electrochemical deposited Co-based magnetic films. The significance and limitations of electrochemical deposit Co-based magnetic films are analyzed.

From the Paper
" Hard magnetic materials have been a focus of interest in electrical engineering for years because of their applications as media in recording and potential applications in fabricating magnetic MEMS devices due to the strong magnetic field produced by them in absence of applying magnetic field1.2. Besides the hard ferrites and Nd2Fe14 B1, Cobalt or Cobalt-RE based magnets are mostly used hard magnetic materials because of their good magnetic properties as well as their excellent mechanical properties1. Generally speaking, Cobalt based hard magnetic materials are fabricated by PVD methods such as RF sputtering or evaporation. However, it is likely to be time and money consuming to apply these procedures, especially for a relatively thick film, say, 20mm or more, is needed. Furthermore, the fabrication of the film-type magnets on silicon wafers with CMOS integrated circuits has been considered as one of the most extremely difficult tasks due to the fabrication processing incompatibility between them."

Tags:alloy, cobalt, deposition, electrochemical, magnetic, properties

Abstract
This report reviews literature on magnetic properties of electroplated Co-based magnetic films. The significance and limitations of electroplating Co-based magnetic films are analyzed. Complete with diagrams and charts.

From the Paper
"Hard magnetic materials (permanent magnets) are suitable for use as media in recording and to fabricate magnetic MEMS devices because they can produce strong fields without having to apply a current to a coil; hence, they attracted more attentions in the electrical engineering recently [1-2]. Besides the hard ferrites and Nd2Fe14 B1, Cobalt or Cobalt-RE based magnets are mostly used hard magnetic materials. [1] Because of their good magnetic properties as well as their excellent mechanical properties. General speaking, Cobalt based hard magnetic materials can be fabricate by CVD or PVD such as RF sputtering, which will take pretty long time and cost much if one want to make relatively thick film that is around 20 mm or even thicker. Also, the fabrication of the film-type magnets on silicon wafers with CMOS integrated circuits has been considered as one of the most extremely difficult tasks due to the fabrication processing incompatibility between them [3]."

Tags:electroplating, magnetic, materials

Abstract
This essay highlights a significant scientific breakthrough of recent times, namely, Daniel Nocera's discovery of a catalyst that greatly facilitates the electrolysis of water. Nocera's method allows for abundant energy to be extracted from sunlight, and the essay makes it clear why this is so important in this day and age of fuel scarcity and environmental degradation. The writer explains why such a clean and abundant source of energy answers many of the outstanding problems of today, outlining the science behind the process, and listing its benefits. The paper concludes that the process would address the water shortage as well as the fuel shortage facing the world if it could be extended to electrolyze sea water.

From the Paper
"In a sense, Nocera's process is an artificial form of photosynthesis. The latter is the process whereby green plants use the energy in sunlight to break down water into its constituent elements, and thereby transforming light into chemical energy, which in turn becomes food for the plant itself. All life on earth depends on photosynthesis in a fundamental way, and scientists have long tried to emulate the elegant efficiency of nature, but with little success. Nocera claims the natural efficiency of the leaf to be the inspiration behind his research."

Tags:cobalt efficient renewable, greenhouse effect, global warming, science