Abstract
The paper examines the role of water, wind, biological processes, chemical processes and a region's climate in the formation of coastlines. The paper then explains what coastlines do and identifies and discusses the components of a coastline, including coral reefs, seagrasses, mangrove swamps, estuaries, microscopic organisms and hundreds of species of vegetation. The paper explores man's influence on coastal systems and shows how the environmental systems of the world's coastlines can easily be destroyed. The writer of this paper clearly illustrates how coastal areas are not merely rock and sediment formations, but are complete ecological systems surrounding the world's land masses.

Outline:
How Coastlines Form
What Coastlines Do
Components of a Coastline
Man's Influence on Coastal Systems
Discussion

From the Paper
"The coastlines of the world represent a series of varied and self-sustaining ecosystems that have developed and evolved since the beginning of time. Many people do not realize how much the life that exists between the land and the seas contribute to the larger Earth ecosystem. For the most part, humans see the world's coastlines as a place for outdoor enjoyment and marine life exploration, unaware that among the sands of the beaches and just under the surface of the ocean's water there lies an intricate world unseen, yet not undisturbed by human interference. These coastal shores represent millions of years of evolution and interaction between the land and the sea and the unique blend of animal, vegetable, and mineral have formed whole new worlds hanging in the delicate balance of mankind's interference."

Tags:coral, reefs, seagrasses, mangrove, swamps, estuaries, microscopic, organisms, vegetation, pollution, environment

Abstract
Ancient redwoods grow on land that is owned by Pacific Lumber Company, which was a reputable, responsible lumber company for decades until it changed hands in the 1980's. The paper explains that Texas financier, Charles Hurwitz, purchased the company and, to pay off his debts, ordered the acceleration of logging in the Headwaters Forest, an area along the Northern California coast of over 6,000 pristine acres of ancient redwoods. These trees are some of the oldest in existence and are the home of many endangered species. This paper discusses the outrage expressed by environmental activists from around the country and many loggers over the rate of deforestation. The paper argues that Pacific Lumber Company has an obligation to retain these ancient trees.

From the Paper
"There is no doubt in my mind that the trees need immediate protection. According to the article, if we wait for some rosy future when we will have responsible business practices and an enlightened people and dedicated public agencies, we will no longer have the redwoods. On the other hand, logging is necessary to build our houses and supply us with wood practices. Taking both sides of the story into consideration is important when determining if the trees and the industry can be saved."

Tags:Sequoia, Humboldt

Abstract
This paper explains that the erosion of limestone and hard rock along coastlines throughout the world results in the formation of specific types of landforms due to the minerals and rocks that are pulled from erosion into the sea and redeposition. The paper then explains that saltwater erosion takes two forms: impact erosion and erosion from the acidity in the saltwater. Limestone rocks are eroded due to the infiltration of water into the rocks, which breaks down the composition of rocks. Harder rocks are eroded through a process of impaction by the saltwater and the participles of rock and sand in the water. The paper also explains that, as these rocks erode, new formations result because the particles of erosion are placed in different locations along the coastline. Several illustrations, tables and figures are included with the paper.

Table of Contents:
Objective
Introduction
Erosion of Coastlines
Formation of Coastlines
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"Along rocky coastlines where the action of waves has not occurred long enough to lower the coastline to the level of the sea a "wave cut beach and wave cut cliff develops."If a "subsequent uplift of the wave-cut beach occurs, it may be preserved above sea level and as marine terrace." Eventually the cliff will retreat due to processes of undercutting which result in mass-wasting processes. In the case of differential erosion sea caves result. The sea arch is formed from sea caves from opposite sides of a rocky headland meeting; however, when the sea arch weakens and collapses, the formation of a sea stack occurs."

Tags:undercutting, berm, wave-cut, acidity, beach

Abstract
This is a research paper on maritime boundaries and oceanic borders established throughout the world. The paper discusses the the debates and discussions that surround the borders. Some subjects the paper addresses are fishing borders, coastline borders with international waters and recreational use areas. The end of the essay looks at security issues that maritime boundaries create in order to allow safe coastlines for individual countries.

Outline:
Introduction
Resources
Security
Conclusion/International Negotiations

From the Paper
"One of the most hotly contested issues with regard to maritime border delineation is the development of offshore resources, other than living resources which have already been discussed. Offshore drilling for oil and natural gas as well as alternative energy source production, offshore mineral acquisition and even someday contests over the water itself and a resource will likely continue to be an integral part of the issues of maritime borders.
"The oil and natural gas industries are the loudest voices in this process but as alternative energy development continues and begins to recognize the manner in which offshore development can impact energy needs of the world they will also likely become advocates for maritime border delineation, as allocating and then placing movable and static resources for the purpose of obtaining energy is costly and needs to be done with forethought and reason. In addition another advocate for the creation of reasonable marine border delineation, in the future may be advocates for the utilization of the water itself, as desalination technology increases in sophistication and use and as more and more population growth and urbanization creates the need for more fresh water these advocates will likely seek greater control and knowledge of the use of the sea. Many would assume that most of these industries and technology stakeholders would seek deregulation, so they may obtain resources from wherever they might wish to, and yet the reality that most have been painfully led to is an internationally litigious society where cost of legal clarity becomes greater than it would be if they had, had specific and clear regulations of maritime borders and use rights from the very beginning. "Even though the economic potential of seabed minerals attracted the interest of mineral and ocean technology firms, the huge investment required for commercial development could not be raised unless investors could secure both exclusive access to a deposit and international recognition of their titles to the minerals they recovered." Those investors even with peaked interest were and still are clearly reluctant to explore and excavate for resources if they will ultimately be told that such minerals do not belong to them, as a result of the region from which they came, or build semi-permanent offshore exploration and collection facilities if they risk being told later that they must move them as a result of where they are."

Tags:maritime borders, boundaries, ocean, governance

Abstract
This paper studies how plate tectonics and fault line movement are impacting the shape of the California coastline. The paper begins with a discussion of how plate tectonics have changed the earth's surface, including through earthquakes. Then the paper turns to one of the most famous major fault lines, the San Andreas fault. The paper examines its historical, current and future influence on California, such as the major earthquakes of the 1800s and 1900s. The paper concludes with a discussion of other fault lines, including active and inactive ones.

From the Paper
"Plate tectonics is responsible for the building of mountain ranges, the separation of continents through creation of new crust when the seafloor spreads as new lithospheric material pushes out of rifts on the ocean floor, and for earthquakes and volcanic activity (including the creation of volcanic islands and mountain ranges). The regions where the action of plate tectonics is most discernible is where adjoining tectonic plates are most active: pressing into each other, sliding over or under each other, sliding past each other. This activity usually takes place at a geologic pace--that is, so slowly that it escapes the notice of short-lived creatures such as human beings. Humans are unlikely to see mountain ranges forming or continents drifting apart. When two great tectonic plates, such as the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate, move relative to each other along the Pacific coast at an average rate of 2 inches a year, who would notice? But the these gigantic plates do not move only by drifting or creeping at such an imperceptible pace. As they mash into each other, portions of their adjoining edges get hung up or frozen in place for years at a time, even for centuries or thousands of years. The pressure on these junctures finally gives way as much larger movements which humans perceive (can hardly ignore!) as earthquakes."

Tags:san, andreas, bay, area, los, angeles, earthquake, pacific, ocean

Abstract
This paper explain that Susan McCaslin's "Just an Ordinary Woman" is a lucid, brief poem, which communicates the mystery of a new birth far from a 21st century postmodern hospital. The author describes that British Columbia has long been an ideal location for creative, mystic writers because of its distinctive atmosphere created by the ocean coastline and mountains. The paper concludes that McCaslin's writings reflect the British Columbia's cultural legacy of mysticism, which is not found as often in writers from other areas of Canada.

From the Paper
"To a large extent, people in British Columbia who were given to the arts and letters had to promote their own opportunities, so that through the 19th century, a number of private presses and newsletters were appearing. Since many people lived in remote out-stations, books when of interest to them could be very much valued with some early philanthropy addressing small public library facilities for smaller interior and coastal communities, a point explained in an article of the 1940s that discussed matters of books and libraries in British Columbia in the early colonial period."

Tags:birth, lamb, colonial, atmosphere, merton

Abstract
The paper explains that lack of awareness of threats to the environment and man's greed for wealth and short-term gains have caused the four billion year old bio-geophysical system to be destroyed. The author points out that experts are of the view that the economic value of the rainforest will increase by leaving the rainforests as they are and reaping its nuts, fruits, oil producing plants and medicinal plants rather than simply cutting them down to generate grazing land for cattle or for timber. The paper relates that, if the exploitation at the present rate goes on unhindered, the coastal regions will be annihilated and the ecosystems and the communities of plants and animals they house will be extensive depleted.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Pollution of our Waterways
Loss of Rainforests
Decimation of Forests
Wetlands disappearing
Ignoring Global Warming
Acid Rain
Fish Die
Animal Species are Threatened
Mercury Levels in Water
Unhealthy to Drink or Swim in Large Portions of our Coastline
Call to Action on Matters of the Environment
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Presently, the effluents find their ways to the Great Lakes in several ways. However, the main three vents of effluents are seen at the point source, non-point source and atmospheric pollution. The point source pollution occurs when the effluents come to the waterway by means of a particular entry point like a drainpipe draining directly into a river; it is known as point source pollution. The Industrial water wastes and sewage treatment mechanisms are considered to be the significant offenders of such type of contamination. Contrary to the point source pollution, non-point source or NPS pollution stems from many different dispersed sources and is quite difficult to standardize and manage; hence many experts consider that NPS pollution is the most hazardous confronting the Great Lakes today."

Tags:rainforests, pollution, water, wetlands, action

Abstract
The paper shows that 220 million people pay a visit every year to the Mediterranean coastline and this is taking its toll on the environment of the area by contributing waste, marine pollution from domestic sewage, water shortages, and land degradation. The paper explores the different steps being taken to rectify the problem, such as UNEP's Mediterranean Action Plan.

From the Paper
"Hotels, resorts, restaurants and other public facilities also may intoxicate the water and the living organisms by discharging untreated sewage to the sea. According to European Environment Agency, "about 60% of urban waste disposed in the Mediterranean Sea is still untreated." This toxic waste not only contaminates the water and deteriorates the organisms' habitat but also dropping the water quality that perhaps would be unsafe to swim or surf in, in the future if no such adequate actions are taken."

Tags:European, Environment, Agency, biodiversity, fuel, oil, pollution, United, Nations, Environment, Programme

Abstract
This paper explains that the UAE is endowed with an extensive coastline fringed by white sandy beaches and a varied landscape suitable for a wide variety of activities from powerboat races to sand skiing to golf . The author suggests that, to draw more tourists to stay longer, increase spending, and make repeat visits, efforts need to be intensified to represent Dubai and UAE as exotic places with year-round events filled with a carnival atmosphere. This requires a well-planned and widely publicized tourism calendar throughout the year and well in advance. The paper stresses that tourism must be placed high on the national agenda and be given the same status as expor-oriented and infrastructure industry.

Table of Content
Background to Research Study
An Overview
Research Area of Study
Recent Development
Research Aim and Objectives + Research Questions
Research Aim
Layout of the Dissertation
Tourism Planning and Development
The History of Tourism Planning and Development in the Gulf Region
Sustainability and Tourism Development in the Middle East
Tourism as National Income Provider in Gulf States
Case Study Dubai, UAE and Middle East
History of Dubai and UAE as Tourist Destinations
Changes in Tourism Development in Dubai, UAE and Middle East
Reason for the Increase In Tourism Development of Dubai
Winning Combination
Quality of the Infrastructure
Increase in the number of Visitors
Better Partnership between Public And Private Sectors
Government Policy
Growth in Service Sectors
Germany as a Market
Expansion of Parking Bays at the Airports
Dubailand
Growth in the Non-Oil GDP
Oil Contribution
The Importance of Tourism for Dubai as a Secondary Source of Income
Obstacles to Future Tourism Development in Dubai and UAE
Changing Outlook
Transportation Network
Renovation of Tourism Product
Other Measures

From the Paper
"The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a federation, consisting of seven tribally based emirates that lead the southeastern portion of the Arabian Peninsula south of Bahrain and Qatar. The federation covers 83,600 square kilometers and geographically it is enclosed on the north by the Persian Gulf and Iran, on the east by Oman, and on the south and west by Saudi Arabia. Its geographical locations separate Oman from its territory on the Musandam peninsula and extend 90 kilometers along the Gulf of Oman, an area known as the al-Batinah coast. The curse of the nature in the form of arid desert and salt flats are visible everywhere. However, Arabs are not a frustrated lot due to arid climates and blessed in the form of oil reserves by the Mother Nature. They are blessed with mountains in the northeast that rise to 1,200 meters. Due to low rainfall, there are few fertile areas except in the north and among the oases."

Tags:history, beaches, activities, carnival, priority

Abstract
This paper explains that the exigencies of mass tourism have completely changed the nature of many small coastal towns in the United Kingdom. The paper contends that the study of Britain's coastline is a relatively undocumented subject in urban design theory, but the issue is becoming increasingly important as coastal and seaside towns reinvent themselves in an effort to cope with these changing tourist patterns. This paper examines two coastal community case studies, Hastings and Clacton On Sea, in relation to their urban development from small fishing villages to popular resorts with an objective to discover why one coastal town develops differently from another. The paper includes illustrations, graphic analysis and various other existing research sources to appreciate the existing situation and explores the unique characteristics of coastal towns. The study's findings and summary of the research are provided in the conclusion.
Table of Contents
Abstract
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Coastal Towns in the United Kingdom
Impact of Tourism on Coastal Towns
Chapter 3: Macroanalysis of Coastal Developments in the United Kingdom
Chapter 4: Microanalysis of Coastal Development
Hastings
Clacton On Sea
Chapter 5: Findings and Conclusion
Findings
Conclusions
References

From the Paper
"The study of Britain's coastline is a relatively undocumented subject in urban design theory, but is becoming increasingly important as coastal and seaside towns reinvent themselves, time and again, to cope with changing tourist patterns. According to Page (1995), "As historic towns gain tourist potential, historic quality gains market value. A new urban society is emerging, seeking leisure, culture and a high-quality environment, and cities are moving from being industrial centres of production to becoming centres of consumption (Page 1995). For historic towns faced with limited financial opportunities, cultural tourism is seen as a significant economic alternative and the attached commercial value is turning the past into a product of the present. Today, historic towns and quarters are competing to attract tourism, and previously unknown locations are appearing on the heritage market (Orba?l?, 2000 p. 38)."

Tags:tourist, seaside, resorts