Abstract This paper examines the topic of ocean tides, the periodic rise and fall of the ocean waters due to the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun on the surface of the earth. It looks at what causes tides, what are high and low tides, the different types of tides, the phenomenon of tidal currents and waves, the effect of tides on the coastlines and on fishing and how tides can be harnessed for energy. It also discusses other areas in which knowledge of tidal data can prove useful.
Outline
What Causes Tides?
High and Low Tides
Lunar and Solar Tides
Tidal Period
Spring and Neap Tides
Diurnal, Semi-Diurnal and Mixed Tides
Effect of Tides on Coastlines Effect of Tides on Fishing
Tides in Gulf of Mexico and the Texas Gulf Coast Regions
Tidal Energy
Other Applications
From the Paper "The gravitational force of the earth at its surface acts in an inward direction towards its center. This force keeps the ocean (and other) waters confined to the surface. At the same time, the gravitational force of the moon and the sun exert an outward pull on the surface of the earth. Since the earth solid surface is a rigid body, it remains relatively unaffected by this ?pull.? However, the ocean waters, being liquid and less rigid, are physically pulled outwards towards the moon and the sun by their gravitational force. This outward pull is not uniform over the earth's surface since the gravitational force of the moon (or the sun) acts on the side of the earth facing it. Hence "high tide" is produced in the ocean waters by the "heaping" action resulting from the horizontal flow of water towards regions of the earth facing the moon or the sun."
Abstract This paper explains that the erosion of limestone and hard rock along coastlines throughout the world results in the formation of specific types of landforms due to the minerals and rocks that are pulled from erosion into the sea and redeposition. The paper then explains that saltwater erosion takes two forms: impact erosion and erosion from the acidity in the saltwater. Limestone rocks are eroded due to the infiltration of water into the rocks, which breaks down the composition of rocks. Harder rocks are eroded through a process of impaction by the saltwater and the participles of rock and sand in the water. The paper also explains that, as these rocks erode, new formations result because the particles of erosion are placed in different locations along the coastline. Several illustrations, tables and figures are included with the paper.
Table of Contents:
Objective
Introduction
Erosion of Coastlines Formation of Coastlines Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper "Along rocky coastlines where the action of waves has not occurred long enough to lower the coastline to the level of the sea a "wave cut beach and wave cut cliff develops."If a "subsequent uplift of the wave-cut beach occurs, it may be preserved above sea level and as marine terrace." Eventually the cliff will retreat due to processes of undercutting which result in mass-wasting processes. In the case of differential erosion sea caves result. The sea arch is formed from sea caves from opposite sides of a rocky headland meeting; however, when the sea arch weakens and collapses, the formation of a sea stack occurs."
Abstract The paper shows that 220 million people pay a visit every year to the Mediterranean coastline and this is taking its toll on the environment of the area by contributing waste, marine pollution from domestic sewage, water shortages, and land degradation. The paper explores the different steps being taken to rectify the problem, such as UNEP's Mediterranean Action Plan.
From the Paper "Hotels, resorts, restaurants and other public facilities also may intoxicate the water and the living organisms by discharging untreated sewage to the sea. According to European Environment Agency, ?about 60% of urban waste disposed in the Mediterranean Sea is still untreated.? This toxic waste not only contaminates the water and deteriorates the organisms? habitat but also dropping the water quality that perhaps would be unsafe to swim or surf in, in the future if no such adequate actions are taken."
Abstract This paper will discuss how physical features in the geography of Sudan have influenced the population distribution in that country. The role of landforms and water bodies will be addressed in terms of how they have affected population, as will such factors as soil quality, mineral resources, coastlines and harbors. The effects of Sudan's climate on population distribution will also be discussed in the paper.
From the Paper The Democratic Republic of Sudan is located in northeast Africa. Sudan is a large country which has a "tremendous" diversity of geographical regions. As a direct consequence of this, Sudan correspondingly features a number of demographically unique populations. The varied population of the country is composed of "at least 56 separate ethnic groups, subdivided into 597 subgroups, and 115 languages" ... "
Abstract This paper discusses tsunamis, wave trains, or series of waves, generated in a body of water by a sudden disturbance that vertically displace the water column. They ravage coastlines and can be deadlier than hurricanes. Whereas a hurricane is identified weeks in advance, a tsunami can often strike without warning. It examines how scientists have attempted to develop a methodology by which to determine areas where the underwater geography might be conducive to tsunami and have shown that outer continental shelf off southern Virginia and North Carolina is particularly susceptible. It concludes with suggestions of how the relevant communities should be prepared and forewarned before tsunamis strike.
From the Paper "History has demonstrated to us that these landfall events are rare and usually precipitated by an earthquake. Rather than being constantly subjected to the randomness of geological whim, the Atlantic coast has only produced one tsunami over the course of the last 75 years. Although these tsunamis are deadly, their effects would be indistinguishable from the tidal effects of hurricanes that threaten to strike the eastern seaboard at least once every year. Rather than involve our selves in the costly business of timing tsunamis, the state might consider integrating safeguards into its shoreline infrastructure that would protect the local population against the sea."
Abstract Ancient redwoods grow on land that is owned by Pacific Lumber Company, which was a reputable, responsible lumber company for decades until it changed hands in the 1980?s. The paper explains that Texas financier, Charles Hurwitz, purchased the company and, to pay off his debts, ordered the acceleration of logging in the Headwaters Forest, an area along the Northern California coast of over 6,000 pristine acres of ancient redwoods. These trees are some of the oldest in existence and are the home of many endangered species. This paper discusses the outrage expressed by environmental activists from around the country and many loggers over the rate of deforestation. The paper argues that Pacific Lumber Company has an obligation to retain these ancient trees.
From the Paper "There is no doubt in my mind that the trees need immediate protection. According to the article, if we wait for some rosy future when we will have responsible business practices and an enlightened people and dedicated public agencies, we will no longer have the redwoods. On the other hand, logging is necessary to build our houses and supply us with wood practices. Taking both sides of the story into consideration is important when determining if the trees and the industry can be saved."
This paper investigates major issues relating to tourism development strategy in the UAE, especially Dubai, which is the best-known and the fastest-growing tourist area in the Middle East.
Abstract This paper explains that the UAE is endowed with an extensive coastline fringed by white sandy beaches and a varied landscape suitable for a wide variety of activities from powerboat races to sand skiing to golf . The author suggests that, to draw more tourists to stay longer, increase spending, and make repeat visits, efforts need to be intensified to represent Dubai and UAE as exotic places with year-round events filled with a carnival atmosphere. This requires a well-planned and widely publicized tourism calendar throughout the year and well in advance. The paper stresses that tourism must be placed high on the national agenda and be given the same status as expor-oriented and infrastructure industry.
Table of Content
Background to Research Study
An Overview
Research Area of Study
Recent Development
Research Aim and Objectives + Research Questions
Research Aim
Layout of the Dissertation
Tourism Planning and Development
The History of Tourism Planning and Development in the Gulf Region
Sustainability and Tourism Development in the Middle East
Tourism as National Income Provider in Gulf States
Case Study Dubai, UAE and Middle East
History of Dubai and UAE as Tourist Destinations
Changes in Tourism Development in Dubai, UAE and Middle East
Reason for the Increase In Tourism Development of Dubai
Winning Combination
Quality of the Infrastructure
Increase in the number of Visitors
Better Partnership between Public And Private Sectors
Government Policy
Growth in Service Sectors
Germany as a Market
Expansion of Parking Bays at the Airports
Dubailand
Growth in the Non-Oil GDP
Oil Contribution
The Importance of Tourism for Dubai as a Secondary Source of Income
Obstacles to Future Tourism Development in Dubai and UAE
Changing Outlook
Transportation Network
Renovation of Tourism Product
Other Measures
From the Paper "The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a federation, consisting of seven tribally based emirates that lead the southeastern portion of the Arabian Peninsula south of Bahrain and Qatar. The federation covers 83,600 square kilometers and geographically it is enclosed on the north by the Persian Gulf and Iran, on the east by Oman, and on the south and west by Saudi Arabia. Its geographical locations separate Oman from its territory on the Musandam peninsula and extend 90 kilometers along the Gulf of Oman, an area known as the al-Batinah coast. The curse of the nature in the form of arid desert and salt flats are visible everywhere. However, Arabs are not a frustrated lot due to arid climates and blessed in the form of oil reserves by the Mother Nature. They are blessed with mountains in the northeast that rise to 1,200 meters. Due to low rainfall, there are few fertile areas except in the north and among the oases."
Abstract This paper explains that the exigencies of mass tourism have completely changed the nature of many small coastal towns in the United Kingdom. The paper contends that the study of Britain's coastline is a relatively undocumented subject in urban design theory, but the issue is becoming increasingly important as coastal and seaside towns reinvent themselves in an effort to cope with these changing tourist patterns. This paper examines two coastal community case studies, Hastings and Clacton On Sea, in relation to their urban development from small fishing villages to popular resorts with an objective to discover why one coastal town develops differently from another. The paper includes illustrations, graphic analysis and various other existing research sources to appreciate the existing situation and explores the unique characteristics of coastal towns. The study's findings and summary of the research are provided in the conclusion.
Table of Contents
Abstract
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Coastal Towns in the United Kingdom
Impact of Tourism on Coastal Towns
Chapter 3: Macroanalysis of Coastal Developments in the United Kingdom
Chapter 4: Microanalysis of Coastal Development
Hastings
Clacton On Sea
Chapter 5: Findings and Conclusion
Findings
Conclusions
References
From the Paper "The study of Britain's coastline is a relatively undocumented subject in urban design theory, but is becoming increasingly important as coastal and seaside towns reinvent themselves, time and again, to cope with changing tourist patterns. According to Page (1995), "As historic towns gain tourist potential, historic quality gains market value. A new urban society is emerging, seeking leisure, culture and a high-quality environment, and cities are moving from being industrial centres of production to becoming centres of consumption (Page 1995). For historic towns faced with limited financial opportunities, cultural tourism is seen as a significant economic alternative and the attached commercial value is turning the past into a product of the present. Today, historic towns and quarters are competing to attract tourism, and previously unknown locations are appearing on the heritage market (Orba?l?, 2000 p. 38)."
Abstract The paper explains that lack of awareness of threats to the environment and man's greed for wealth and short-term gains have caused the four billion year old bio-geophysical system to be destroyed. The author points out that experts are of the view that the economic value of the rainforest will increase by leaving the rainforests as they are and reaping its nuts, fruits, oil producing plants and medicinal plants rather than simply cutting them down to generate grazing land for cattle or for timber. The paper relates that, if the exploitation at the present rate goes on unhindered, the coastal regions will be annihilated and the ecosystems and the communities of plants and animals they house will be extensive depleted.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Pollution of our Waterways
Loss of Rainforests
Decimation of Forests
Wetlands disappearing
Ignoring Global Warming
Acid Rain
Fish Die
Animal Species are Threatened
Mercury Levels in Water
Unhealthy to Drink or Swim in Large Portions of our Coastline Call to Action on Matters of the Environment
Conclusion
From the Paper "Presently, the effluents find their ways to the Great Lakes in several ways. However, the main three vents of effluents are seen at the point source, non-point source and atmospheric pollution. The point source pollution occurs when the effluents come to the waterway by means of a particular entry point like a drainpipe draining directly into a river; it is known as point source pollution. The Industrial water wastes and sewage treatment mechanisms are considered to be the significant offenders of such type of contamination. Contrary to the point source pollution, non-point source or NPS pollution stems from many different dispersed sources and is quite difficult to standardize and manage; hence many experts consider that NPS pollution is the most hazardous confronting the Great Lakes today."
Abstract This paper studies how plate tectonics and fault line movement are impacting the shape of the California coastline. The paper begins with a discussion of how plate tectonics have changed the earth's surface, including through earthquakes. Then the paper turns to one of the most famous major fault lines, the San Andreas fault. The paper examines its historical, current and future influence on California, such as the major earthquakes of the 1800s and 1900s. The paper concludes with a discussion of other fault lines, including active and inactive ones.
From the Paper "Plate tectonics is responsible for the building of mountain ranges, the separation of continents through creation of new crust when the seafloor spreads as new lithospheric material pushes out of rifts on the ocean floor, and for earthquakes and volcanic activity (including the creation of volcanic islands and mountain ranges). The regions where the action of plate tectonics is most discernible is where adjoining tectonic plates are most active: pressing into each other, sliding over or under each other, sliding past each other. This activity usually takes place at a geologic pace--that is, so slowly that it escapes the notice of short-lived creatures such as human beings. Humans are unlikely to see mountain ranges forming or continents drifting apart. When two great tectonic plates, such as the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate, move relative to each other along the Pacific coast at an average rate of 2 inches a year, who would notice? But the these gigantic plates do not move only by drifting or creeping at such an imperceptible pace. As they mash into each other, portions of their adjoining edges get hung up or frozen in place for years at a time, even for centuries or thousands of years. The pressure on these junctures finally gives way as much larger movements which humans perceive (can hardly ignore!) as earthquakes."
Tags: san, andreas, bay, area, los, angeles, earthquake, pacific, ocean
Abstract This paper examines how the prehistoric human background of Europe began tens of thousands of years ago in the latter part of the Stone Age. It looks at how ancient man, beginning roughly during the Upper Paleolithic Period, circa 32,000 B.C.E., evolved from a primitive and animal-like being into one that could construct and use tools, build shelters and create early forms of societal structures that eventually led to the rise of towns and cities along the rivers and coastlines of ancient Europe.
From the Paper "The Stone Age is usually divided into the Paleolithic ("Old Stone") and Neolithic "New Stone") Ages; the end of the Paleolithic and the beginning of the Neolithic is thus placed about ten to twelve thousand years ago. During the long Paleolithic Period, human beings roamed throughout Europe, searching for food as hunter-gatherers, and often migrated great distances in order to follow large game animals or locate more abundant sources of wild plants. At least as early as 50,000 years ago, the type of Paleolithic human beings known as Neanderthals, named from the remains found in the Neanderthal Valley in Germany, spread over Macedonia and then into Greece as far south as the Peloponnese peninsula."
Abstract The paper analyses the Exxon Valdez oil spill, which occurred on March 24, 1989. The paper examines the environmental concerns of the oil spill, Exxon Valdez being the largest ship ever built for the world's largest oil company. The writer explains that it was not only an industrial accident, but a "technological and organizational disaster" as well. The paper further analyzes the public relations disaster that followed, and concludes that had the crisis been handled differently, Exxon's reputation might well have been enhanced, rather than damaged.
From the Paper "The industry's insistence on having its own way regarding the regulation of the Valdez tanker trade, and the government's incremental accession to industry pressure, culminated into a disastrous system failure (Details pp). The general public reacted with anger over the environmental damage and the mar upon the Alaskan wilderness (Details pp). The Exxon spill remains on the list of the world's largest oil spills during the past twenty-five years, and has come to be seen as the nation's largest environmental disaster, since Three Mile Island (Details pp)."
Abstract The paper examines how recent disasters in North America, such as the flooding of New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina, and the water table problems in Texas, show us that development of fragile environments and uncontrolled pollution of the environment can have grave consequences. The paper discusses how weather patterns are being globally changed by the patterns of human habitation. The paper concludes that, while it may take years for society to undo some of the damage done to the global ecosystem, society can and must make changes locally to limit the damage.
From the Paper "In addition to the physical damage to barrier islands and coastline areas, salinization, that is, an increase of salt content, of these areas kills off the local wildlife, an important part of the food chain. The salinization is a consequence of human use of water for living and also of industrial use. We use the water and then let it flow back into the aquifer with extra salt. Irrigation adds even more pollutants to the water table. The salt water parts of coastal estuaries and salt water marshes creates unique niches for local wildlife."
Abstract This paper explain that Susan McCaslin's "Just an Ordinary Woman" is a lucid, brief poem, which communicates the mystery of a new birth far from a 21st century postmodern hospital. The author describes that British Columbia has long been an ideal location for creative, mystic writers because of its distinctive atmosphere created by the ocean coastline and mountains. The paper concludes that McCaslin's writings reflect the British Columbia's cultural legacy of mysticism, which is not found as often in writers from other areas of Canada.
From the Paper "To a large extent, people in British Columbia who were given to the arts and letters had to promote their own opportunities, so that through the 19th century, a number of private presses and newsletters were appearing. Since many people lived in remote out-stations, books when of interest to them could be very much valued with some early philanthropy addressing small public library facilities for smaller interior and coastal communities, a point explained in an article of the 1940s that discussed matters of books and libraries in British Columbia in the early colonial period."
Abstract This paper examines how the hemigrapsus nudus, the purple shore crab, is found in the intertidal regions along the Pacific Northwest coastline. In particular, it discusses how they often experience considerable fluctuations in temperature in their natural environments and it is these temperatures which may have an effect on normal physiological function. It proposes a study to test their critical thermal maximum (CTMax) and their critical thermal minimum (CTMin) using their righting response as an indication of their thermal limits.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
CTMax
CTMin
Discussion
From the Paper "Crustaceans and other intertidal species often experience multiple fluctuations in water temperatures as a result of alternating tide patterns and changing seasons (Selvakumar and Geraldine 2004). Hemigrapsus nudus, the purple shore crab, is a common species found in the intertidal zone. These crabs are involuntarily exposed to varying temperatures with the changes in tides and diurnal cycles. H. Nudus can tolerate temperatures up to 33.6 C, known as there critical thermal maximum (CTMax) and temperatures as low as (0 C), known as there critical thermal minimum (CTMin). "
