Abstract
This paper explains that the exigencies of mass tourism have completely changed the nature of many small coastal towns in the United Kingdom. The paper contends that the study of Britain's coastline is a relatively undocumented subject in urban design theory, but the issue is becoming increasingly important as coastal and seaside towns reinvent themselves in an effort to cope with these changing tourist patterns. This paper examines two coastal community case studies, Hastings and Clacton On Sea, in relation to their urban development from small fishing villages to popular resorts with an objective to discover why one coastal town develops differently from another. The paper includes illustrations, graphic analysis and various other existing research sources to appreciate the existing situation and explores the unique characteristics of coastal towns. The study's findings and summary of the research are provided in the conclusion.
Table of Contents
Abstract
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Coastal Towns in the United Kingdom
Impact of Tourism on Coastal Towns
Chapter 3: Macroanalysis of Coastal Developments in the United Kingdom
Chapter 4: Microanalysis of Coastal Development
Hastings
Clacton On Sea
Chapter 5: Findings and Conclusion
Findings
Conclusions
References

From the Paper
"The study of Britain's coastline is a relatively undocumented subject in urban design theory, but is becoming increasingly important as coastal and seaside towns reinvent themselves, time and again, to cope with changing tourist patterns. According to Page (1995), "As historic towns gain tourist potential, historic quality gains market value. A new urban society is emerging, seeking leisure, culture and a high-quality environment, and cities are moving from being industrial centres of production to becoming centres of consumption (Page 1995). For historic towns faced with limited financial opportunities, cultural tourism is seen as a significant economic alternative and the attached commercial value is turning the past into a product of the present. Today, historic towns and quarters are competing to attract tourism, and previously unknown locations are appearing on the heritage market (Orba?l?, 2000 p. 38)."

Tags:tourist, seaside, resorts

Abstract
The writer discusses the importance of educating the public on the misfortunes of coastal development and the need to preserve our oceanic environment. The writer proposes a plan that will help to manage coastal development through coastal administration and organization and will educate current and future generations on the sustainable management of our shorelines. The writer includes a table that describes the plan's actions with a timeline.

From the Paper
"There are various water resource problems affecting our oceans across the globe. Many of these issues are unintentionally caused by human beings. One of the main causes of the ocean's environmental issues is Coastal Development. What we do to this earth, at the coast lines are causing great destruction. The development of resorts, cities, industries, and agriculture along coasts is extinguishing many coastal ecosystems. This consists of mangrove forests, salt marshes, sea grass beds, and coral reefs. Oceans cover seventy five percent of the earth's surfaces; and provide food, natural resources, and recreation for many people. Care of the ocean is vital to the survival of not only the sea's inhabitants, but to earth's land occupants as well."

Tags:sustainability, tourism, ecology

Abstract
The paper describes how fire is an important part of the coastal sage scrub habitat. The paper further discusses how frequent high intensity fires, combined with the invasion of non-native plants, may affect the habitat's ability to restore itself. The paper examines the effects of frequent high intensity fires on an area of coastal sage scrub habitat in the Voorhis Ecological Reserve, Cal Poly Pomona. The paper analyzes how fires in this area reduced the number of plant species, reduced the layers of vegetation, and opened the land to invasive exotic species that take over from local plant species. The paper concludes that the combination of frequent fires and invasive species may have increased the recovery time of the coastal sage scrub in this area.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Methodology
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"Coastal Sage Scrub is one of the major habitats in Southern California. It is located on the coastal cliffs, plains, and foothills of the Pacific coast of Southern California and Northwestern Mexico, at elevations below 1000 feet. In many places, Coastal Sage Scrub is contingent with Annual Grassland, Coastal Oak Woodland, and Chaparral. (Becker 1988, Minnich 1983)"

Tags:california, chaparral, ecology, invasive, native, plants, southern, species

Abstract
For this discussion, the writer considers the United Kingdom for the implementation of a non-traditional energy source. The writer maintains that tidal power is supremely well-suited to this location. The writer discusses that with thousands of miles of coastlines--not to mention the existence of several useful offshore sites--the United Kingdom is poised to use tidal energy to produce consistent alternative electricity for its citizens.

From the Paper
"Developing alternative energy technologies that are reliable and site-specific can be difficult. Because alternative energy systems typically rely on locally available energy resources, they are not applicable in all situations and all circumstances. It is important to consider the potential energy resources of a given region prior to selecting an energy technology for development. For instance, it would be foolish to suggest the use of solar technology in a predominantly cloudy ..."

Tags:tidal, power, energy

Abstract
This three-page undergraduate paper focuses on the rise in the incidents of sea piracy and how it is affecting the US economy. The country is facing a serious threat mostly in South Asian and South American seas where the pirates are regularly attacking the US merchant ships.

From the Paper
"Coastal Process of the Great Lakes


The Great Lakes are a series of giant tubs linked by rivers and smaller lakes (Gorrie, 1988, p. 20). The flow starts in Lake Superior (the largest and deepest of the chain) and then passes through the St. Mary's River to Lake Huron and Lake Michigan (Gorrie, 1988, p. 20). Because these two are joined by the broad Straits of Mackinac, they behave as a single sea (Gorrie, 1988, p. 20). Their waters are connected to Lake Erie by the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair and the Detroit River; the Niagara River connects Lake Erie with Lake Ontario (Gorrie, 1988, p. 20). Eventually, much of the Great Lakes' water egresses to the Atlantic Ocean through the St. Lawrence River (Gorrie, 1988, p. 20). In recent years, this system of waterways has attained some of the highest water levels recorded this century (Cobb, 1987 ...."

Abstract
This paper examines how a study of Southern California coastal waters in 1999 showed that the waters rarely contain enough bacteria during the summer to make swimmers sick, except at creeks and storm drains that are releasing urban runoff. It looks at how significant portion of coastal water contamination comes from non-point source pollution such as agriculture and urban runoff, faulty septic systems, marinas and recreational boating and habitat degradation. It proposes a study to determine the coliform count in water samples from New Port Beach, California which is considered to be one of the best urban beaches in the United States and provides an analysis of the results.

From the Paper
"Newport Beach is the fifth best urban beach in the United States, according to the Surfrider Foundation report issued in May, 2000 (Mehta, 2000). The city was one of three California communities to make the list as a place where healthy shorelines and urban development coexist. However, Newport Bay suffers from extreme pollution from the Santa Ana River. In January, 2000 Gumbel (2000) reported that all 8 miles of Huntington Beach, a few miles north of Newport Beach, had been closed since the previous summer because the water had shown exceptionally high levels of enterococcus bacteria, indicating fecal contamination. Surfrider Beach in Malibu was plagued at the same time by E. coli bacteria and viruses. The contamination in both cases was attributed to urban runoff."

Tags:bacteria, pollution, shorelines

Abstract
This paper looks at different coastal animals and examines their physical makeup and natural habitats as well as their mating and breeding habits.

Outline
Sea Turtles
Bottlenose Dolphins
Speckled Dolphins
Elephant Seals
Leopard Seal

From the Paper
"Speckled Dolphins are also called Indo-Pacific Humpbacked dolphins. The former have the binomial name Sousa chinensis. The latter are called Sousa plumbea. Both species are the same; the name difference depends on location. Smaller than the bottlenose dolphins they are typically about seven to nine feet in length and weight just over 280 kilograms. They have a well-developed long beak. Their color is brown-gray, pale-gray and pink-white. They have a lighter underside and the skin has a mottled or speckled appearance, hence the name. The name is given because the dorsal fin is less pronounced and is situated on a hump. The dorsal fin is triangular. The flippers are well rounded. Another reason for the pronounced hump is the way these animals surface. The snout appears first and then the rest of the body curves accentuating the hump before the dolphin submerge."

Tags:bottlenose, speckled, elephant, leopard

Abstract
This paper attempts to identify historical adherence in development along the British coastal area as well as urban sustainability in architectural construction and landscape design and development. Through a literature review of both modern as well as historical accounts of the coastal resort and port region of the British coast, it provides sound evidence based on architectural planning initiatives along the British coastal region that are environmentally conducive to land and urban coast sustainability as well as preservation and conservation of natural resources.

Outline
Objective
Rationale for Research
Research Objectives
Methodology
Literature Review
Portsmouth: Industrial City/Naval Port (Hampshire County)
Brighton: Resort Town/Coastal Strip (East Sussex County)
Ramsgate: Resort/Port Town - Coastal Strip (Kent County)
Sandwich: Historic Town/Coastal Strip (Kent County)
Southampton: Port/Industrial City (Hampshire County)
Hastings: Resort Town/Coastal Strip (East Sussex County)
Summary & Conclusion

From the Paper
"In a case study entitled Urban Renaissance in the South East Case Study 4 on town of Portsmouth which is a industrial city with a naval port located in South Hampshire of Hampshire County the population is stated to be 190,000 in the densely populated area. Portsmouth has built upon its' 'naval heritage' in the initiative to improve its image as well as facilities in attracting a broader range of local jobs as well as visitors. In a phased strategy the island- city, one of the most historic naval ports in Britain is surrounded on three sides by the sea as is located at the entrance to the Harbor that is historically famous."

Tags:portsmouth, coast, ramsgate, brighton, port

Abstract
The paper discusses how China's establishment of new economic regions such as Special Economic Zones and Open Coastal Areas reflects the Chinese government's determination in recent years to develop foreign-oriented economies in these regions, generate foreign exchanges through the export of domestic products and the import of advanced technologies, and accelerate inland economic development. The paper relates that comparing and contrasting China's Special Economic Zones and Open Coastal Areas indicates that they all share these basic characteristics, functions, and purposes, but differ to a certain extent in size and in terms of the types of products they export, the types of technologies they import, and their rates of economic development.

From the Paper
"China's establishment of new economic regions such as Special Economic Zones and Open Coastal Areas reflects the Chinese government's determination in recent years to develop foreign-oriented economies in these regions, generate foreign exchanges through the export of domestic products and the import of advanced technologies, and accelerate inland economic development. Comparing and contrasting China's Special Economic Zones and Open Coastal Areas indicates that they all share these basic..."

Tags:special, economic, zones