Abstract
The paper provides a review of the peer-reviewed and scholarly literature to identify normal function, damage and repair of the human bronchia, including a discussion of the normal bronchial epithelium, the bronchial epithelium in asthma, bronchial epithelial inflammation, remodeling, normal epithelial repair and cytokines, tissue factor, tissue factor pathway inhibitor, coagulation factors, tissue-type plasminogen activator, plasminogen-activator-inhibitor, epidermal growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, and nitric oxide and bronchial epithelial damage in other diseases. The paper also provides a discussion concerning the need for new therapy for asthma. The paper contains figures and tables.

Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"According to a recent study by Kercsmar, Dearborn, Schluchter, Xue, Kirchner, Sobolewski, Greenberg, Vesper and Allan (2006) asthma is the most common chronic disease affecting children today, with more than three million young people in the United States alone suffering from this condition. Moreover, the incidence of childhood asthma has continued to increase over the past several decades in spite of the increasing availability of efficacious medications that have been shown to control chronic symptoms and treating exacerbations (Kercsmar et al. 2006).
"Furthermore, the prevalence of asthma and its associated morbidity are inordinately elevated among inner-city children compared to their suburban counterparts, the majority of whom are racial minorities (Wright & Steinbach 2001). For instance, Kercsmar and his associates emphasize that, "African-American children in the United States have a higher prevalence of asthma and greater morbidity as measured by acute care visits and hospitalizations compared with white children" (p. 1574). Notwithstanding the growing body of research into asthma and its associated risk factors, it remains unclear how differences in generally known asthma risk factors including chemical and particulate air pollutants, environmental and in utero tobacco smoke exposure, viral respiratory infections, and home allergen exposure explain recent increases in the prevalence of this disease."

Tags:cytokines, tissue, pathway, inhibitor, coagulation, plasminogen

Abstract
The Deloro Mine is a now closed facility that during its operating period, contaminated ground water with high concentrations of arsenic. The arsenic now needs to be removed to prevent entry into drinking water supplied to consumers. The paper begins by outlining the most common methods of arsenic removal in use today. The author then discusses steps taken by mine owners to prevent further contamination from the disused mine and technologies put in place to remove the arsenic concentrations from the ground water. Finally, the author examines new technologies that now exist and that could facilitate more efficient and safe removal of contaminants before making his final recommendations.

Outline:
Arsenic Remediation Technologies
Oxidation
Coagulation/Co-Precipitation
Physical Removal Processes
Chemical Processes
Which Technology is currently being used to treat arsenic at the
Deloro Mines?
State of the Art in Arsenic Removal Technology

From the Paper
"As one can see, there are a number of treatment options available for the removal of arsenic in groundwater. There is no single best solution that will result in maximum results at all sites. These technologies are often combined to meet the needs of each individual situation. Treatment at the Deloro Mine uses chemical coagulation followed by sedimentation to process the effluent that will eventually be dumped back into the Moira River.
"The amount of contamination at Deloro Mine is enormous. Cleanup efforts have only been marginally successful in reducing the amount of arsenic entering into individual homes. One must remember that although efforts are being taken now to clean up arsenic in the area, many private drinking wells have been contaminated for many years. The state of New Jersey faced a similar problem with widespread arsenic contamination. They resolved the issue by controlling arsenic at the point of entry into the house. They now require residential adsorption treatment system for every individual home."

Tags:arsenic groundwater contamination, drinking water, technologies chemicals treatment

Abstract
This paper discusses many studies and finds that saline was as effective as heparin in maintaining patency, preventing phlebitis and increasing the duration of peripheral intravenous lines. The author concludes that using normal saline rather than heparin as a flushing solution improves the quality of patient care by eliminating problems associated with anti-coagulant drug use and drug incompatibilities. The author also concludes that it is time saving in terms of nurse-hours needed and is cost-effective.

From the Paper
"According to LeDuc (1997), reports in the literature support the use of a normal saline solution for maintaining patency in peripheral intermittent intravenous devises in adults, but the data regarding its use in children is very limited. LeDuc thus designed a study to examine the effects of a heparin flush compared to a saline flush in maintaining the patency of infusion devices in pediatric patients, and to examine the cost saving implications of the treatments."

Tags:meta-study, patency, phlebitis, cost, anticoagulant

Abstract
This paper discusses the new methods that are currently being utilized that may further assist in the reduction of post-treatment effluent to a level that would not be considered hazardous to humans. The paper focuses on exploring new technologies that may help to reduce the effluent levels that are currently being introduced into the Moira River. The paper further explores new technologies that may be applicable to the reduction of arsenic at the Deloro Mine site.

Outline:
Commonly Used Remediation Techniques
A Review of New and Innovative Technologies
Methodology
Results
Discussion
Which Technology is Currently Being used to Treat Arsenic at the Deloro Mines?
Conclusion

From the Paper
"As one can see, there are a number of treatment options available for the removal of arsenic in groundwater. There is no single best solution that will result in maximum results at all sites. These technologies are often combined to meet the needs of each individual situation. Treatment at the Deloro Mine uses chemical coagulation followed by sedimentation to process the effluent that will eventually be dumped back into the Moira River.The newest innovation in arsenic treatment was announced February 8, 2008 by AdEdge Technologies. This company has released a specialty adsorbent filtration system specifically designed to remove arsenic from water (Thern Inc., 2008). This technology has been awarded a grant for testing at three US sites. After testing is complete, this technology will be ready to market. This is the first filtration system specifically designed for arsenic, rather than general contaminants or metals. "

Tags:coagulation/co-precipitation, specific, applications, techniques

Abstract
This paper looks at the most common genetic bleeding disorder von Willebrand disease, which affects roughly 3 percent of the world's population including all genders and races and which is determined by a gene on chromosome 12, although occasionally it occurs as a new mutation. It discusses how hemophilia is due to either a low level of one of the clotting factors, or a completely missing clotting factor, which essentially means that it takes a long time for the blood to clot after an accident or injury. It looks at how its major signs and symptoms are bleeding and bruising. The paper also examines treatment options such as replacement therapy, home-infusion therapy and the use of aminocaproic acid.

From the Paper
"Hemophilia is due to either a low level of one of the clotting factors, or a clotting factor is completely missing, which essentially means that it takes a long time for the blood to clot after an accident or injury (Hemophilia 2006). The clotting process, also called blood coagulation, is the body's response to bleeding that keeps it from losing too much blood, which can be life threatening and/or cause damage to the internal organs (Hemophilia 2006). These clotting factors are proteins in the blood that work with platelets to help the blood to clot, thus when blood vessels are damaged, the clotting factors help the platelets adhere together to basically plug cuts and breaks at the injury site (Hemophilia 2006). "

Tags:blood, coagulation, aminocaproic, acid, platelets, clotting