Abstract
This paper discusses the causal forces related to global warming which are primarily associated with greenhouse gases and particularly with CO2 emissions. The paper explains that the processes behind the carbon cycle which lead to global warming when artificial sources of greenhouse gases related to industrialization exceed the ability of the environment to naturally absorb these gases. These phenomena are then examined in relation to the countries most responsible for CO2 emissions which, it is noted, are primarily the United States and now, increasingly, China. The paper asserts that while all countries maintain a carbon footprint and some regions are, collectively, significantly contributing to CO2 emissions such as the European Union, without the active support of the United States and China with respect to such international structures as the Kyoto Protocol, CO2 levels are certain to increase.

From the Paper
"This document discusses the causal forces related to global warming which are primarily associated with greenhouse gases and particularly with CO2 emissions. The processes behind the carbon cycle which lead to global warming when artificial sources of greenhouse gases related to industrialization exceed the ability of the environment to naturally absorb these gases. These phenomena are then examined in relation to the countries most responsible for CO2 emissions which, it is noted, are primarily the United States and now, increasingly, China. While all countries maintain a carbon footprint and some regions are, collectively,..."

Tags:global, co2, levels

Abstract
This paper describes a chemistry experiment that examines the escape of CO2 from Seltzer water into distilled water, and from a solution containing NaCl into a solution containing CaCl2. The paper demonstrates that the escape of the gas was measured at 5-second intervals until the volume of gas did not increase.

Tags:NaCl, CaCl2, Seltzer water

Abstract
This paper discusses the 2007 film documentary, "The Great Global Warming Swindle," by director Martin Durki. The position of the scientists in the documentary is discussed and their argument about global warming as a natural occurrence is examined. The paper also discusses the controversy over the film due to the position that its scientists take.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Controversy
The Science

From the Paper
"Carbon dioxide, the scientists of The Great Global Warming Swindle, contend, has always had a fluctuating presence in the earth's atmosphere, and that it is a relatively small amount in the atmosphere. The data, they contend, shows that there is a surface warming of a slight level, but no atmospheric warming. The recent warming of the earth, they contend, happened in the early part of the 20th century, and, if the CO2 theory were valid, it would be reflected in the data that shows that the most significant increase in human generated CO2. Professor Ian Clark has examined ice samples going back thousands of years, but that link between CO2 and the weather, but that the CO2 levels lag behind the temperature increase by 800 years. So when the temperature rises, behind it, consistent with historical data, the CO2 rises. The most fundamental assumption of climate changes because of CO2 is proven wrong, the scientists say."

Tags:CO2, atmosphere, climate, temperature

Abstract
This paper addresses three aspects of bacteriology--photosynthesis research funding for the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of RuBP with CO2, the change in metabolism of anaerobic bacteria in summer, and the way the immune system could leverage the need for an inteact plasma membrane and the secretion of proteins that form pores in membranes as a device for disrupting the membranes of foreign cells.

From the Paper
"I would advise the Ways and Means Committee that the U.S. Department of Agriculture should continue to fund photosynthesis research as a mechanism for restoring Earth's atmosphere from one laden with toxins and pollutants to one that is purified and more healthful. As the International Society of Photosynthesis Research asserts; "Photosynthetic processes in natural ecosystems, agriculture and forestry are first responders to global climate change and continue to attract intensive creative research from molecular to global scales." Furthermore, photosynthesis research affects all of..."

Tags:bacteriology, glycolysis, anoxic, anaerobic, RuBP, CO2, immune, pores, proteins, foreign cells

Abstract
In this article, the writer addresses the topic of what causes global warming and reviews the issues involved in the continuing advancement of climate change. The writer also looks at the process of persuading readers that climate change is real, no matter what some members of the media say. Further, the writer discusses how climate change has gathered so much momentum in the past ten or more years. In addition, the writer examines why so many powerful members of the media attack the science that offers empirical proof that climate change threatens the planet and its inhabitants. The writer concludes that intelligent students and others who care should take climate change seriously, and do something about their own lives to lessen their carbon imprint.

Outline:
Introduction
The Conservative Attacks on Science
What is the Most Recent Science about Climate Change?
What Evidence is there that Humans Cause Global Warming?
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The conservative media and conservative politicians have been teaming up to cast doubt on the scientists and others who believe that global warming is not only man-made, but that it is one of the most dangerous environmental threats in the history of the planet.
"Media members like Rush Limbaugh, Sean Hannity, Bill O'Reilly, and others, along with Bush Administration spokespersons, have powerful voices that reach millions of listeners. By continuing to call those who believe in global warming "far left environmental crazies" and ridiculing the media members who accurately report serious climate change, the conservative media and Bush Administration members are doing a disservice to America and the world.
"Recently, for example, on his radio program, Limbaugh ridiculed testimony given by an 18-year old Eskimo woman who spoke to the Congress about how climate change is negatively affecting her village in Alaska. Charlee Lockwood told the Congress that moose have moved north of her village now, seeking colder climates; berry patches give less fruit than before; and the fishing isn't as good since the water in the ocean got slightly warmer. "

Tags:CO2, threat, earth, damage

Abstract
This paper examines an experiment on Dracaena plants that were used to study the effect of different sources of light with particular wavelengths on the photosynthetic process by evaluating the amount of CO2 consumed. The paper discusses the methods and results of the study and then discusses the findings. The paper contains a graph and an appendix.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Appendix

From the Paper
"Experiments which are able to discern the differences due to spectral changes in wavelength of light on photosynthesis are therefore dependent on multifarious factors which involve methodologies to provide strict standardizations along with the use of sophisticated analytical tools. Our experiment therefore could not detect the differences when exposure to particular frequencies of light was given, but it gave a significant difference in the experiment conducted in sunlight, which shows that other factors had contributed more to the photosynthetic process in our experiment than the light source alone."

Tags:Dracaena, frequency, CO2, plant, light

Abstract
The paper discusses the two alternatives of nuclear power and hybrid cars; both being economical enough to impact real change and be accepted into the energy spectrum. However, nuclear power has far more impact and has a proven track record. For example, the paper explains how nuclear power currently accounts for 20% of America's energy production and produces no carbon-dioxide. Hybrid cars, to this point, have only been able to reduce CO2 emissions by 50% and improve gas mileage by 2-3 mpg. This type of effect is simply on too small a scale to be economically viable or have an impact on the environment. The paper concludes that nuclear power, which is reemerging as a power source ready to expand, is the more viable option to reduce CO2 emissions.

From the Paper
"For years alternative energy sources have been a major controversy. The debate has influenced many other areas besides simply energy consumption. It has clearly impacted the economic, political, and social climates of countries around the world. Nuclear power and hybrid cars are two alternatives that have been economical enough to impact real change and be accepted into our energy spectrum. Both of these alternatives are environmentally conscious and are helping to reduce carbon-dioxide levels in the atmosphere; however, clearly one is of greater use in the fight against CO2. Nuclear power has and will continue to be the major clean fuel source in the US, despite the positive impact of hybrid automobiles."

Tags:alternative, carbon, co2, dioxide, fuel, nuclear, power, sources

Abstract
The following paper examines the research provided on atmospheric depletion and its relationship to the survival of humanity. Issues like the greenhouse effect and ozone crisis are discussed. The writer feels strongly towards the serious danger from the pollution that is regularly released into the air and discusses, briefly, ways in which to halt the destructive process.

From the Paper
"One way we are destroying our atmosphere is by releasing carbon dioxide gas. Carbon dioxide makes up part of a natural cycle of carbon involving the atmosphere, land, sea, and plant life (Neal 10). So what is the problem if CO2 is there naturally already? Carbon dioxide makes up a very tiny part of our atmosphere, representing approximately 0.035 percent (Neal 10). 0.035 percent seems insignificant, but consider that a rise of about 0.06 percent changes our atmosphere dramatically (Neal 10). Carbon dioxide is released into the air every time a fossil fuel is burned (Neal 11). Approximately two hundred years ago, the industrial revolution sparked an increase in the burning of the fuels (Neal 11). In fact, my grandparents reside in a small town in South Western Pennsylvania called Allison. This is one of a cluster of small towns in that region. I think that it is safe to say that about eighty percent of the homes in Allison rely on coal as the primary source of heat. Thank goodness for trees and other plants that takes in carbon dioxide and replaces it with oxygen. There lies another problem, though. See, there are not enough trees left on Earth to off set even a small increase in carbon dioxide because rain forests are rapidly disappearing."

Tags:air, atmosphere, carbon, cfc, co2, dioxide, greenhouse, methane, oxygen, ozone

Abstract
The following paper examines how fossil fuels affect climate and contribute to global warming as well as the way in which acid rain and oil spills affect local wildlife. The writer also discusses the effects of mining waste, farming and pharmaceutical waste.

From the Paper
"Fossil fuels have become a major factor in our lives, they are used to power cars, ships, aircraft's and entire economies but at an ecological price. From the combustion of fossil fuels is water and carbon dioxides. This the major waste gases. Others include nitrous oxides, carbon monoxides and sulfur oxides. These contribute vastly to global warming. When the sun radiates electromagnetic radiation through our atmosphere it hits the earth and then the earth reflect this back in the form of longer wavelengths as infra red radiation. "

Tags:algal, bloom, co2, conservation, dioxide, eutophication, fossil, fuels, global, metal, mining, nitrogen, ocean

Abstract
This paper takes an in-depth look at the history and factors that influence and impact the price of North Sea oil. The paper examines how taxation, new technology and extraction costs effect prices of North Sea crude. It also explores the global situation and the impact of dwindling North Sea supplies on global oil prices.

Outline:
General
Global Historical Price Trends
How Oil is Sold
Taxes and North Sea Oil
Tax Situation and New legislation in the UK
Technology Innovations and Tax Incentives
Extraction Costs
Global Competition and North Sea Oil
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The European market will not be able to achieve stability as long as there are no mechanisms in place to control supply and price. Many experts feel that the current situation means the end to low prices for consumers (Appert, 2005). The Brent price started at $40 a barrel in the beginning of 2005, but had risen to $70 a barrel after Hurricane Katrina took out many refineries along the Gulf Coast (Appert, 2005). Oil production has changed since the 1970s. During the 1970s companies worked on building a surplus. However, demand rose quicker than their ability to produce. Now companies work on a just-in-time basis (Appert, 2005). There is no reserve to level supply when it is needed. Changes due to shocks are seen rapidly on the consumer end. Consumers got used to stability in pricing during the 1970s. If supply was low companies had enough in reserve to meet the demand. "

Tags:middle, east, war, US, Gulf, Coast, petroleum, fuel, royalties, tax, scheme, Co2