Abstract
The paper discusses how there are a series of steps neededs in order to assess, plan, and follow through on a patient's progress in treatment of co-occurring disorders, such as drug use and alcoholism. The paper explains that these steps include assessment, screening, treatment planning, and revising and monitoring progress throughout the treatment, which requires properly licensed and/or certified professionals.

From the Paper
"The steps required involve a number of people including family and friends, but most importantly one cannot or should not proceed without the informed consent of the individual to be assessed. It is obviously important, as treatment and recovery is underway to get opinions and information from the largest number of people- both medical and family. Counselors are given this advice: "Always make every effort to contact all involved parties, including family members, persons who have treated the client previously, other mental health and substance abuse treatment providers, friends, significant others, probation officers as quickly as...""

Tags:assessment, screening, treatment planning

Abstract
In this article, the writer examines if there are effective ways to treat co-occurring / co-existing disorders simultaneously instead of using a multitude of techniques. Another aspect of this study is to determine the amount of supporting documentation on effective treatment methods, as well as possible data on other effective methods and methods that may have been proven ineffective or untimely. This study also serves as current research on what characteristics have been determined to create co-occurring / co-existing disorders. The writer points out that people with alcohol use disorders often have co-occurring psychiatric disorders, but they frequently do not receive specialized substance abuse treatment that addresses both conditions. The writer also notes that although pharmacological and psychosocial treatments for alcohol use disorders and psychiatric disorders can be integrated to help these patients, relatively few clinical studies have tested these types of treatments. The writer concludes that as mental health and substance abuse facilities expand their services for patients with dual disorders, further research is needed to guide the treatment of this patient population.

Contents:
Tables
Introduction
Statement of the problem
Purpose of the study
Importance of the study
Scope of the study
Rationale of the study
Definition of Terms
Overview of the study
Review of Related Literature
Methodology
Data Gathering Methods
Database of Study
Validity of Data
Originality and Limitation of Data
Summary
Appendix A
Reference List

From the Paper
"Over the past few decades, there has been research that describes different disorders and treatments. However, a situation, which exists, is that of co-occurring disorders also called coexisting disorders. An important aspect of co-occurring/existing disorders is what treatment methods exists and are they effective, as well as if there are methods of providing these treatments in a combined manner through one method, instead of having patients using multiple treatment methods. When a mental health professional searches for effective ways to treat a patient it is imperative that those chosen methods be effective and in a timely fashion. Another important aspect is what causes these co occurring/existing disorders to occur in the first place. If information can be found that gives a conclusive reason for why co occurring/ existing disorders happen, then researchers may be able to create methods that will be able to stop co occurring/existing disorders for happening or at least decrease the likelihood of them occurring so prevalently."

Tags:mental, illness, substances, patients

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence and types of psychoactive substance use disorders plus other non psychotic mental disorders among a population of homeless persons participating in a behavioral day treatment and contingency management drug treatment program. This study also examines the differences in severity of functioning by diagnostic status on admission to treatment and the effect of diagnostic status on treatment outcome. In this article, the writer examines whether there are effective ways to treat co occurring / existing disorders simultaneously instead of using a multitude of techniques. In addition, the writer determines the amount of supporting documentation on effective treatment methods, as well as possible data on other effective methods and methods that may have been proven ineffective or untimely. This study also serves as current research on what characteristics have been determined to create co-occurring / existing disorders.

Table of Contents:
Tables
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Importance of the Study
Scope of the Study
Rationale of the Study
Definition of Terms
Overview of the Study
Review of Related Literature
Methodology
Approach
Data Gathering Methods
Database of Study
Validity of Data
Originality and Limitation of Data
Summary
Appendix
Reference List

From the Paper
"Although there are treatments for a multitude of disorders that exists there is very little known about methods that treat these disorders simultaneously. Therefore, there is a need to determine if there are co current methods are they effective, how much is known about them, and if there are not currently any methods, are there ways to develop methods that will work on a combination of disorders simultaneously. Co occurring/existing disorders exists, treating these disorders has occurred through numerous channels, this often may cause some distress on the part of the patient; it is also possible that methods may contradict each other in certain aspects. One of the most significant problems is the lack of research on methods to treat co occurring/existing disorders. There is also a lack of information on why co occurring/existing disorders occur, as well as what possible indicators are there that may help clinicians predetermine when co occurring/existing disorders will occur."

Tags:alcohol, dual, diagnosis, treatment

Abstract
This paper discusses the integrated model of treatment for co-occurring psychiatric and substance abuse disorders. Research strongly indicates that "changes in substance disorder have significant effects on symptoms, functioning, and quality of life" (Cuffel, 1996, p. 101). Co-occurring substance use disorders and psychiatric disorders can be assessed and managed effectively only through the integrated treatment model.

Abstract
This paper explores the psychiatric disorder known as ADHD with an emphasis on co-morbitiy, or concurrent symptoms, of ADHD with depression as it occurs in children. The paper is divided into six sections, each dealing with a different aspect of ADHD. The symptoms of ADHD and depression are given particular attention in this analysis. Medical interventions for both conditions, such as therapy and medication, are presented. The paper concludes by recommending early intervention in the assessment and treating of these diseases.

Introduction
Overview of Co-morbid Conditions in ADHD
Etiological Considerations
Clinical Presentations
Comorbidity in ADHD
ADHD and Depressive Disorders
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Patients who are depressed show less concentration in work and patients with the bipolar disorder often show psychomotor distractibility and agitation. It is a problem to distinguish these indications from the basic sign of ADHD. There have been numerous studies which determine clinical contributions of each of the treatment strategies and comorbid disorders. For e.g. a patient with bipolar disorder and comorbid ADHD can be treated first with stimulants. There is a little change which occurs with the intervention of this treatment. But if a mood stabilizer is started, there is a significant amount of improvement expected. After mood stabilization symptoms of AHDH continue to carry on than it gives support for 2 co occurring diagnoses. There is an indication of the addition of a stimulant."

Tags:co-morbidity, school performance, youth, stimulant medication, anti-depressants, psychotherapy

Abstract
The paper discusses the landmark Supreme Court decision "Weyerhaeuser Company versus Ross-Simmons Hardwood Lumber Company," which has had a significant effect on the judicial landscape pertaining to antitrust law. The case involved the legal issues of antitrust laws and monopolies, specifically regarding what test was to be utilized should a predatory bidding occur. The paper discusses that essentially the Supreme Court held that the test used for over a decade to govern predatory pricing was the same test that should be applied to incidences of predatory bidding. The paper states that without competition, there is no check on prices and thus the consumer is the one who suffers. The paper relates that Congress enacted various laws in order to prevent monopolistic business practices from occurring.

Outline:
Introduction
Summary of the Case
Factual Background
Decision
Consequences of the Weyerhaeuser Decision

From the Paper
"Antitrust laws came into existence in the 1800s as a way of protecting the free enterprise value of American capitalism. The need arose during the later part of the century when great industrial corporations, such as Standard Oil and JP Morgan, were able to create monopolies over their industry and thus force out competition. Without competition, there is no check on prices and thus the consumer is the one who suffers. Thus, congress enacted various laws in order to prevent such monopolistic business practices from occurring."

Tags:judicial, landscape, predatory, bidding, market, power

Abstract
This paper explains that Native Americans disproportionately have a greater occurrence of mental health and substance use disorders than the population as a whole. The author relates that the U.S. government's policy of expansion, containment and non-sanctioned genocide in the 1880s has manifested itself in the Native-American population as poverty, alienation from mainstream public services and education, increased risk for medical and psychological conditions and a fractured sense of tribal and family cohesiveness. The paper points out that alcohol dependence combined with major depression or post-traumatic stress disorder are the most prevalent co-occurring disorders. The author reports that the evolving standard treatment method for Native-American clients is integrated mental health and addiction services using motivational interviewing, which is especially compatible with Native-American values.

From the Paper
"Because Native Americans have a long, rich cultural heritage strikingly different from the mainstream of America, and because Native America is segmented into hundreds of tribes, many of which with their own unique cultural systems, providing adequate mental health and chemical dependency services in a culturally sensitive manner is difficult. This very issue serves as a barrier to treatment and outcomes, especially for individuals living off reservations where local community support and tribal customs are not present. Even on reservations, community support is inadequate as funding for mental health services through the Indian Health Services entitlement is woefully under-funded."

Tags:policy co-occurring genetic, motivational interviewing, values

Abstract
The paper critically reviews the literature on the co-occurring disorders in females housed in jails. This review is limited to studies that include psychotic disorders assessed with structured clinical interviews. Only 22 publications meet the criteria for inclusion in this study. Threats to the validity of this study include observer bias, participant bias and instrument bias; these aspects are critically analyzed during the study. Jailed females with psychotic disorders and co-occurring substance disorders have the following: The highest rates of violent crime, recidivism, the highest number of life threatening behaviors while in custody; highest instances of denial of symptoms at intake in order to avoid psychiatric housing, and may fear loosing custody of their children if a psychotic disorder is detected. Over 60% of jailed females have custody of one or more children. This review finds rising rates of psychotic disorders. The Teplin et al., (1996) study is examined extensively. Though this study remains the largest and most cited in healthcare policy journals, it may underestimate the prevalence and needs of jailed females of today.
Outline:
Abstract
Problem statement
Literature review: Search methods, Reviews, Epidemiological Studies, Combined Methodological Critique.
Implications
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
" Mental Disorders like Schizophrenia and co-occurring Substance Disorders like Methamphetamine Dependence in jailed females is uncertain. This review is the outcome of a systematic international literature search on the epidemiology of mentally disordered female inmates admitted to jails. The goals of the review are to summarize current knowledge on this subject, describe the research methods used, as well as suggest how future research might be planned to extend and focus this knowledge on psychiatric epidemiology in jails. Data limited to studies using structured clinical interviews assessing mental and substance disorders was quantitatively reviewed and critically evaluated. A special emphasis was placed on the Psychotic Disorders and co-occurring Substance Disorders, because inmates with these disorders have the highest violent crime and recidivism rates, they call for the medical resources in the jails where they are housed."

Tags:dsm-iv, scid, cods, jail, inmate, recidivism, psychopathology, mental, substance, disorders, epidemiological, data, suicide, cohort, studies, sads-l, schizophrenia, dis

Abstract
This paper argues that there are clear links between illegal drug use and mental illness. The paper further notes that the most effective way to view these correlations is to regard illegal drug use and mental illness as co-occurring disorders. The paper then examines why people use illegal drugs. Some of the reasons cited include coping with stress and with such issues as discrimination and unfair treatment among members of minority groups.

From the Paper
"There are clear links between illegal drug use and mental illness. However, there is little evidence that such links are direct. The most effective way to view these correlations is to regard illegal drug use and mental illness as co-occurring disorders (Craig & Johnson, 2008). When people have mental illness by itself, it is far more simple to treat and treatment is much more effective than when illegal drug use is involved with the disorder. People use illegal drugs and become involved in substance abuse for many reasons. Coping with stress and with such issues as discrimination and..."

Tags:drugs, mental, illness

Abstract
This paper explains that given the magnitude of the issue, it is essential that clinics, schools, juvenile detention centers and medical clinics have screening instruments at hand that quickly and accurately evaluate potential or present abuse or dependency conditions in the populations they serve. The paper defines the criteria that make a screening instrument for AAOD use valuable. The author lists the most up-to-date instruments available, gives a brief description of the applicability of each and reviews the critical literature that evaluates their respective reliability and validity.

Table of Contents
Introduction
The Adolescent Alcohol and Other Drug (AAOD) Problem: An Overview The History of AAOD
Consequences of AAOD
Constellation of Symptoms Making Up AAOD
Co-Occurring Psychiatric Illnesses
AAOD Etiology
AAOD Epidemiological Research
Screening for AAOD Use: Its Relevance to the Problem
Other Risk Factors in AAOD Use
Use of DSM Criteria in Identification of AAOD Use
Factors to be Considered in Self-Reported Data
Critical Review of Selected Instruments
Summary/Discussion
Appendix One: Chart

From the Paper
"The majority of AAOD screening instruments rely on the subject to self-report the history and extent of his or her substance use, primarily for lack of any other method of attaining the information. Some instruments, particularly those that are designed primarily for younger children, also require the input of a parent or guardian; however, the degree of validity of the adult's perceptions has been widely regarded by clinicians as somewhat low. A study which tracked a cohort of young children for twenty-five years through to adulthood, measuring the relationship of alcohol use to school dropout incidence, found that the child's first-grade teacher typically had a clearer view of potential behavioral problems than did the parent."

Tags:clinic, quick, accurate, criteria, evaluation