Abstract
This paper explores the psychiatric disorder known as ADHD with an emphasis on co-morbitiy, or concurrent symptoms, of ADHD with depression as it occurs in children. The paper is divided into six sections, each dealing with a different aspect of ADHD. The symptoms of ADHD and depression are given particular attention in this analysis. Medical interventions for both conditions, such as therapy and medication, are presented. The paper concludes by recommending early intervention in the assessment and treating of these diseases.

Introduction
Overview of Co-morbid Conditions in ADHD
Etiological Considerations
Clinical Presentations
Comorbidity in ADHD
ADHD and Depressive Disorders
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Patients who are depressed show less concentration in work and patients with the bipolar disorder often show psychomotor distractibility and agitation. It is a problem to distinguish these indications from the basic sign of ADHD. There have been numerous studies which determine clinical contributions of each of the treatment strategies and comorbid disorders. For e.g. a patient with bipolar disorder and comorbid ADHD can be treated first with stimulants. There is a little change which occurs with the intervention of this treatment. But if a mood stabilizer is started, there is a significant amount of improvement expected. After mood stabilization symptoms of AHDH continue to carry on than it gives support for 2 co occurring diagnoses. There is an indication of the addition of a stimulant."

Tags:co-morbidity, school performance, youth, stimulant medication, anti-depressants, psychotherapy

Abstract
This paper considers the diagnostic validity of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The evolution of the current diagnostic category, its reliability and validity,and points of controversy are discussed. Particular attention is given to the high degree of co morbidity observed in individuals diagnosed with PTSD and the implications of co morbidity for diagnosis and conceptualisation.

Outline
The Evolution of the PTSD Diagnosis
Diagnostic Reliability
Co morbidity
Conclusion

From the Paper
"During the late 1800s and early 1900s, investigations among combat veterans, the bereaved, and survivors of natural disasters, described a range of trauma-related conditions such as 'combat neurosis', 'post-traumatic mental complications', and 'fright neurosis' (Saigh, & Bremner, 1999). These early investigation described various types of trauma reactions including heightened levels of anxiety and physiological arousal, sleep disturbance, recurrent experiences of reliving the event, somatic complaints, mood disturbance and changes in personality."

Tags:complex, dsm, ptsd, neurosis

Abstract
The paper discusses a research on the multimodal approach to psychotherapy. The paper provides an analysis of the outcome of multimodal methods in practice by observing children with ADHD between the ages of 4 and 14. The paper provides a discussion of modalities and instruments including the BASCr with detailed information regarding the expected outcomes.

Outline:
Purpose and History
Superiority of the Multimodal Method - Evidence Based Therapies
Treatment Plan Introduction
Discussion
References

From the Paper
"Lazarus abandoned his behavioral theory somewhat hover, during the mid 1970s, when he discovered patients with certain conditions including "anxiety, panic disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders and depression" demonstrated high levels of relapse where the patient would start having symptoms even after treatment (Alic, 2006). Lazarus' theory of multimodal therapy blossomed from this discovery, as it is a technique that allows the psychotherapist to utilize many different modalities or "psychological parameters" to treat symptoms as long as they were different from each other. The various tools or modalities one may use as part of multimodal therapy include "behavior, physiology, cognition, interpersonal relationships, sensation, imagery and affect."

Tags:multimodal, therapy, co-morbid

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the case of Mary who is a 16-year-old female incarcerated for assault with a deadly weapon. The writer explains that Mary had been diagnosed with conduct and dysthymic disorder prior to her incarceration. The paper also highlights the effectivity of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for female adolescents who are incarcerated. The writer reviews issues surrounding cultural awareness and CBT and reviews Mary's case presentation. The writer then discusses how CBT can be effective specifically for Mary and concludes with a brief review of potential ethical issues for the practitioner.

Outline:
Abstract
Case Presentation

From the Paper
"Through effective CBT intervention, significant reframing occurred, changing perceptions, thinking and behavior. For example, one goal for CBT with Mary was increase her levels of self-respect and self-esteem, as different from false bravado as a defense mechanism forcing her to act tough and repeat her assaultive behavior patterns."
"Another goal was to effectively deal with her past experiences and leave them in the past rather than continue to relive them in the present. It was believed that this approach would help reduce her dysthymic and conduct disorder symptoms."

Tags:cognitive, practitioner, treatment, mental, health

Abstract
This paper discusses obesity as a complicated and rapidly advancing disease affecting millions of people every year. It analyzes the multiple environmental and genetic factors that may contribute to obesity, as well as patients' risks for co morbid conditions and complications. It discusses the benefits of weight-loss for obese patients.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Definition
Incidence
Pathophysiology and Epidemiology Obesity
Signs and Symptoms
Anesthesia Management
Conclusions

From the Paper
"Physiological changes and pharmacokinetic implications exist for obese patients and the anesthesiologist working with them (Casati & Putzu, 2005). Obesity increases fat and lean body mass, with fat tissue increasing at a rate higher than lean body mass, which can affect the distribution of anesthesia based on the lipid solubility of the drug (Casati & Putzu, 2005). Loading doses are often necessary and must be adjusted based on a patient's weight (Casati & Putzu, 2005). Dosages of pharmacokinetic agents are often based on ideal rather than actual total body weight (Casati & Putzu, 2005). Drug dosing is often based overall on the "volume of distribution for the loading dose and on the clearance for maintenance, with volume of distribution being increased if drug is distributed among lean and fat tissues (Casati & Putzu, 2005)."

Tags:morbidity, disease, nursing

Abstract
This paper examines how both alcohol and cocaine are addictive drugs, which exert negative effects on the in both physical and mental well-being. It looks at how alcohol has a more significant physiological effect and can cause more significant long-term physical consequences than can cocaine; alcohol tends to age the body more and cause more lasting physical effects than does cocaine. It shows how, in both cases, the substances may be associated with co-morbid or pre-morbid depression, only in the setting of a comprehensive treatment program can either the alcoholic or the cocaine addict truly seek meaningful sobriety.

From the Paper
"In contrast to alcohol, cocaine is an amphetamine drug which is taken in by smoking or injection or by absorption through mucus membranes such as the inside of the nose or the lips and mouth. As an amphetamine, cocaine produces an opposite effect to the sedative properties of alcohol. The cocaine user will have a sensation of euphoria and extreme well being associated with heightened sensation and increased heart and respiratory rates as well as blood pressure. While it takes several hours to overcome the effects of alcohol, the "high" achieved from cocaine use is relatively short , usually 30 minutes to one hour in duration depending on frequency and amount used. The effect on the cardiovascular system and the central nervous system ends when the high ends and a cocaine addict usually experience no physiological withdrawal and does not require any medical support for the post-use period."

Tags:drug, addiction, treatment, program, amphetamine

Abstract
This paper examines the various components that render the Indian-Americans' risk level for coronary heart disease so high and then discusses various preventative measures that can improve the health and potential health of Indian-Americans. Among the components discussed are genetic components, other co-morbid diseases, metabolic effects, environmental considerations, concurrent infections and anatomical considerations. The paper also discusses the preventative measures such as omega 3 (fish oil), antioxidants and exercise.
Introduction
Review of Literature and Discussion
Methodology
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Indian Americans have the highest risk of heart disease in the world. This paper establishes that this is due to several factors. First, genetic components. Indians have a strong family history of heart disease, and this increases their risks. Second, other co-morbid diseases such as hypertension and diabetes contribute strongly. Among metabolic effects, CRP levels are the greatest single indicator of heart disease risk and must be measured carefully by all at risk, most especially Indian Americans. Of environmental considerations, the wealth of Indian Americans often worsens their heart conditions. Infections such as Chlamydia often increase risks of heart disease, but this has not been shown to be a cause especially linked to Indian Americans. One of the largest differentials is Indian Americans' smaller blood vessels, which often result in ineffective balloon angioplasties.
In total, Indian Americans face a grave heart disease risk and they must constantly monitor their risks and their cardiologists must be made of the increased risks they face in order to avoid this killer disease."

Tags:coronary, native

Abstract
This paper examines the difficulties of diagnosing adolescents for psychological problems, which includes the difficulties of sifting out the normal ups and downs of adolescence and the challenge of detecting co-morbid conditions accurately. It looks at how it is crucial for diagnosticians to be very familiar with the tools available in order to look at an adolescent's difficulties from several angles to make sure that diagnosis is both accurate and complete.

From the Paper
"DSM gives very specific guidelines for diagnosis. For instance, for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD), DSM lists three general areas of behavior with specific behaviors listed (inattention, hyperactivity and/or impulsivity); the minimum number of specific behaviors that must be present; The number of general areas which must meet the criteria; and the need to do a differential diagnosis, which will ensure that AD/HD is the best explanation for the person's difficulties (APA, 1994). What it does not tell the diagnostician is how he or she is to determine whether the patient or client meets the criteria. The DSM does not list any specific tests or measures to do."

Tags:adhd, clinician, testing, tools

Abstract
This paper examines existing research to discuss antisocial behavior in females with co-morbid diagnoses of ADHD and conduct disorder. It explains the fundamentals of both conditions and the factors that led to the association of males with the disorders.

From the Paper
"Detention centers and residential treatment facilities are replete with male and female youth that have been in and out of the juvenile justice system for many years. Although the majority of the populations in these facilities are male, the number of female juvenile offenders is continually increasing. Many of the children in these facilities have a history of behavioral difficulties that may or may not have been diagnosed during much of their childhood."

Tags:cd, rules, attention, deficit, hyperactivity, juvenile, offense, inattention, impulsivity

Abstract
This paper examines the diagnosis made for adolescents who experience conduct disorder and major depressive disorder . The author examines how these two disorders effect adolescents and the differences between the above diagnosis for adults and children. In addition the author looks at the trend for African-American youth to be teacher-reported for externalized symptoms more than Euro-American youth and the risk of substance abuse that youth who suffer from co-morbid conduct disorder and depression face.

From the Paper
"Distinguishing between conduct disorder and major depressive disorder in the assessment of adolescent patients has proved to be a difficult task for clinicians (Meller & Borchardt, 1996; Herkov & Myers, 1996). While current literature has found that the two diagnoses are often comorbid, it appears that major depressive disorder may be under diagnosed, in part because the symptoms of conduct disorder tend to veil the symptoms of depression (Herkov & Myers, 1996; Swearer, 1998; Reinecke, 1995). There is evidence that adolescents express disorders differently than adults, and that "acting out" behaviors that are associated with conduct disorder may be a way for adolescents to express their depressive feelings (Reinecke, 1995). This under diagnosis of depression in adolescents is a serious problem because of the potential for improper treatment for the patient (Herkov & Myers, 1996). Therefore, it is of the utmost importance that clinicians are aware of the difficulties in discriminating between the two disorders."

Tags:disease, children, adolescents, development, mental, health