Abstract This paper discusses the issue of welfare dependency. Some believe that welfare programs actually facilitate the creation of a welfare culture that becomes dependent on the programs. But how true is this argument? Does the welfare system actually create the conditions of welfare dependency? Is there such a thing as welfare dependency? The paper reviews these questions and the discussions they create.
From the Paper "For the past several decades, there has been a growing debate over the effectiveness of developing welfare states in the West. In the United States, in particular, the welfare state has been criticized heavily. In fact, despite a history of welfare dating back to the early decades of the Twentieth Century, politics in the United States still fall back on anti-welfare rhetoric. One of the major issues on which the debate has turned is the matter of welfare dependency. Some believe that welfare programs actually facilitate the creation of a welfare culture that becomes dependent on the programs. According to this argument, over time individuals are less able to function without the aid of the state. They become utterly dependent upon welfare "handouts" in order to survive. "
Abstract This paper describes the stalemate America faces in trying to find a solution to being dependent on oil from the Arab world. The author traces the history and background of this problem, and cites the end of the 1973 oil embargo as the reason that no serious research has continued in this field. The paper additionally shows how oil pricing is high and further outlines the causes of Western dependency on oil. Also analyzed is the connection between oil dependency, the increased energy needs of emerging nations and the environment. The author concludes with a call for more research and public awareness of the issue of oil dependency.
Outline:
Introduction and Background
Genesis, Continuation and Increasing of Problem
Attempted Solutions
Evidence for the Problems of High Oil Price
Causes
Effects
Solutions
Conclusion
Table "U.S. Retail Gasoline Prices"
From the Paper "Solutions to the ongoing and continually-increasing problem of oil dependency could still be reached; if the political will and commitment were to truly exist (and in the opinion of this author, it currently does not). No real solution is viable without that. Oil lobbies would need to lose their grip on Washington politicians, which would even conceivably happen only if a groundswell of citizenry were to threaten to "un-elect" the career politicians supported, politically and sometimes, at least to an extent, personally (trips; favors) by various big oil interests."
Tags: oil, OPEC, United, States, Arab, world, petroleum, dependency, alternative, energy, sources
Abstract The research problem for this study was whether inhalant use in the 12 to 17 year-old age group correlated with inhalant abuse and dependence, and whether inhalant use progresses to abuse and dependence. The research delimited the scope of the problem very well by ensuring that inhalant use, abuse, and dependence were all made clear, the age group was clearly defined, and all issues of race, ethnicity, and other factors were also addressed.
Outline:
Ethical Aspects
Critique of the Research Problems, Research Questions, and Hypotheses
Critique of Theoretical or Conceptual Framework
Critique of the Qualitative and Integrated Design
Critique of the Data Collection Procedures
Evaluation of the Data Quality in the Research Report
Critique of the Qualitative Analysis of the Research Report
Critique of the Interpretive Dimensions of the Research Report
Critique of the Presentation of the Research Report
Works Cited
From the Paper "It does not appear that any of the participants were coerced or unduly influenced into providing answers for the study. There was nothing in the study about the participants having the right to refuse, and it can only be assumed that the participants were able to refuse the entire interview or refuse to answer a specific question if they so chose. Since the study does not state that these individuals had to participate for a particular reason, this is a reasonable assumption made from reading the study. The participants may have been somewhat vulnerable, however, since they were between the ages of 12 and 17 and it is possible that their thinking processes and their feelings about the study and interview were not the same as what would be seen from an adult in the same situation or being asked the same question. It is also possible that the interviewees in that age group lied or embellished their stories and answers for reasons unknown to the interviewers."
Abstract This paper analyzes Lesley Gill's ethnographic work ?Precarious Dependencies? and examines the relationships between Aymara-speaking domestic servants and their upper-class women employers in La Paz from 1930 to the late 1980s. The paper provides insight into the nature of class, gender, and race in Bolivia and the oppression of women in general. It discusses the important use anthropology in our post-colonial world.
From the Paper "Lesley Gill's ethnography Precarious Dependencies examines the relationships between Aymara-speaking domestic servants and their upper-class women employers in La Paz from 1930 to the late 1980s. While the work is in many ways ? like any good ethnography ? about the particular daily content of the lives of these women, it is also ? like any good ethnography ? about broader issues as well, and Gill clearly intends for us to read from her careful descriptions of what has happened in Bolivia a more general way to investigate how the general subordination of women can be understood in the context of class, race, and ethnic inequality."
Abstract This paper examines the concepts of modernisation and dependency theory in relation to developed and undeveloped countries. It shows how the theories are very different in their approach and the eventual outcomes of their analysis of the world system lead to very different ideas as to how the undeveloped world can "catch up" with the western world. It attempts to address the different elements inherent within the two theories, highlighting any differences and similarities and how they may be applied in the current global environment.
From the Paper "The theory of Dependency was according to Chong-Ya: ?in vogue in Latin America in the 1950s and 1960s,? although its origins as an established critique stem from the inauguration of the Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) in 1948. The major role of the ECLA was to initiate "more systematic economic research" whilst it also ?necessitated a policy of import substitution, later systematized into a fully-fledged development strategy.? Yet the theory still holds weight in light of the increase in supposed exploitative agents. Recent globalisation is thought to have been the origin of the exponential growth of the dominance of multi-national largely western corporations in the world system."
Abstract This paper examines how the pathological manifestation of dependency is a condition that has been the focus of a long line of personality theorists since the time of Freud. It looks at how pathological dependency has also been examined quite extensively by a multitude of personality researchers, and their efforts have yielded an extensive literature on the personality correlates of persons with dependent personality disorder (DPD). It shows how current research into the personality of the dependent person emphasizes interpersonal behaviour and the variation that exists within current diagnoses of DPD persons and how the role of future researchers is to further our understanding of DPD from the interpersonal perspective and to apply diverse models of personality in order to gain a truly comprehensive understanding of the personality of the DPD person. Pathological dependency is a condition that has perplexed researchers for more than a century, and further research into the underlying personality structure of the dependent personality is imperative in understanding the etiology, symptomatology, and effective treatment of this intriguing disorder.
From the Paper "Rather than proposing a specific course of development to explain personality development, Alfred Adler, another of Freud's successors, theorized that individuals adopt a style of life, referring to the ways in which persons pursue their goals and strive for a sense of superiority. Adler believed that individuals are motivated by feelings of inferiority, and that the path toward psychological health involves striving for superiority to attain completion, which leads to a constructive lifestyle and a sense of psychological well-being (Adler, 1930). Neurosis, on the other hand, is theorized to be the result of a striving for personal superiority, leading to the adoption of a destructive lifestyle, and consequently resulting in some form of psychopathology. Adler believed that a person develops a distinctive style of life through the culmination of the person's family experiences and their interpretations of these experiences."
Abstract This paper uses the example of Canada to illustrate the modern world's dependency on automobiles. The paper explains that cheap fuel, inexpensive cars and poor public transportation make it very easy and convenient for people to simply use automobiles for transportation and that, in order to reduce our dependency on automobiles, cities must adopt new urbanism planning models.
From the Paper "Most people in todays society rely solely on their cars for means of transportation. With cheap fuel, inexpensive cars and poor public transportation, it is just easier for people to drive to where they want to go. Not only do most Canadians drive to work, fewer and fewer are choosing to take public transportation. Mainly because of a lack of federal funding, our transit systems aren't fast enough, direct enough or convenient enough to make them attractive options for more people. Currently, local and provincial governments spend nearly three billion dollars per year on transit, while the federal government provides no funding. To revitalize transit in Canada, federal and provincial governments should establish public transit improvement funds out of annual fuel-tax revenue (Torrie, 2004). By creating a better transit system that is more appealing to the masses, auto dependency would decrease. Cities like Vancouver and Calgary are utilizing more user friendly transportation systems. They have rapid transit systems that connect suburban areas to the downtown along major thoroughfares, as well as buses that link the more isolated areas to the rapid transit systems. Vancouver it is almost double the average U.S. cities transit level (Newmann, 1996). Meanwhile a city such as Winnipeg is so dependant on its automobiles it cannot begin to even attempt to utilize a rapid transit system. It has such a hold on the use of private autos that all of the streets are designed with the private automobile in mind. The physical layout of our cities creates an inelasticity of demand for automobile usage; to reduce demand is to cause considerable pain as alternatives simply do not exist (Newmann, 1996)."
Abstract This paper relates the issues of drug use, such as tolerance and dependence. The author defines psychological and physical drug dependence. The paper explores psychoactive drugs, marijuana and heroin and the way drug dependence develops.
From the Paper "According to "The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy" a single definition of drug dependence is neither desirable nor possible because some illicit drug use does not involve dependence of any kind. Drug dependence of a specific type such as heroin or cocaine dependence emphasizes the fact that different drugs have different effects as well as type and risk of dependence. Two primary concepts contribute to defining drug dependence, tolerance, which describes a need to progressively increase a dose to ..."
Abstract This paper looks at the prevalence of chemical dependence and mental illness in adolescents and some its causes. The paper discusses primary and secondary causes as well as the most common chemicals abused. It also looks at the brain chemistry involved, and examines the genetic basis of chemical dependencies.
From the Paper "Substance abuse by adolescents is a pattern of substance, drug or alcohol use leading to significant problems e.g., absence from school, interference with family or friend relationships or legal problems. Substance dependence is the continued use of drugs or alcohol even when significant problems related to their use have developed. There may be an increased tolerance to the drug of choice, a need for increased amounts of the drug to attain the same desired effect, withdrawal symptoms with decreased use difficulty stopping..."
Abstract This paper discusses the flow of goods in Haiti, which is currently the poorest nation in the Western hemisphere. It explores the dependency theory, which states that the development of wealthy central capitalist nations is dependent on the underdevelopment of poorer, peripheral nations. It then discusses this theory's validity as it relates to Haiti.
From the Paper "An Examination Of The Flow Of Goods In Haiti: A Confirmation Of Dependency Theory Dependency theory states that the development of wealthy central capitalist nations is dependent on the underdevelopment of poorer, peripheral nations. According to the theory, the economies of these peripheral nations are distorted to serve the core capitalist nations. Currently the poorest nation in the Western hemisphere is Haiti. For longer than a century the nation has been oppressed by wealthier nations who have sought to exploit its capacity for trade, reducing its economic state to its current pitiful position. Recent statistics indicate that Haitian's have suffered (and continue to suffer) under appalling conditions. Only half the population has access to uncontaminated drinking water, a mere quarter have sewage disposal and the life expectancy rate is 54 years."
An inspection of Eleanor Vance (of Shirley Jackson's "The Haunting of Hill House") and her co-dependent attributes that allow her to be drawn into the evil Hill House and its spirits.
922 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 1 source, 2001, $ 32.95
Abstract The paper examines the personality of Eleanor Vance, the main character in Shirley Jackson's "The Haunting of Hill House", from a psychological viewpoint. It proposes that the reason Eleanor is drawn to Hill House and the spirits within is because she has a co-dependent personality.
From the Paper The paper examines the personality of Eleanor Vance, the main character in Shirley Jackson's The Haunting of Hill House, from a psychological viewpoint. It proposes that the reason Eleanor is drawn to Hill House and the spirits within is because she has a co-dependent personality.
Abstract An argumentative essay discussing the occurrence of co-dependence among women, how it can be dealt with, and what some causes may be. The author looks at women in physical and mentally abusive relationships.
From the Paper "There are many women today who are in relationships that are abusive either physically or emotionally. What's worse is that many of these women stay in the abusive relationships or go from one abusive relationship to another throughout the course of their lives. When asked why, some common replies are that their partner doesn't really treat them badly, they have a lot of good qualities, or that he says he will change. The truth of the matter is, these women stay in abusive relationships because they are codependent and this is a problem that needs to be dealt with."
Abstract This paper examines the economic plight of Catherine who represents the women of nineteenth century America. It shows how Catherine, a young woman lives with her father, a doctor, and is dependent on him for her livelihood. The writer discusses how Catherine's choices are limited first by social standing and economic realities, and second by decisions made by the paternal figure watching over her before she is betrothed.
From the Paper "More than this, though, Townsend sees women as no more than objects to be used for his own needs, both sexual and financial. He seeks out women who can provide him with the funds he needs to live in the manner he prefers. Marriage for him is a means to acquire a dowry or an inheritance. He is not concerned for how this might affect Catherine, and he is only concerned about her feelings to the extent that he needs them to be favorable to him if he is to succeed."
Tags: nineteenth, century, marriage, women, dependency
Abstract This paper examines how both dependency theory and Marxist theory suggest reasons why Latin America and similar areas in the world have not achieved the same level of economic development as the developed world and how each theory has then been used as a reason for making changes to effect greater levels of development. It considers the history and political and social structures in Latin America and looks at how the way these theories have affected Latin American economies and their citizens.
From the Paper "Development and underdevelopment are seen in terms of dependency theory as part of the same process and not as separate entities. Dependency theory was fashioned to explain the patterns of development in Latin America and held that this development had been conditioned by the incorporation of the region into the capitalist mode of production. The dependency of the Third World on the developed capitalist nations involves an interaction that explains the economic and social-class formations that have emerged in places like Latin America and also the structure of trade, technology, and investment between the developed and the developing world (Topik, 1987, pp. 554-555)."
Abstract This paper analyzes globalization in developing countries, contrasting the arguments made by neoliberal theorists and dependency theorists. The paper quotes the argument that the key factor limiting development in much of the world is the continued dominance of rent-collecting elites, neither caused by nor eliminated by globalization.
From the Paper "In the last few years, globalization has become a topic of global controversy. Since the late ?'s, major trade conferences and other institutional events associated with economic globalization have become regular sites of mass protests, the protesters evidently being fully as globalized in character as the organizations that they are protesting against. Many of the specific objections to economic globalization are local in spite of the global scope of the anti-globalization movement."
