Abstract
This paper explains that computer clustering involves the use of multiple computers, typically personal computers (PCs) or UNIX workstations, multiple storage devices, and redundant interconnections, to form what appears to users as a single integrated system. This paper points out that, despite some challenges, such as achieving transparency, mitigating network latency, and the split-brain problem, clustering has proven to be a huge success for bringing scale and availability to computing applications. The paper relates that, just as clustering has reduced the importance of supercomputers for parallel processing, clusters are making the mainframe less relevant for batch applications.

From the Paper
"Parallel processing is the processing of program instructions by dividing them among multiple processors with the objective of running a program in less time. Parallel processing is normally applied for rendering and high computational based applications. Rather than using expensive specialized supercomputers for parallel processing, implementers have begun using a large cluster of small, commodity servers. Each server runs its own operating system, to take a number of jobs, process them, and send the output to the primary system. Clusters provide the ability to handle a large task in small bits, or lots and lots of small tasks across an entire cluster, making an entire system more affordable and more scalable."

Tags:multiple, software, workstations, parallel, batch

Abstract
The paper discusses the concerns over the power of the weapon that have primarily been humanitarian, as cluster bombs - shells which release submunitions, or bomblets, from either air or land, with the intention of killing "soft" targets such as enemy soldiers - are unreliable, shedding highly explosive and volatile submunitions over a wide area and often failing to explode on immediate impact. The paper explains that as the target area related to the cluster bomb is wide, and as apparently faulty cluster bombs may be later activated by accidental interference, the threat to civilians lives from delayed detonation is high.

From the Paper
"Is the use of cluster bombs legal, illegal, or sometimes illegal, and sometimes not? Should it be? The cluster bomb and its legitimacy as a weapon of war has recently come under fire, hot on the tails of use during recent conflicts in Iraq, Kosovo and Afghanistan. Concerns over the power of the weapon have primarily been humanitarian, as cluster bombs - shells which release submunitions, or bomblets, from either air or land, with the intention of killing "soft" targets such as enemy soldiers - are unreliable, shedding highly explosive and volatile submunitions over a wide area, often failing..."

Tags:cluster, bombs, illegal

Abstract
This paper discusses the Iraq conflict with regard to the issues surrounding cluster bombs and the humanitarian threat their legality poses. The paper explains that cluster bombs are not always discriminating in their targets, and once fallen, bomblets can remain inactive for some time before exploding. The paper contends that cluster bombs pose an unacceptable risk to civilians, especially children and discusses the lack of global legislation forbidding cluster bomb use. The paper looks at some nations' actions in improving the reliability of cluster munitions, but claims that this does not help when countries use old stockpiles. The paper strongly asserts that it is time for the cluster bomb to be made illegal on the international stage.

Outline:
Introduction
Cluster Bombs: The Facts At A Glance
Cluster Bombs: Position By Country
Are Cluster Bombs Illegal?
Why Cluster Bombs Should Be Made Illegal
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The cluster bomb and its legitimacy as a weapon of war has recently come under fire, hot on the tails of use during recent conflicts in Iraq, Kosovo and Afghanistan. Concerns over the power of the weapon have primarily been humanitarian, as cluster bombs - shells which release submunitions, or bomblets, from either air or land, with the intention of killing "soft" targets such as enemy soldiers - are unreliable, shedding highly explosive and volatile submunitions over a wide area, often failing to explode on immediate impact. As the target area related to the cluster bomb is wide, and as apparently faulty cluster bombs may be later activated by accidental interference, the threat to civilians lives from delayed detonation is high. Recent media attention on cluster bombs has focused on the loss of civilian life in Iraq, one of the most prominent armed conflicts of recent times."

Tags:weapon, munitions, bomblets, humanitarian, detonation, civilians, illegality

Abstract
This paper examines open star clusters. Open star clusters offer insight into the distances to galaxies and the age of the universe. The most recent research suggests the universe is 13.7 billion years old.

Abstract
This paper is an examination of the mechanisms of colon tumorigenesis involving the mutation cluster region of the APC gene. There is an explanation of colon carcinogenesis including an analysis of the Wnt signaling pathway, the roles of the APC gene's different domains, "Knudon's two- hit hypothesis and the "just right" level of signaling theory. The paper also includes a critical discussion about the scientific arguments and research evidence that exists to challenge current understanding of the underlying mechanisms of colon tumorigenesis. One illustration is included which depicts the varying domains of the APC gene.

From the Paper
"Colorectal cancer is the third most common form of cancer and the second leading cause of death in the western world. Nearly 34,900 people are diagnosed with it in the U.K each year and about 16,000 of these die. About 15% of colorectal cancers are hereditary. Hereditary conditions are divided into two categories: the polyposis and the non polyposis types. Two hereditary conditions that have been identified are Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (FAP) and Hereditary Non Polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC). The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene is known to be mutated in all cases of FAP but this condition only accounts for less than 1% of colorectal cancer cases. The condition HNPCC results when mutation occurs in the DNA mismatch repair genes MSH2 and MLH-1 leading to microsatellite instability and defective DNA repair. Non inherited mutations of the APC gene have been detected in over 85% of the remaining sporadic colorectal cancers. "

Tags:Familial, Adenematous, Polyposis, Hereditary, non, polyposis, colon, cancer, Wnt-signally, pathway

Abstract
This paper discusses an intrusion detection algorithm for analyzing university web server log files. It also discusses integrating hierarchical clustering with other algorithms for an intrusion detection system. The paper proposes to use hierarchical clustering as the main back bone of the intrusion detection system and then incorporating other algorithms like statistics and support vector machines (SVM) as needed.

From the Paper
"The initial plan was to use the user signatures method by Seth Freeman or the Traffic Classification technique but the first method seems more suited to an OS than for web server log files and the second seems a lot more complicated and also requires a destination IP, which is not readily available from our log files. I started out by writing a statistics based algorithm but then added hierarchical clustering based on instructor feedback. Eventually I settled on this paper based on hierarchical clustering with other methods as backup although I still like the statistics approach."

Tags:algorithms, tree-like, ids, database, hits

Abstract
This paper provides rhetorical and cluster criticism of Colin Powell's keynote speech at the 1996 Republican convention. It discusses the central concept and themes of the speech. It explores how cluster criticism assists in understanding the speech and world view of the speaker. The author mentions key strategies in the process of cluster criticism.

Tags:rhetoric, cluster criticism

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the use of multivariate analysis (i.e., cluster analysis) to assist in the merger of two companies.

From the Paper
"Any number of multivariate statistical analysis strategies can be used to facilitate market research at WidgeCorp. Multi-dimensional analysis is a technique which allows multiple perspectives on data that is two dimensional including higher level perspectives representing core components of a business plan as well as individual components known as members that reflect time. Factor analysis includes both component and common factor analysis providing a correlation between specific variables that allow an understanding of causal relationships between these variables or factors."

Tags:statistical analysis, cluster analysis

Abstract
This paper relates that Walt Whitman's "Song of Myself", especially within the poem cluster 'Calamus' crows of a youthful wonderment towards the world, devoid of the cynicism brought about by age and prolonged frustration. In the Calamus sequence, the author points out that Whitman confides that he now gathers all of life's significance from the notion of the democratic play of two men in earthly seclusion. According to the paper, each fantasy in 'Calamus' emphasizes flight from Whitman's reality through travel and atmosphere imagery that represents everything his real habitat cannot.

From the Paper
"Through most of 'Calamus', Whitman demonstrates a distance from "Song of Myself" that approaches condescension despite frequently reverting to the original poem's tone. The opening to 'Of the Terrible Doubt of Appearances' questions the entirety of sensual existence and therefore everything he previously had sung. The jumbled thought, "may-be seeming to me what they are (as doubtless they indeed but seem) as from my present point of view, and might prove (as of course they would) nought of what they appear.""

Tags:internally-focused rejection, sexual fulfillment, paths inadequacy

Abstract
This study examines the use of advanced techniques of data clustering in algorithms that employ abstract categories for the pattern matching and pattern recognition procedures used in data mining searches of web documents. The paper discusses the significance and purpose of the study. The author gives exact methodology, organization and statistical results of the study. It also evaluates implementation of data clustering for web based searches and its feasibility.

Table of Contents
Background of the Problem
Significance of the Study
Definitions
Overview of the Methodology
Organization of the Study
Purpose of the Study
Background and a Review of Literature
Alternative Solutions
Feasibility Tests
Evaluation and Implementation
References

From the Paper
"Documents are commonly represented as vector space models. In this model, each document is represented by a point in the space that roughly corresponds with the union of the primary words in the document. The process includes filtering out common words (such as pronouns and conjunctions), ignoring words that are unique to the document, and words are stemmed in order to reduce them to canonical form. Once this is done , the document can be expressed in the form of vectors, and then those vectors can be used to plot a pint in virtual space that represents that specific document. The words of the document are also weighted; without this provision, the more commonly a word appears in a document, the more important it is considered (which is often not really the case). Conversely, words that appear infrequently in a document are considered discriminatory- they serve as a distinguishing feature for the document in question.[10]"

Tags:internet, clustering, algorithms, technique, web, search