Abstract
This paper is an examination of the mechanisms of colon tumorigenesis involving the mutation cluster region of the APC gene. There is an explanation of colon carcinogenesis including an analysis of the Wnt signaling pathway, the roles of the APC gene's different domains, "Knudon's two- hit hypothesis and the "just right" level of signaling theory. The paper also includes a critical discussion about the scientific arguments and research evidence that exists to challenge current understanding of the underlying mechanisms of colon tumorigenesis. One illustration is included which depicts the varying domains of the APC gene.

From the Paper
"Colorectal cancer is the third most common form of cancer and the second leading cause of death in the western world. Nearly 34,900 people are diagnosed with it in the U.K each year and about 16,000 of these die. About 15% of colorectal cancers are hereditary. Hereditary conditions are divided into two categories: the polyposis and the non polyposis types. Two hereditary conditions that have been identified are Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (FAP) and Hereditary Non Polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC). The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene is known to be mutated in all cases of FAP but this condition only accounts for less than 1% of colorectal cancer cases. The condition HNPCC results when mutation occurs in the DNA mismatch repair genes MSH2 and MLH-1 leading to microsatellite instability and defective DNA repair. Non inherited mutations of the APC gene have been detected in over 85% of the remaining sporadic colorectal cancers. "

Tags:Familial, Adenematous, Polyposis, Hereditary, non, polyposis, colon, cancer, Wnt-signally, pathway

Abstract
This paper provides rhetorical and cluster criticism of Colin Powell's keynote speech at the 1996 Republican convention. It discusses the central concept and themes of the speech. It explores how cluster criticism assists in understanding the speech and world view of the speaker. The author mentions key strategies in the process of cluster criticism.

Tags:rhetoric, cluster criticism

Abstract
More of a collated dictionary than an essay, this document outlines the major forms of criticism used to examine the Bible, mainly the New Testament, in today's commentaries. It outlines Source Criticism, Redaction Criticism, Historical Criticism, Socio-Scientific Criticism, Rhetorical Criticism, Reader-Response Criticism, Literary Criticism, Form Criticism, Structuralism, as well as an examination of the terms 'Canonisation' and 'Inspiration'.

From the Paper
"Source criticism attempts to identify the sources that the authors of the New Testament used to write their texts. Scholars aim at discovering whether the text used a source, what that source said, and how exactly the author incorporated that source in to their text (e.g. accurately, or with a hidden agenda). Source criticism also allows scholars to identify alterations to the text that may have occurred at a time after the initial penning of the text."

Tags:mark, matthew, luke, interpretation, israelites, persuasive, discourse, israelites, transactive

Abstract
This paper uses ideological criticism to attempt to discover the true ideology behind the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (FLDS). In order to fully understand the ideology of this religious sect, it dissects it through Neo-Aristotelian and cluster criticism methods which allow the paper to separate specific elements of the speeches and display the full effect that rhetoric has in the FLDS belief system.

Outline
Nature of the Ideology
Research Question
Method
Ideological Criticism
Neo-Aristotelian Criticism
Cluster Criticism
Ideology of the FLDS
Three Artifacts: A Look Behind the Real Ideology
Contribution to Rhetorical Theory

From the Paper
"Through this close analysis of speeches made by Warren Jeffs it is obvious that the FLDS seem to have, in their minds at least, a hegemonic ideology. They believe that they are the chosen ones on earth and that anyone who disagrees with what the Prophet says is deemed unworthy, ultimately placing themselves above every other non-FLDS member person in the world. They abide closely to the Prophet's word and are brought up from a young age embedded with the belief that the Prophet really is a human representation of God on earth. Jeffs uses an intense level of ethos in the beginning of each of his lectures and sermons. By cutting the FLDS members off from the radio, most television stations, and other outside influences, the Prophet is able to mold the minds of these young members from an early age."

Tags:Prophet, warren, jeffs, polygamy, cult

Abstract
This paper details Theodore Dreiser's use of imagery in his novel "Sister Carrie." The writer of this paper also provides a brief look at Dreiser's literary career in which the author has been praised for his fidelity to the facts of ordinary experiences as well as his criticism of bourgeois America. This paper details the areas of incidental animal imagery that run through the novel while citing the largest and most obvious group of images are detailed in the clustering around the sea, which for Dreiser was the symbol of modern urban life. These particular images are first introduced at the end of the chapter one. The writer also describes the plot and main characters in Dreiser's novel.

From the Paper
"The most terrifying quality of Dreiser's society-sea, however, is not the width of the gulf between poverty and success, but the suggestions that those who attempt a crossing are without power to advance or remain anchored, that each traveler makes more perilous the plight of another, and that the port of success constantly shifts. The powerless travelers in this sea drift (the word is repeated at least a dozen times in the novel) on the tide; we are told that Carrie "felt the flow of the tide of effort and interest-felt her own helplessness without quite realizing the wisp on the tide that she was." This is naturally because on could only survive such a sea unaware of their fragility. Drouet, in fact, clowns his way through the whole novel "assured that he was alluring all, that affection followed tenderly in his wake." Whether or not Dreiser consciously intended the pun on Carrie's name, it is clear that he conceives of her as carried along by the sea, not moving by the exertions of her will."

Tags:literature, imagery, analysis, american, review

Abstract
This paper examines the sampling techniques presented in three articles from "Voices from the Field: Readings in Criminal Justice Research " by Pope, Lovell and Brandl (Ed.). In each article, the author compares the sampling process to the optimal technique for the purpose of the study and analyzes the representativeness of the population from which it was drawn. The articles are 'Heavy Metal Music Preference, Delinquent Friends, Social Control, and Delinquency' by Singer and Levine, 'Collective and Normative Features of Gang Violence' by S. Decker and 'A Badge and a Baccalaureate' by R. Warden. The paper concludes that sampling is critical to the reliability of the study.

From the Paper
"The first article is 'Heavy Metal Music Preference, Delinquent Friends, Social Control, and Delinquency'. The population used was public and private senior high school students in a large, New York suburban community. Using school board lists, 1,475 students were sampled. Of this number, interviews were completed with 705 youths. This study used proportionate sampling as its sampling technique. Crucial to this type of sampling is that the study specified the probability that any given element is included."

Tags:optimal reliability, senior high school students, active gang members, cluster sampling

Abstract
This paper explains that Bible codes are words, phrases and clusters of words and phrases in various coded form in the text of the Bible, which some people, such as journalist Michael Drosnin, believe are meaningful and exist intentionally. The author points out that Michael Drosnin implies that society can decipher warnings, such as 9/11, from Bible codes by using a computer program; however, many scholars and critics feel that Drosnin does not present adequate evidence to support his claims. The paper concludes that the issue of hidden Bible codes shows a lack of respect for the Bible as the written word of God. The paper includes an annotated bibliography.

From the Paper
"We all fear the unexpected, the unknown. If we discover the unknown, the outcomes of our lives change. It would mean that we would live our whole lives, waiting for the "unknown" to reveal itself. If humans today have the ability to decipher codes in the Bible, then it would mean that humans today would be "deciphering God's plan." I truly believe that we are not ready for that specific information concerning our lives or our futures. I do not think that God would give us a piece of His knowledge concerning His people until we have lived our lives the way God intended us to live it."

Tags:computers, drosnin, system, mathematicians, debate

Abstract
This paper focuses on clinical depression, the most common type of mood disorder, and its symptoms and diagnosis. The paper looks at
depression in adolescents and the importance of a good relationship with parents, and also discusses the relationship between depression and self-critical and anti-social behavior. In addition, the paper looks at treatment for clinical depression and other mood disorders. A discussion on personality disorders and how they are classified into three clusters is also included in the paper. The focus of the paper is on schizoid personality disorder, borderline personality disorder and avoidant personality disorder and the treatments of these disorders.

From the Paper
"Mood disorders and personality disorders are becoming more and more common in society as an increased awareness of mental health appears. Mood disorders are normally caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain that occurs when something significant in a person's life does. This could be losing a loved one or going through a divorce. These disorders are usually treatable with therapy and medication, but they are very dangerous because they can cause a person to act very unpredictably. Personality disorders also cause unpredictable behavior and they are usually treated with just therapy because they are often a result of social conditioning. Both of these styles of disorders are becoming more visible in society and, therefore, awareness is needed in order to keep them from becoming huge problems."

Tags:anti-social, behavior, socialization, adolescents, depression, schizoid, borderline, avoidant, personality, disorder

Abstract
This paper critically analyzes and reviews a 2007 study published in the "Journal of Preventive Medicine", entitled "Patterns and Correlates of Physical Activity and Nutrition Behaviors in Adolescents" by Sanchez, et. al. According to the paper, the study demonstrates that there are marked differences along ethnic lines in how adolescents exercise and get nutrition The study's purpose was to determine the prevalence, clustering, and correlates of multiple adolescent health behaviors to assist in informing the design of health promotion interventions.

From the Paper
"A 2007 study published in the Journal of Preventive Medicine, entitled "Patterns and Correlates of Physical Activity and Nutrition Behaviors in Adolescents" demonstrates that there are marked differences along ethnic lines in how adolescents exercise and get nutrition (Sanchez, Norman, Sallis, Calfas, Cella and Patrick, 2007). The study's purpose, as stated, was to determine the "prevalence, clustering, and correlates of multiple adolescent health behaviors" to assist in informing the "design of health promotion interventions" (124). The study examined a significant sample of..."

Tags:nutrition, ethnicity, health