Abstract
The paper provides research that supports the thesis that federal courthouse doors should remain closed to those on death row, to ensure finality is reached on all issues unlikely to succeed in the courthouse. The paper discusses how if criminal offenders have access to adequate counsel during their preliminary hearings, there is no reason to assume they require additional petitions at the federal or the state level.

From the Paper
"In the U.S. the issue of equality before the law has always been one of primary importance. This is evidenced by the fact that all citizens, even those accused of federal crimes warranting death penalty, have an opportunity to appeal with new information (Snyder, 1998). All criminals regardless of their crimes however, are provided equal opportunity and access to counsel and legal advisors, even if court appointed. There are those however, that argue federalism concerns arise under "equal protection rationale" (Snyder, 1998:2211). Under this theory, legal researchers note that forcing state representatives to provide counsel and additional appeals may decrease the federal governments "intrusion on state power" (Snyder, 1998:2211). This suggests death row inmates who have additional counsel at the state level will "have fewer habeas petitions" as those petitioning will have significant time and support to substantiate and pursue any claims they have about their case (Snyder, 1998:2212)."

Tags:preliminary, hearings, counsel, sentencing, finality

Abstract
This paper considers the ways in which Emma of Gustave Flaubert's "Madame Bovary" is a tragic feminist figure because she vainly strives to be a man.

Abstract
A teacher's work is behind a closed door in isolation. The relationship a teacher has with her student's is private and encompasses an intimacy that can only be found in a family structure. When special education emerged in 1970, with the entry of children with disabilities, separate classrooms were created with their own teachers-there was no real integration. Teachers became surrogate parents to children that need emotional, physical and/or mental stimulation and care constantly. Special education classrooms in many ways held back students from gaining the skills they needed to function in the world. The close relationship they developed with their teacher behind the closed door of the classroom did not prepare them for the world outside.

From the Paper
Regular Education Teachers and Special Education Classrooms A teacher's work is behind a closed door in isolation. The relationship a teacher has with her student's is private and encompasses an intimacy that can only be found in a family structure. When special education emerged in 1970, with the entry of children with disabilities, separate classrooms were created with their own teachers--there was no real integration. Teachers became surrogate parents to children that need emotional, physical and/or mental stimulation and care constantly. Special education classrooms in many ways held back students from gaining the skills they needed to function in the world. The close relationship they developed

Tags:integration, mainstreaming, pull, out

Abstract
This paper takes a close look at two major scenes in William Faulkner's "Absalom, Absalom!" in which white bodies are denied entrance by black bodies. The paper looks at how this affects the characters' understanding of their racial identity and examines how these images of doorways and thresholds relate to the murder of Charles Bon.

From the Paper
"In his article, ?Behind Closed Doors: The Unknowable and Unknowing in Absalom, Absalom!,? Herberden Ryan states, "the most crucial moments of the story involve the crossing of some thresholds, and the threshold between narrated events (past) and the narration of them (present) is perhaps the most basic" (295). In particular, Ryan examines two key door scenes, the young Thomas Sutpen's attempt to enter the slave-owner's front door in Tidewater, Virginia in 1820; and Rosa Coldfield's attempt to pass Clytie Sutpen at Sutpen's Hundred in 1865. In their own way, both Sutpen and Rosa make it through their doorways, but at a great price, and in many other ways what they find on the other side is not always what they thought they would find. Furthermore, as Ryan argues, the readers of Absalom, Absalom! are often faced with their own doors as some events are hidden or witheld from them by Faulkner as means of narrative technique."

Tags:clytie, coldfield, rosa, sutpen, thomas

Abstract
This paper examines the New York State (NYS) Public Authority Accountability Act, the S-OX Rule 404, a related report by the NYS Comptroller and a report by the Attorney General and the State Isnpector General, requested by NYS Governor, which addressed the sale of certain land rights bordering the Erie Canal. The author explores the factors contributing to the passage of the NYS Public Authority Accountability Act, its intent , the ways this act addresses legislative concerns and its potential to succeed. The paper includes a synthesis of the NYS Public Authority Accountability Act's particular provisions. Figures are included with the paper.

Table of Contents:
Revealing Operations behind Closed Doors
The "Act" Itself
Specific Provisions of the Public Authority Reform Act
SOX Rule 404
Rule 404 of the SEC
Opening Closed Doors of "Internal Control"
Discussion of Amendments Implementing Section 404
Acts in the Interest of the People of NYS
Senate Passes Legislation to Reform Public Authorities
The Value of Values

From the Paper
"Internal control encompasses more than a company's accounting functions. A number of definitions of the term "internal control" primarily focus on "clarifying the portion of a company's internal control that an auditor should consider when planning and performing an audit of a company's financial statements." This, albeit, did not improve the level of understanding of "internal control", nor satisfactorily provide the guidance that auditors sought. In time, successive definitions followed and increased understanding."

Tags:components governance, erie canal, ethics, internal control

Abstract
This paper asserts that many people today simply do not realize just how close the world came to nuclear war when John F. Kennedy and Nikita S. Khrushchev squared off for 13 tense days during the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962. The paper claims that given the highly secretive nature of the Soviet regimen during this period in history, it is unlikely that many average citizens were aware of what was taking place during this fateful 13-day period in history. Despite these constraints, much has been learned since 1962 about what took place behind closed doors in Moscow and Washington and this paper investigates this information to determine what part Nikita S. Khrushchev played in negotiating the compromise and the response of the Soviet leadership of the day. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion.

Outline
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
The Role of Nikita S. Khrushchev
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Today, the Cuban Missile Crisis is generally remembered as lasting for just thirteen days (from October 16-28), beginning with the point at which Washington discovered that active construction was taking place in Cuba to install launch facilities for Soviet medium-range missiles, to the day the Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Khrushchev, publicly and formally agreed to withdraw missiles from Cuba. As part of the eventual compromise that was reached, President Kennedy guaranteed that the United States would not invade Cuba. More comprehensive accounts of the missile crisis extend beyond these immediate 13 days to include the period from October 28 to November 20 as well, when intensive negotiations were conducted that more fully set forth and codified the agreements had been reached, the period when the U.S. naval blockade was lifted, and the special alert status of the military forces of both countries had ended."

Tags:missiles, nuclear, kennedy

Abstract
When one hospital closes, their patient load is absorbed elsewhere. The paper describes how Sunrise Hospital absorbed the patient load from a competitor who closed their doors. This paper reviews the current nursing strike situation due to the dramatically increased workload in light of the communicative efforts that could have prevented the strike. The paper also reviews those methods that administration can use in order to smooth the transition back to a healthier operating state when the nurses return to work.

From the Paper
"An all too common business practice took place at Sunrise Hospital. After neighboring competition closed, the existing business absorbed its competitor's clients or patient load. Unfortunately, while Sunrise's upper management might have anticipated and hoped for this from a profitability standpoint, they never alerted or made provisions among staff to handle the increased workload throughout the hospital and specifically, the increased workload among nurses. Following the unforeseen workload increase among nurses, even after incidents related to patient safety occurred and nurses complained to their management, the complaints were not forwarded to upper management or hospital administration nor were they resolved. As a result, collectively, the hospital nurses went out on strike."

Tags:nursing, strike, workload

Abstract
This paper discusses how corporations must create a corporate culture that refuses bribe requests and establish clear corporate codes that employees unwaveringly adhere to. They must also assure managers that the company will back them when they refuse to pay. The paper explains that the potential, in terms of criminal liability, skewed relationships, lost contracts, disqualification from government contracts, loss of reputation is simply too great to ignore. Because bribery is illegal, it is conducted behind closed doors, with those involved expending time and resources to keep their secret. It discusses how companies also face the very real possibility of being pushed to pay more and more bribes as their reputation as a bribe-payer spreads. The writer argues that there are international trade implications surrounding corruption - corruption degrades markets, and increases transaction costs. Corruption also drastically affects economic development by causing a mis-allocation of resources. But more damaging is the fact that in endemically corrupt systems, regular people are not getting served by the government; they don't trust the government so they don't interact with the government. The paper concludes that third world countries suffer the most at the hand of corrupt business managers and politicians - as companies strive to eliminate corruption, economic globalization for all countries will no doubt improve.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Historical Background of the Importance of Business Management
Direct Effect of Global Corruption on Business Management
The Emerging Global Anti-corruption of Management
Global Business Management Leadership Practices & Studies
Motorola
General Electric (GE)
Corruption in Third World Countries
Globalization in Third World Countries
Corruption and Business Management
Future Measures
Bibliography

From the Paper
"Increasing, in many parts of the world, companies and governments alike have recognized that corruption raises the costs and risks for doing business. Corruption has a corrosive impact on both market opportunities overseas and the broader business climate. During the last 10 years, dramatic new imperatives have emerged for companies to take action against corruption and bribery. Once viewed by many firms as an awkward but necessary requirement of doing business, corruption and bribery are emerging instead as a form of business malpractice. Corruption also deters foreign investment, stifles economic growth, and undermines legal and judicial systems. The risks of exposure have become greater, the costs of exposure more substantial, and a compelling body of evidence demonstrates that engaging in corruption and bribery damages company integrity, degrades the business environment, and fails to create enduring competitive advantage.
As a result of this problem, and to obtain a competitive advantage in the global markets of the twenty-first century, a growing number of businesses are taking proactive steps to detect and prevent corruption. With respect to the emerging international anti-corruption environment, the unifying concept in all of the global and regional processes is that effective action to prevent, detect, and punish corruption must be taken by each individual government and company. Leadership companies have responded to these imperatives by establishing comprehensive anti-corruption and bribery programs that include strong written policies, extensive training, and rigorous auditing and internal controls. In the later 1990's, a consensus emerged among businesses, governments, academics, and ordinary citizens that bribery and corruption are not defensible in either economic or cultural terms. Recent times have shed light on a number of companies that have experienced serious corruption and bribery incidents and have suffered reputation damage and enforcement actions as a result."

Tags:trust, ethics, bribery, third, world

Abstract
This paper looks at the setting and political backdrop behind the 1886 arrest of French Jewish military officer Alfred Dreyfus for passing on documents to the German army. It examines how he was was arrested, not allowed to have contact with anyone outside the prison, pressured into a false confession, court-martialed behind closed doors, and convicted. It looks at the attempts to prove him innocent, including those of prominent journalist Emil Zola, and how he was eventually acquitted and returned from Devil's Island in 1896.

From the Paper
"Still determined to protect their reputation instead of promoting the truth, the military charged Zola with the very serious French crime of "slandering the military." (Editor, 1998) Zola was found guilty, and he was sentenced to a year in jail (Staff writers, 2004). He managed to escape to England and thus avoid going to jail, and continued his campaign from there to free Dreyfus (Editor, 1998). As the efforts of the military cover-up became more and more obvious, intellectuals around the world spoke out for Zola, who had previously criticized the French press for their anti-Semitism (Editor, 1998). At this point the Dreyfus affair had become completely politicized with Royalists, military and nationalist factions all taking one stand, with Republicans, socialists and anti-clerical groups on the other side (Staff writers, 2004)."

Tags:emile, zola, jew, anti, semitism

Abstract
This paper discusses the cultural aspects of Wall Street, America's financial backbone and therefore its most powerful political and sociological force. The paper presents a background history of the famous street. The paper examines Wall Street as a subculture that is elitist and almost resembles a secret society. The paper contends that Wall Street not only wields power surreptitiously, from behind the closed doors of office buildings, it also controls some of the American media.

From the Paper
"Compared to what it looks like and implies today, Wall Street had relatively humble beginnings. Its towering skyscrapers and art Deco architecture, its digital tickers and wireless waves resemble little the original New Amsterdam road. Named after an actual mud-and timber wall built by original Dutch inhabitants of Manhattan Island, Wall Street has morphed beyond its geographic location, and has come to symbolize American corporate culture in general. Films like Oliver Stone's Wall Street promote its image as a bastion of greed and financial prowess, of investment genius and corporate corruption. Wall Street therefore signifies more than just the New York Stock Exchange that started there over two hundred years ago. In fact, most major New York-based investment firms no longer maintain headquarters on Wall Street. In spite of its many transformations, Wall Street retains an aura of mystique and intrigue that is unrivaled by any other financial district in the world. "

Tags:stock, exchange, market